This document provides a summary of South Africa's public health response to COVID-19 as of April 26, 2020. It includes statistics on the global and regional spread of the virus, with South Africa having the highest number of cases in Africa. Domestically, the document outlines epidemiological data by province, including new daily cases, total cases, deaths, and testing numbers. It also summarizes South Africa's contact tracing efforts, hospitalization data, and status of quarantine sites. The overall aim is to present an update on South Africa's COVID-19 situation and public health measures taken to respond to the pandemic.
Scotland Public Opinion Monitor August 2014Ipsos UK
As Alex Salmond and Alistair Darling prepare for the first live television debate of the campaign, Ipsos MORI Scotland’s latest poll for STV News shows that ‘Yes’ continues to make some gains while there are signs that more and more people are now making up their minds ahead of September.
Ipsos Survey: Reactions to Brexit in 16 countriesIpsos UK
A major new Ipsos survey across 16 countries provides an insight into how major countries have reacted to Brexit, and what comes next for Britain and the EU. The survey, among online adults aged under 65 in in Belgium, France, Britain, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Spain, Sweden and seven non-European countries (Canada, US, Japan, Russia, India, Australia and South Africa) provides our first measure of international public opinion.
Scotland Public Opinion Monitor August 2014Ipsos UK
As Alex Salmond and Alistair Darling prepare for the first live television debate of the campaign, Ipsos MORI Scotland’s latest poll for STV News shows that ‘Yes’ continues to make some gains while there are signs that more and more people are now making up their minds ahead of September.
Ipsos Survey: Reactions to Brexit in 16 countriesIpsos UK
A major new Ipsos survey across 16 countries provides an insight into how major countries have reacted to Brexit, and what comes next for Britain and the EU. The survey, among online adults aged under 65 in in Belgium, France, Britain, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Spain, Sweden and seven non-European countries (Canada, US, Japan, Russia, India, Australia and South Africa) provides our first measure of international public opinion.
On 25 March 1957 it will be 60 years since Belgium, France, West-Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands signed the Treaty of Rome, establishing the European Economic Community, the legal basis of today’s European Union (EU). To mark this, Ipsos is releasing a new global survey across 25 countries. The survey results suggest that the global public see some reasons to celebrate, with on average half considering the European project to have made Europe stronger. The findings also show that people almost twice as likely to say the project has more success than failures (by 34% to 19%), although around one in four say the positives and negatives cancel each other out. The survey was carried out among online adults aged under 65 in Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Peru, Poland, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Turkey and the United States. In the nine EU countries surveyed, people are most likely to praise the contributions the European project has made to the ease of travel and trade between European countries, and the peaceful relationships between the European nations.
Interesting things about alcohol and other drugs - October 2017Andrew Brown
One in a regular series of slide sets on interesting data about alcohol and other drugs (and the wider issues to do with multiple needs) from a UK perspective.
Ipsos MORI - BBC Newsnight Post-Referendum ResearchIpsos UK
A post-referendum survey carried out by Ipsos MORI for BBC Newsnight reveals that leave voters and remain voters still hold very opposing views towards the EU referendum result, while very few on either side say they would change their vote if a second referendum were to be held.
The research, carried out online among 18-75 year olds, finds that 89% of leave voters say that the referendum result was the right decision for the United Kingdom, while exactly the same proportion of remain voters say it was the wrong one. Similarly, 80% of leave voters say the result makes them feel more hopeful for the future, but 83% of remain voters say it makes them less hopeful.
The vast majority of those who said they voted on June 23rd say they would vote the same way in a second referendum – 90% of leave voters and 94% of remain voters. Remain voters are marginally more certain that they would not change their mind (85% say they would definitely vote the same way, compared with 79% of leave voters).
Interesting things about alcohol and other drugs - Oct 2016Andrew Brown
One in a regular series of slide sets on interesting data about alcohol and other drugs (and the wider issues to do with multiple needs) from a UK perspective.
