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Introduction User Defined Functions in C,
Categories of Functions,Call by Value,
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Macros allow programmers to define single instructions that represent a block of code. A macro processor performs macro expansion by replacing macro calls with the corresponding sequence of instructions defined in the macro. Key features of macro facilities include the ability to define macros with arguments and perform conditional macro expansion. A two-pass macro processor first recognizes and saves macro definitions, then identifies macro calls and performs argument substitution and expansion.
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Introduction User Defined Functions in C,
Categories of Functions,Call by Value,
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Declaration of pointers & pointer to pointer,
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The document discusses macro language and macro processors. It defines macros as single line abbreviations for blocks of code that allow programmers to avoid repetitively writing the same code. It describes key aspects of macro processors including macro definition, macro calls, macro expansion, macro arguments, and conditional macro expansion. Implementation of macro processors involves recognizing macro definitions, saving the definitions, recognizing macro calls, and replacing the calls with the corresponding macro body.
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handout6.pdf
The document discusses macro processors and macro expansion. Some key points:
- A macro is a shorthand notation that allows a programmer to write a block of code once then invoke it multiple times by calling the macro.
- When a macro is invoked, the macro processor replaces it with the body of statements defined in the macro, substituting any arguments for parameters.
- This expands the code without analyzing the meaning of the statements, in a way that is machine independent.
- The example shows how a macro definition declares parameters with & and how expansion substitutes arguments for parameters in the body when the macro is invoked.
Macro
Macros allow programmers to define abbreviations for sequences of instructions. A macro definition specifies the macro name and the sequence of instructions to be abbreviated. When a macro is called, it is expanded by replacing the macro name with the defined sequence of instructions. Macros can call other macros, requiring macro processors to handle nested macro expansion. Macro processors implement macros using a single or double pass approach to first save macro definitions and then expand macro calls by substituting argument values.
MACRO PROCESSOR
This document discusses macros and macro processing. It defines macros as units of code abbreviation that are expanded during compilation. The macro processor performs two passes: pass 1 reads macros and stores them in a table, pass 2 expands macros by substituting actual parameters. Advanced features like conditional expansion and looping are enabled using statements like AIF, AGO, and ANOP. Nested macro calls follow a LIFO expansion order.
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The document discusses macro processors and their functions. It covers:
- The basic functions of a macro processor including macro directives, prototypes, and expansion.
- One-pass and two-pass macro processing algorithms. One-pass can handle nested macros recursively.
- Data structures for storing macro definitions and arguments during expansion.
- Techniques for handling nested macros, generating unique labels, and conditional and looping expansion.
- Machine-independent features like concatenation, null arguments, and keyword parameters.
System software - macro expansion,nested macro calls
This document discusses macro expansion and nested macro calls in system software. It covers:
1. Macro expansion involves replacing a macro call with code from its body by substituting actual parameters for formal parameters.
2. Macro expansion can be performed by a macro assembler or preprocessor. A macro assembler performs full assembly while a preprocessor only processes macro calls.
3. Key aspects of macro expansion include the order of model statement expansion and lexical substitution of formal parameters with actual values. Nested macro calls follow a last-in, first-out expansion order.
Module 5.pdf
The document provides information about macro processors and their basic functions:
- A macro processor allows programmers to define macros which represent commonly used code segments and replace macro invocations with the corresponding code.
- The key functions of macro processors are macro definition, macro invocation, and macro expansion where arguments are substituted.
- A one-pass macro processor uses a single pass and three data structures - definition table, name table, and argument table - to handle macro definitions and expansions including nested macros.
Unit 2
The document discusses macro processors, compilers, and interpreters. It provides details on:
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- Macro processors which take source code with macro definitions and calls and replace calls with macro bodies. This includes details on macro expansion, formal/actual parameters, and nested macro calls.
- The design of a macro preprocessor which accepts assembly code with macros and removes macros to generate assembly without macros.
- How compilers translate programs written in a source language into an equivalent program in a target language through various analysis and synthesis phases.