This presentation summarises the main data from the ECDC Annual epidemiological reports 2017 on chlamydia, gonorrhoea, lymphogranuloma venereum, (congenital) syphilis
On 25 March 1957 it will be 60 years since Belgium, France, West-Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands signed the Treaty of Rome, establishing the European Economic Community, the legal basis of today’s European Union (EU). To mark this, Ipsos is releasing a new global survey across 25 countries. The survey results suggest that the global public see some reasons to celebrate, with on average half considering the European project to have made Europe stronger. The findings also show that people almost twice as likely to say the project has more success than failures (by 34% to 19%), although around one in four say the positives and negatives cancel each other out. The survey was carried out among online adults aged under 65 in Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Peru, Poland, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Turkey and the United States. In the nine EU countries surveyed, people are most likely to praise the contributions the European project has made to the ease of travel and trade between European countries, and the peaceful relationships between the European nations.
Interesting things about alcohol and other drugs - October 2017Andrew Brown
One in a regular series of slide sets on interesting data about alcohol and other drugs (and the wider issues to do with multiple needs) from a UK perspective.
Ipsos MORI - BBC Newsnight Post-Referendum ResearchIpsos UK
A post-referendum survey carried out by Ipsos MORI for BBC Newsnight reveals that leave voters and remain voters still hold very opposing views towards the EU referendum result, while very few on either side say they would change their vote if a second referendum were to be held.
The research, carried out online among 18-75 year olds, finds that 89% of leave voters say that the referendum result was the right decision for the United Kingdom, while exactly the same proportion of remain voters say it was the wrong one. Similarly, 80% of leave voters say the result makes them feel more hopeful for the future, but 83% of remain voters say it makes them less hopeful.
The vast majority of those who said they voted on June 23rd say they would vote the same way in a second referendum – 90% of leave voters and 94% of remain voters. Remain voters are marginally more certain that they would not change their mind (85% say they would definitely vote the same way, compared with 79% of leave voters).
Interesting things about alcohol and other drugs - Oct 2016Andrew Brown
One in a regular series of slide sets on interesting data about alcohol and other drugs (and the wider issues to do with multiple needs) from a UK perspective.
This presentation summarises the main data from the ECDC Annual epidemiological reports 2017 on chlamydia, gonorrhoea, lymphogranuloma venereum, (congenital) syphilis
Health media release 13 september 2020.pages v1 (1)SABC News
South Africa has recorded 1 579 new COVID-19 cases, bringing the country’s total confirmed cases to 649 793. Gauteng accounts for most of the country’s cases provincially with 215140 (33.1%), followed by KwaZulu-Natal with 116 389 (17.9%).
Health media release 13 september 2020.pages v1SABC News
The cumulative number of confirmed #COVID19 cases is 649 793, the total number of deaths is 15 447 and the total number of recoveries stands at 577 906.
Health media release 5 September 2020 - COVID-19 statsSABC News
South Africa has recorded 1 806 new COVID-19 cases, bringing the country’s total confirmed cases to 636 884. The country has recorded 101 new COVID-19 related fatalities, bringing the total number of deaths to 14 779.
Health media release 19 September 2020: COVID-19 statsSABC News
South Africa has recorded 2 0299 new COVID-19 cases, bringing the country’s total confirmed cases to 659 656. Gauteng still accounts for most of the country’s cases provincially with 217 116 (32.9%) cases, while the Northern Cape has recorded the least cases provincially with 14 731 (2.2%) cases.
South Africa has recorded 1 555 new COVID-19 cases, bringing the country’s total confirmed cases to 661 211. Gauteng accounts for most of the country’s cases provincially with 217 370 (32.9%), followed by KwaZulu-Natal with 117743 (17.8%).
Health media release 12 september 2020.pages v1SABC News
South Africa has recorded 1 816 new COVID-19 cases, bringing the country’s total confirmed cases to 648 214. The Gauteng Province still accounts for most of the country’s cases with 214 831 (33.1%), followed by KwaZulu-Natal with 116 167 (17.9%).
Health media statement 20 November 2020.pages final 2SABC News
South Africa has recorded 3 105 new cases of the coronavirus (COVID-19), breaching the 3 000 for new daily cases for the first time since 21 August 2020.
Ministry of Justice Extradition Eswatini 3.pdfSABC News
The Ministry of Justice and Correctional Services has confirmed that an extradition application for the two men linked to the murder of Kiernan 'AKA' Forbes and Tebello 'Tibz' Motsoane has been approved and sent to the Director of Public Prosecutions in eSwatini.
January’s Producer Price Index increases to 4.7%SABC News
Statistics South Africa (Stats SA) has released the Producer Price Index (PPI) for January, which rose to 4.7% year-on-year, compared with 4% in December.
MEC MAJUBA SADDENED BY THE PASSING AWAY OF THREE TEACHERS FOLLOWING A CAR ACC...SABC News
The Mpumalanga Department of Education has learnt with shock and sadness about an accident which claimed the lives of three teachers along the N4 road towards Mbombela.
Minister Gordhan Announces New Transnet Board Appointments_11 July 2023.pdfSABC News
The nine Trasnet Non-Executive Directors and the reappointment of two will serve a three-year term. Andile Sangqu has been appointed as the new Chairperson.
REMNANTS OF FREDDY BRINGS HEAVY RAINS IN SOME PARTS OF SOUTH AFRICA WHICH MIG...SABC News
The Minister of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs (CoGTA), Dr Nkosazana Dlamini Zuma has called on communities to heed the warning from the South African Weather Service (SAWS) and the disaster management teams across the country.
Letter to the Speaker re extension 14 November 2022.pdfSABC News
Parliament's spokesperson Moloto Mothapo says retried Chief Justice Sandile Ngcobo, who is chairing the panel, has written to Mapisa-Nqakula asking for an extension.
Minister of Justice and Correctional Services Ronald Lamola’s Keynote Address...SABC News
Minister of Justice and Correctional Services Ronald Lamola’s Keynote Address at the Rand Merchant Bank Investment Big Five Investment Conference, 13 September 2022
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Colonic and anorectal physiology with surgical implications
Presentation on covid 19 to the joint committees 27th april 2020.pdf
1. Progress on COVID-19: South Africa
Public Health Response
Minister of Health South Africa
26th April 2020
2. 2
COVID-19: Global Situation
Based on SITREP 96 with data as of 24th April 2020
Source: WHO
As reported by the WHO, the
spread of coronavirus continues to
affect more countries, consequently
registering an increase in the total
number of confirmed global cases
which is currently at 2 719 897 with
187 705 deaths (24th April 2020).
This illustrates an increase of
more than 93 567 new cases
and 6767 new deaths over 24
hours (WHO COVID-19 SITREP
96).
The European Region remains the
worst affected and the epicentre of
the pandemic reporting 1 314 666
confirmed cases with 119 463
deaths (WHO COVID-19 SITREP 96).
3. 3
COVID-19: African Region
Based on SITREP 94 with data as of 24th April 2020
The African Region also continues to register a
steady increase of confirmed cases in 45
countries/territories.
In total, the African Region reported 19 497
confirmed cases and 812 fatalities, illustrating
more than 1 405 new cases over 24 hours
(WHO COVID-19 SITREP 96).
South Africa has the highest number of cases
followed by Egypt and Algeria; however, both
Algeria and Egypt have a higher number of
deaths.
The SADC Region has reported 5 714 confirmed
cases and 140 fatalities which is an increase of 347
cases over 24 hours (WHO COVID-19 SITREP 95).
Within SADC, South Africa has 74% of the total
cases and 56% of the total deaths.
SADC Country
Total Confirmed
Cases
% of Confirmed
Cases
Deaths % of Deaths
South Africa 4 220 74% 79 56%
DRC 416 7% 28 20%
Mauritius 331 6% 9 6%
Tanzania 300 5% 10 7%
Madagascar 122 2% - 0%
Zambia 84 1% 3 2%
Mozambique 65 1% - 0%
Zimbabwe 29 1% 4 3%
eSwatini 40 1% 1 1%
Angola 25 0% 2 1%
Malawi 33 1% 3 2%
Namibia 16 0% 1 1%
Botswana 22 0% - 0%
Seychelles 11 0% - 0%
Total 5 714 140
6. 6
Epidemiology and Surveillance
Through and including cases through 26th of April and deaths through 25th of April
The total cumulative cases reported on 26th April 2020 is 4 546 reflecting a 4,24% increase or 185 new cases from the
25th of April 2020.
The national case fatality rate, based on deaths from 25th April is 1,9%, with the total number of deaths as of the 25th of
April at 87.