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A macro processor allows programmers to define macros, which are abbreviations for blocks of code. The macro processor performs macro expansion by replacing macro calls with the corresponding block of instructions defined in the macro. It uses a two pass approach where the first pass identifies macro definitions and saves them to a table, and the second pass identifies macro calls and replaces them with the saved definitions, substituting any arguments.
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A macro processor allows programmers to define macros, which are single line abbreviations for blocks of code. The macro processor performs macro expansion by replacing macro calls with the corresponding block of instructions defined in the macro. It uses a two pass approach, where the first pass identifies macro definitions and saves them to a table, and the second pass identifies macro calls and replaces them with the defined code, substituting any arguments.
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This document contains a question bank on macro processors. It discusses basic macro processor functions such as macro definition, expansion, and invocation. It describes how a macro represents a commonly used group of statements that can be substituted during expansion. The document also covers macro processor algorithms, data structures, machine-independent features, and differences between macros and subroutines.
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Task: Perform addition, subtraction, division, and multiplication, of rational numbers on MIPS Mars
Programming Simulator by writing a code and print the answers (using macros) from the pictures
provided. Also, when you write the code make sure you follow this format,
format:
.macro print_int (%x)
li $v0, 1
add $a0, $zero, %x
syscall
.end_macro
print_int ($s0)
print_int (10)
Intro Settings Syscalls IDE Debugging Command Tools History Limitations Exception Handlers
Macros Acknowledgements MARS home Writing and Using Macros .macro, .end_macro,.eqv and
.include directives are new in MARS 4.3 Introduction to macros Patterson and Hennessy define a
macro as a pattern-matching and replacement facility that provides a simple mechanism to name
a frequently used sequence of instructions [1]. This permits the programmer to specify the
instruction sequence by invoking the macro. This requires only one line of code for each use
instead of repeatedly typing in the instruction sequence each time. It follows the axiom "define
once, use many times," which not only reduces the chance for error but also facilitates program
maintenance. Macros are like procedures (subroutines) in this sense but operate differently than
procedures. Procedures in MIPS assembly language follow particular protocols for procedure
definition, call and return. Macros operate by substituting the macro body for each use at the time
of assembly. This substitution is called macro expansion.. They do not require the protocols and
execution overhead of procedures. As a simple example, you may want to terminate your program
from a number of locations. If you are running from the MARS IDE, you will use system call 10,
exit. The instruction sequence is pretty easy 1i$v0,10syscal1 but still tedious. You can define a
macro, let's call it done, to represent this sequence [ begin{array}{l} text { macro done } text { i1 } $
text { vo, } 10 text { syscali } text { +end_macro } end{array} ] then invoke it whenever you wish
with the statement done At assembly time, the assembler will replace each occurrence of the
statement done with the two-statement sequence 1i$v0,10syscali This is the macro expansion.
The runtime simulator is unaware of macros or macro expansion. If running MARS from the
command line, perhaps you want to return a termination value. This can be done with syscall 17,
exit2, which takes the termination value as an argument. An equivalent macro, let's call it
terminate would be macro terminate (stermination_value) ii $a0, itermination_value li $v0,17
syscali .end_macro This macro defines a formal parameter to represent the termination value. You
would invoke it with the statement terminate (1) to terminate with value 1. Upon assembly, the
statement terminate (1) would be replaced byterninate (1) to terminate with value 1. Upon
assembly, the statement terainate (1) would be replaced by the three-statement sequence The
argument value, 1, is substituted wherever the formal parameter teermi.
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handout6.pdf
The document discusses macro processors and macro expansion. Some key points:
- A macro is a shorthand notation that allows a programmer to write a block of code once then invoke it multiple times by calling the macro.
- When a macro is invoked, the macro processor replaces it with the body of statements defined in the macro, substituting any arguments for parameters.
- This expands the code without analyzing the meaning of the statements, in a way that is machine independent.
- The example shows how a macro definition declares parameters with & and how expansion substitutes arguments for parameters in the body when the macro is invoked.
Macro
Macros allow programmers to define abbreviations for sequences of instructions. A macro definition specifies the macro name and the sequence of instructions to be abbreviated. When a macro is called, it is expanded by replacing the macro name with the defined sequence of instructions. Macros can call other macros, requiring macro processors to handle nested macro expansion. Macro processors implement macros using a single or double pass approach to first save macro definitions and then expand macro calls by substituting argument values.