Reported Cases
Updated Cases Post
Harmonisation
New Cases Total Cases Deaths
25 April 2020 25 April 2020 26 April 2020 26 April 2020 25 April 2020
Eastern Cape 488 489 46 535 11,8% 11 2,1%
Free State 111 110 0 110 2,4% 5 4,5%
Gauteng 1304 1303 28 1331 29,3% 8 0,6%
KwaZulu-Natal 847 847 16 863 19,0% 29 3,4%
Limpopo 30 31 0 31 0,7% 2 6,5%
Mpumalanga 23 23 0 23 0,5% 0 0,0%
North West 28 28 0 28 0,6% 0 0,0%
Northern Cape 16 16 1 17 0,4% 0 0,0%
Western Cape 1514 1514 94 1608 35,4% 32 2,0%
Unknown 0 0 0 0 0,0% 0 0,0%
Total 4361 4361 185 4546 100% 87 1,9%
Province
Case Fatality
Rate
% Total Cases
7. 7
Epidemiology and Surveillance
Through and including cases through 26th of April and deaths through 25th of April
New Cases: 94
Total Confirmed Cases: 1608
Total Deaths: 32
New Cases: 16
Total Confirmed Cases: 863
Total Deaths: 29
New Cases: 28
Total Confirmed Cases: 1331
Total Deaths: 8
Gauteng
KwaZulu-Natal
Western Cape
New Cases: 0
Total Confirmed Cases: 23
Mpumalanga
New Cases: 0
Total Confirmed Cases: 31
Deaths: 2
Limpopo
New Cases: 0
Total Confirmed Cases: 110
Total Deaths: 5
Free State
New Cases: 46
Total Confirmed Cases: 535
Deaths:11
Eastern Cape
New Cases: 0
Total Confirmed Cases: 28
North West
New Cases: 1
Total Confirmed Cases: 17
Northern Cape
Total Cases Daily New Cases Deaths
26 April 2020 26 April 2020 25 April 2020
4546 185 87
8. 8
Total # of New Cases since 1st Reported Case
COVID-19 Cases and Deaths since 1st reported case
Through and including cases through 26th of April and deaths through 25th of April
9. 9
Total # of New Cases since 1st Reported Case
COVID-19 Deaths since 1st reported case
Through and including cases through 26th of April and deaths through 25th of April
10. 10
Number of Daily New COVID-19 Cases and Deaths
Through and including cases through 26th of April and deaths through 25th of April
11. 11
Number of Daily New COVID-19 Cases by Province
Through and including cases through 26th of April and deaths through 25th of April
12. 12
Laboratory Service
Through and including the 25th of April
A total of 168 643 tests have been conducted
as of 25th April 2020.
Of the total number of tests conducted, 7 639
new tests were performed (a decline of 975
tests from the 24th of April 2020) and of those
1 854 tests came from community screen and
test (CST).
The number of tests performed in the public
sector continues to improve and accounts for
40% of overall tests.
All tests
Sector
PRIVATE 101 099 60% 3 367 44%
PUBLIC 67 544 40% 4 272 56%
Grand Total 168 643 7 639
Community Screen and Test
Case-finding method
Community screen and test (CST) 22 906 14% 1 854 24%
Passivecase-finding 145 737 86% 5 785 76%
Grand Total 168 643 7 639
Total tested New tested
Total tested New tested
Province
Eastern Cape 14054 8.3% 1115 14.6%
FreeState 6317 3.7% 354 4.6%
Gauteng 61830 36.7% 2103 27.5%
KwaZulu-Natal 28265 16.8% 1978 25.9%
Limpopo 3691 2.2% 207 2.7%
Mpumalanga 4385 2.6% 155 2.0%
North West 2544 1.5% 64 0.8%
Northern Cape 1314 0.8% 40 0.5%
Western Cape 33335 19.8% 1211 15.9%
Unkown 12908 7.7% 412 5.4%
Grand Total 168,643 7,639
Total Tests New tests
13. 13
Number of COVID-19 tests performed by date reported
Through and including testing through 25th April
The number of new cases has increased despite a decline in test volumes over the past 4 days: 9796, 8820, 8614 and today 7639
Day-to-day fluctuations in new case numbers are difficult to interpret due to testing practices in the field and delays in testing samples.
The overall positivity (new cases/total new tested) increased from 1,6% the day before to 2,4%. Note, this also explains the increase in cases
despite the small drop in total test volumes.
Weekends are often associated with lower test volumes and cases and this is another factor.
Note, the trend over time is more reliable and valuable compared to daily numbers.