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This document discusses macros and macro processing. It defines macros as units of code abbreviation that are expanded during compilation. The macro processor performs two passes: pass 1 reads macros and stores them in a table, pass 2 expands macros by substituting actual parameters. Advanced features like conditional expansion and looping are enabled using statements like AIF, AGO, and ANOP. Nested macro calls follow a LIFO expansion order.
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The document discusses macro processors and their functions. It covers:
- The basic functions of a macro processor including macro directives, prototypes, and expansion.
- One-pass and two-pass macro processing algorithms. One-pass can handle nested macros recursively.
- Data structures for storing macro definitions and arguments during expansion.
- Techniques for handling nested macros, generating unique labels, and conditional and looping expansion.
- Machine-independent features like concatenation, null arguments, and keyword parameters.
System software - macro expansion,nested macro calls
This document discusses macro expansion and nested macro calls in system software. It covers:
1. Macro expansion involves replacing a macro call with code from its body by substituting actual parameters for formal parameters.
2. Macro expansion can be performed by a macro assembler or preprocessor. A macro assembler performs full assembly while a preprocessor only processes macro calls.
3. Key aspects of macro expansion include the order of model statement expansion and lexical substitution of formal parameters with actual values. Nested macro calls follow a last-in, first-out expansion order.
Module 5.pdf
The document provides information about macro processors and their basic functions:
- A macro processor allows programmers to define macros which represent commonly used code segments and replace macro invocations with the corresponding code.
- The key functions of macro processors are macro definition, macro invocation, and macro expansion where arguments are substituted.
- A one-pass macro processor uses a single pass and three data structures - definition table, name table, and argument table - to handle macro definitions and expansions including nested macros.
Unit 2
The document discusses macro processors, compilers, and interpreters. It provides details on:
- The phases of a compiler including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation.
- Macro processors which take source code with macro definitions and calls and replace calls with macro bodies. This includes details on macro expansion, formal/actual parameters, and nested macro calls.
- The design of a macro preprocessor which accepts assembly code with macros and removes macros to generate assembly without macros.
- How compilers translate programs written in a source language into an equivalent program in a target language through various analysis and synthesis phases.
Unit 4 sp macro
Introduction, Macro Definition and Call, Macro Expansion, Nested Macro Calls, Advanced Macro Facilities, Design Of a Macro Preprocessor, Design of a Macro Assembler, Functions of a Macro Processor, Basic Tasks of a Macro Processor, Design Issues of Macro Processors, Features, Macro Processor Design Options, Two-Pass Macro Processors, One-Pass Macro Processors
Handout#10
The document discusses code generation for expressions. It describes determining an evaluation order based on operator precedence, selecting instructions based on operand type and addressability, and using register descriptors to track partial results in registers. Register descriptors indicate which operand is in each register. Partial results are saved to a temporary memory location when registers are occupied. The code generation routine generates code based on the operand descriptors.
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A macro processor allows programmers to define macros, which are abbreviations for blocks of code. The macro processor performs macro expansion by replacing macro calls with the corresponding block of instructions defined in the macro. It uses a two pass approach where the first pass identifies macro definitions and saves them to a table, and the second pass identifies macro calls and replaces them with the saved definitions, substituting any arguments.
System Programming Unit II
A macro processor allows programmers to define macros, which are single line abbreviations for blocks of code. The macro processor performs macro expansion by replacing macro calls with the corresponding block of instructions defined in the macro. It uses a two pass approach, where the first pass identifies macro definitions and saves them to a table, and the second pass identifies macro calls and replaces them with the defined code, substituting any arguments.
Handout#04
This document discusses macros in system programming. It defines a macro as a unit of specification for program generation through expansion. A macro definition consists of a macro prototype statement, model statements, and preprocessor statements. A macro is called by writing its name in an assembly statement's mnemonic field along with actual parameters. During macro expansion, the macro call statement is replaced by a sequence of assembly code generated from the model statements with formal parameters replaced by actual parameters. There are two types of expansions - lexical expansion replaces character strings, while semantic expansion can generate different code depending on parameter usage. An example demonstrates defining, calling, and expanding a simple macro in C.