The trends in positivity rates are shown below and have been relatively stable.
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6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
TotalNewCasesperday
VolumesofNewTestsperday
Date in April 2020
Total number of new tests and cases by day
Private Public Cases
0.0%
0.5%
1.0%
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4.5%
5.0%
0
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12000
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Positivityrate
VolumesofNewTestsperday
Date in April 2020
Total number of new tests and positivity
Public Private Overall Positivity
14. 14
Number of COVID-19 tests performed by date reported
Through and including testing through 25th April
0
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0
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12000
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Cumulativeno.ofsamples
No.ofsamples
Date reported
PRIVATE PUBLIC Cumulative total
Community
Screening
14 day
extension
21 day
lockdown
15. 15
Community Screening
Through and including the 24th of April
As of 24th April, 5 832 572 individuals have been screened nationally and 41 707 have been referred for testing .
473 125 546 923 464 674 421 538
2 604 253
402 492
592 844
182 773 143 950
9460
3658
5946 8616
3589
520
304
4304 5310
0.00%
0.50%
1.00%
1.50%
2.00%
2.50%
3.00%
3.50%
4.00%
0
500 000
1 000 000
1 500 000
2 000 000
2 500 000
3 000 000
Eastern Cape Free State Gauteng KwaZulu-Natal Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Western Cape
Number of Individuals Screened and Referred x Case Referral Rate
# Screened # Referred Case Finding Rate
16. 16
Contact Tracing
Through and including the 25th of April
As of 25th April, a total of 19 765 contacts have been identified through contact tracing, which shows an increase of 8% from
the previous day (18 299).
The national coverage rate has increased from 89% to 91% with the Eastern Cape (87%) and the Western Cape (82%) below
the overall coverage rate.
2426
2700
3829
2373
555 623 484
250
6525
2116
2673
3643
2293
529 623 460 250
5342
144
712
1953
1283
368
609
170 237
496
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Eastern Cape Free State Gauteng KwaZulu-Natal Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Western Cape
Number of Contacts Reached vs Not Yet Reached
Total number of identified contacts Number of contacts reached (cumulative) Number of contacts that have completed 14 days’ monitoring
Province
% Reached vs not yet
reached
% Completed 14
day monitoring
Eastern Cape 87% 6%
Free State 99% 26%
Gauteng 95% 51%
KwaZulu-Natal 95% 54%
Limpopo 95% 66%
Mpumalanga 100% 98%
North West 95% 35%
Northern Cape 100% 95%
Western Cape 82% *
National 91% 30%
National #
Identified
19,765
National Total
Reached
17,929
National Total Not
yet Reached
1,836
Total Complete 14
days monitoring
5,972
17. 17
Hospitalisation
Updated as of 25th of April
535
110
1331
863
31 23 28 17
1608
25
92
855
359
24 16 14 8
244
10 5 8 29 2 0 0 0 32
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Eastern Cape Free State Gauteng KwaZulu-Natal Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Western Cape
Number of Cases, Recoveries and Deaths
Case Recoveries Deaths
National
Case 4546
Recoveries 1637
Deaths 87
18. 18
Hospitalisation
Updated as of 25th of April
55
9
73
143
0 0
5
0
68
46
9
45
140
0 0
5
0
42
0 0
17
0 0 0 0 0
79
0
11
3 0 0 0 0
19
8
0
8
2 0 0 0 0
9
4
0
20
1 0 0 0 0
21
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Eastern Cape Free State Gauteng KwaZulu-Natal Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Western Cape
Hospitalisation Data
Hospitalized Isolation High Care ICU Vents Oxygen
19. 19
Quarantine – Sites
Activated and Non Activated Quarantine Sites as of 25th April
19
0 1 7
46
4 2 5 8 8
81
114
13
13
4
9
16
5
13 20
207
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Number of Activated and Not Activated Quarantine Sites
Activated Sites Not Activated
Province Total Sites Planned % Activated
Eastern Cape 114 0,00%
Free State 14 7,14%
Gauteng 20 38,89%
KwaZulu-Natal 50 93,75%
Limpopo 13 30,77%
Mpumalanga 18 11,11%
North West 10 50,00%
Northern Cape 21 38,10%
Western Cape 28 28,57%
National 288 28,13%
20. 20
Quarantine – Beds
Activated and Non Activated Quarantine Beds as of 25th April
20
Province Total Planned Beds % Activated
Eastern Cape 4547 0,00%
Free State 1180 0,76%
Gauteng 9166 64,50%
KwaZulu-Natal 915 93,41%
Limpopo 921 19,87%
Mpumalanga 1385 11,62%
North West 497 28,46%
Northern Cape 1255 61,23%
Western Cape 3738 48,88%
National 23604 37,42%
0 9
4876
853 183 161 113 846 1791
8832
0
1171
4290
62 738 1224
384
409 1947
14772
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Eastern Cape Free State Gauteng KwaZulu-Natal Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern
Cape
Western Cape National
Number of Activated and Not Activated Quarantine Beds
Activated Beds Not Activated Beds
21. Risk-adjusted strategy for economic activity
What we know now
There is early evidence that the full national lockdown imposed since 26 March 2020 has successfully limited
the spread of the coronavirus. However, there are serious risks associated with lifting lockdown restrictions too
soon, or in an unsystematic and disorderly manner.
22. Risk-adjusted strategy for economic activity
The balance between “lives” and “livelihoods”
Evidence from the Spanish Influenza pandemic of 1918 shows that the long-run economic consequences for
cities experiencing a rapid infection rate and high cumulative infections were significantly worse than those for
cities enduring temporary restrictions on economic activity.
"On the one hand, NPIs constrain social interactions while they are in place, and thus necessarily depress any
type of economic activity that relies on such interactions. On the other hand, because the pandemic itself has
severe economic consequences, by reducing the severity of the pandemic, NPIs can mitigate the most severe
economic disruptions. While an interruption of economic activity may be inevitable, this interruption can be
shorter-lived and less extensive with NPIs in place that solve coordination problems." (p. 17)
23. Risk-adjusted strategy for economic activity
An alert system with levels of restriction
Restrictions on economic activity need to be adapted to epidemiological trends, and may need to be relaxed
and tightened in different periods. An alert system should be created with clearly defined levels of restriction
that can be imposed by the National Command Council as necessary.
• If lockdown regulations are amended to allow some economic activity to resume, it is possible that the
infection rate will accelerate and that the virus will resurge. In this scenario, it would be necessary to quickly
revert to more stringent restrictions in order to arrest further transmission.
• An “alert system” with four to five levels would allow for flexibility and responsiveness, and would reduce the
need to amend regulations in future.
• At each level restrictions would be more or less severe, and sectors and companies would know what activity
is permitted depending on the level imposed at any time.
• Government would be able to switch between levels with far greater speed, and could use mass
communications platforms (such as an SMS notification system) to signal this to the public.
• Different levels could be imposed in specific provinces and areas based on the risk of transmission.
• NB: A gradual transition between alert levels can be implemented where necessary.
• Detailed health protocols should be imposed at all levels of alert.
24. Risk-adjusted strategy for economic activity
An alert system with levels of restriction
Level 1 Low virus spread, high health system readiness
Level 2 Moderate virus spread, with high readiness
Level 3
Moderate virus spread, with moderate
readiness
Level 4
Moderate to high virus spread, with low to
moderate readiness
Level 5 High virus spread, and/or low readiness
Ongoing feedback
loop informs
decision to remain
at a particular
level, relax
restrictions further,
or return to a
higher level of
restriction.
25. Risk-adjusted strategy for economic activity
Criteria for return to activity
To determine which sectors should be allowed gradually to resume activity, three criteria should be used:
Sectors that have a low risk of transmission (or where this risk can easily be mitigated), that would suffer most
acutely from a continued lockdown in terms of retrenchments, company failures, or loss of productive capacity
and international market share, and that have a high value to the economy should be prioritised.
These criteria should themselves be subject to an ordinal ranking of priority. Thus, sectors with a high risk of
transmission should not be allowed to resume activity until this risk is reduced, regardless of the potential impact
on their sector or their value to the economy. Among those sectors with a low or manageable risk of
transmission, considerations of impact and value can be used to attribute priority.