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This file contains the Question Bank or Anna University Syllabus based subject namely Microprocessor and Micro controller.
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The document discusses the design of a two-pass macro preprocessor. In pass one, macro definitions are identified and stored in a macro definition table along with their parameters. A macro name table is also created. In pass two, macro calls are identified and replaced by retrieving the corresponding macro definition and substituting actual parameters for formal parameters using an argument list array. Databases like the macro definition table, macro name table, and argument list array are used to store and retrieve macro information to enable expansion of macro calls. The algorithm scans the input sequentially in each pass to process macro definitions and calls.
Handout#05
This document discusses nested macros in system programming. It defines a macro as a unit of program specification that allows code expansion. A macro can contain a call to another macro, known as a nested macro call. Nested macro calls are expanded following the LIFO (last-in-first-out) rule, where the innermost macro call is expanded first. The document provides an example of a nested macro call in C code and how the macros would expand to generate the final code.
Relational Database Design
The document discusses database design and normalization. It begins by describing different design alternatives such as using larger or smaller schemas. It then covers first normal form (1NF), which requires attributes to be atomic and domains to be indivisible. Second normal form (2NF) and third normal form (3NF) are introduced to further reduce anomalies. The document also discusses functional dependencies, normal forms like Boyce-Codd normal form (BCNF), decomposition using functional dependencies, and closure of attribute sets. Overall, the document provides an overview of relational database design principles and normalization techniques.
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This document contains a question bank on macro processors. It discusses basic macro processor functions such as macro definition, expansion, and invocation. It describes how a macro represents a commonly used group of statements that can be substituted during expansion. The document also covers macro processor algorithms, data structures, machine-independent features, and differences between macros and subroutines.
Macro-processor
A macro processor is a system software. Macro is that the Section of code that the programmer writes (defines) once, and then can use or invokes many times.
Task Perform addition subtraction division and multiplic.pdf
Task: Perform addition, subtraction, division, and multiplication, of rational numbers on MIPS Mars
Programming Simulator by writing a code and print the answers (using macros) from the pictures
provided. Also, when you write the code make sure you follow this format,
format:
.macro print_int (%x)
li $v0, 1
add $a0, $zero, %x
syscall
.end_macro
print_int ($s0)
print_int (10)
Intro Settings Syscalls IDE Debugging Command Tools History Limitations Exception Handlers
Macros Acknowledgements MARS home Writing and Using Macros .macro, .end_macro,.eqv and
.include directives are new in MARS 4.3 Introduction to macros Patterson and Hennessy define a
macro as a pattern-matching and replacement facility that provides a simple mechanism to name
a frequently used sequence of instructions [1]. This permits the programmer to specify the
instruction sequence by invoking the macro. This requires only one line of code for each use
instead of repeatedly typing in the instruction sequence each time. It follows the axiom "define
once, use many times," which not only reduces the chance for error but also facilitates program
maintenance. Macros are like procedures (subroutines) in this sense but operate differently than
procedures. Procedures in MIPS assembly language follow particular protocols for procedure
definition, call and return. Macros operate by substituting the macro body for each use at the time
of assembly. This substitution is called macro expansion.. They do not require the protocols and
execution overhead of procedures. As a simple example, you may want to terminate your program
from a number of locations. If you are running from the MARS IDE, you will use system call 10,
exit. The instruction sequence is pretty easy 1i$v0,10syscal1 but still tedious. You can define a
macro, let's call it done, to represent this sequence [ begin{array}{l} text { macro done } text { i1 } $
text { vo, } 10 text { syscali } text { +end_macro } end{array} ] then invoke it whenever you wish
with the statement done At assembly time, the assembler will replace each occurrence of the
statement done with the two-statement sequence 1i$v0,10syscali This is the macro expansion.
The runtime simulator is unaware of macros or macro expansion. If running MARS from the
command line, perhaps you want to return a termination value. This can be done with syscall 17,
exit2, which takes the termination value as an argument. An equivalent macro, let's call it
terminate would be macro terminate (stermination_value) ii $a0, itermination_value li $v0,17
syscali .end_macro This macro defines a formal parameter to represent the termination value. You
would invoke it with the statement terminate (1) to terminate with value 1. Upon assembly, the
statement terminate (1) would be replaced byterninate (1) to terminate with value 1. Upon
assembly, the statement terainate (1) would be replaced by the three-statement sequence The
argument value, 1, is substituted wherever the formal parameter teermi.
Smu mca spring 2014 solved assignments
This document provides questions from various semesters and specializations of SMU MCA and MBA programs. It directs students to email or call for fully solved assignments. The questions given are only for reference and students are advised to check samples by mailing, calling, or searching blog archives. The document contains questions from subjects like programming, operating systems, data structures, algorithms, databases, software engineering and more. It provides contact details to obtain solved assignments for various semesters of MCA and MBA programs.
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Presentation on macros and macro processor
- 1. PRESENTATION ON MACROS & MACRO PROCESSOR Submitted To: Submitted By: Er. Ritika Yaduvanshi Kuldeep Pathak ID.No.:- E-9965/17 B.Tech.:- 3rd year(C.S.E.)
- 2. Introduction • Macro instructions are single line abbreviations for groups of instructions. • It allows the programmer to write shorthand version of a program. • The macro processor replaces each macro invocation with the corresponding sequence of statements.
- 3. Macro Processor • Recognize macro definitions • Save the macro definition • Recognize macro calls • Expand macro calls Source Code (with macro) Macro Processor Expanded Code Compiler or Assembler obj
- 4. Macro Instructions • Example 1 :- . . . A 1,DATA Add contents of DATA to register 1 A 2,DATA Add contents of DATA to register 2 A 3,DATA Add contents of DATA to register 3 . . . A 1,DATA Add contents of DATA to register 1 A 2,DATA Add contents of DATA to register 2 A 3,DATA Add contents of DATA to register 3 . . . DATA DC F’5’ . . .
- 5. Macro Instructions • We attach a name to a sequence by means of a macro instruction definition. • Which is Formed in the following manner : MACRO Start of Definition [ ] Macro Name ______ ______ Sequence to be abbreviated ______ MEND End of Definition
- 6. Example . Source Expended Source MACRO INCR A 1,DATA A 2,DATA A 3,DATA MEND . . . . . INCR . A 1,DATA . A 2,DATA . A 3,DATA . INCR . . A 1,DATA . A 2,DATA . A 3,DATA DATA DC F’5’ . . .
- 7. Macro Instruction Arguments • Example 2: . . . A 1,DATA 1 A 2,DATA 1 A 3,DATA 1 . . A 1,DATA 2 A 2,DATA 2 A 3,DATA 2 . . . DATA 1 DC F’5’ DATA 2 DC F’10’ . . .
- 8. Macro Instruction Arguments • The instruction sequences are very similar but not identical. • It can be considered to perform the same operation with a variable parameter or argument. • It is specified on the macro name line and distinguished by the ampersand (&).
- 9. Macro Instruction Arguments Example :- Source Expended Source MACRO INCR &ARG A 1,&ARG A 2,&ARG A 3,&ARG MEND . . . . . INCR DATA1 . A 1,DATA 1 . A 2,DATA 1 . A 3,DATA 1 . INCR DATA2 . . A 1,DATA 2 . A 2,DATA 2 . A 3,DATA 2 DATA1 DC F’5’ DATA2 DC F’10’ . . .
- 10. Macro Calls Within Macros • Macro calls are available to use in other Macros. • It is called nested macros. • Macro calls within Macros can involve several levels.
- 11. Macro Calls Within Macros • Example 3 :- MACRO ADD1 &ARG L 1,&ARG A 1,=F ’1’ ST 1,&ARG MEND MACRO ADDS &ARG1,&ARG2,&ARG3 ADD1 &ARG1 ADD1 &ARG2 ADD1 &ARG3 MEND
- 12. Expansion of the code