Low transmission risk AND severe impact OR high value
1. Risk of transmission (including the ease of implementing mitigation measures)
2. Expected impact on the sector of continued lockdown (including prior vulnerability)
3. Value of the sector to the economy (e.g. contribution to GDP, multiplier effects, export
earnings)
26. Risk-adjusted strategy for economic activity
Economic value of sector
1. GDP output at basic prices.
StatsSA, Supply and Use
Table, 2017. 2. StatsSA,
Quarterly Labour Force Survey,
2017. 3. IFC, 2018. The
Unseen Sector: A Report on
the MSME Opportunity in
South Africa. PPGI Industry
Survey. 4. . StatsSA, Supply and
Use Table, 2017. 5. Self reported
data from PPGI industry
survey. 6. ILO. Accessed from:
https://www.bangkokpost.com/w
orld/1819629/s-africa-still-
hobbled-by-abusive-legacy-of-
domestic-work
27. Risk-adjusted strategy for economic activity
Expected impact of continued lockdown
Proportion of payroll that is likely to be
paid at the end of May (%)
Proportion of the pre-crisis industry
workforce that is likely to be
retrenched (%)
Proportion of large firms in your
industry that are likely to close (%)
Proportion of SMEs in your industry
that are likely to close (%)
Agriculture and food supply 75 25 15 35
Automotive 85 5 0 5
Banking 85 5 0 0
Chemicals 85 15 15 45
Construction 15 25 15 35
Creative - arts, music 5 15 5 65
Creative - film 45 55 0 5
Defence industry / Aerospace 55 35 15 25
Fibre optic 65 35 0 45
Fleet management 75 0 0 0
Forestry 75 25 5 25
Gas and oil 85 5 0 5
Global Business Services 55 25 15 25
ICT and digital 75 15 5 25
Long term Insurance 85 5 0 25
Manufacturing 85 5 0 15
Mining 5 15 5 45
Oceans 5 5 0 15
Online Retail 55 35 15 25
Pharmaceutical 85 15 5 15
Professional services 85 5 0 15
Renewable energy 45 25 5 35
Retail (clothing) 55 25 25 55
Retail (Food) 85 5 0 15
Retail (takeaways) 65 15 25 35
Short term insurance 85 5 0 5
Tourism 5 55 25 75
Transport (Aviation) 35 45 45 65
0 – 20%
21 – 40%
41 – 60%
61 – 80%
81 – 100%
Source: Self reported data from PPGI
industry survey, Genesis Analytics 2020
28. Risk-adjusted strategy for economic activity
Considerations for first phase of easing restrictions
Consideration Description
Low transmission risk Economic activity can resume with low transmission risk
or
Economic activity can resume under conditions whereby transmission risks can be
effectively managed
Regulated and organised Precedent of good compliance and enforcement of regulations in sector
and/or
Industry bodies / unions / lead firms can support coordination of sector response
Localised / low movement
of people
Economic activity can resume with no/minimal movement across provincial borders
and between rural and urban areas, and movement is limited to low risk geographies
Enabling of other sectors or
essential services
Resumption of economic activity is crucial for the effective functioning of a sector that
produces, distributes or sells goods / services designated as essential or other sectors
prioritised for opening
29. Risk-adjusted strategy for economic activity
Post-lockdown: General exclusions
The following restrictions will remain in place after the national lockdown, and regardless of the level of
alert at any given time:
• Sit-in restaurants and hotels
• Bars and shebeens
• Conference and convention centres
• Entertainment venues, including cinemas, theatres, and concerts
• Sporting events
• Religious, cultural and social gatherings
No gatherings of more than 10 people outside of a workplace will be permitted.
Passengers on all modes of transport must wear a cloth mask to be allowed entry into the vehicle. Hand
sanitisers must be made available, and all passengers must sanitise their hands before entering. Public
transport vehicles must be sanitised on a daily basis.
30. Risk-adjusted strategy for economic activity
Rules applicable across all levels
The following rules will be imposed across all sectors and alert levels:
• Industries are encouraged to adopt a work-from-home strategy where possible, and all staff who can
work remotely must be allowed to do so.
• Workers above the age of 60, as well as workers with comorbidities identified by the Department of
Health should be offered a work-from-home option or allowed to remain on leave with full pay.
• There should be workplace protocols in place that would include disease surveillance and prevention of
the spread of infection.
• All employers to screen staff on a daily basis for symptoms of COVID-19, including a symptom check as
well as temperature assessment.
• All employees to use a cloth mask especially where social distancing is not possible.
• Work environment to have sanitisers available or hand washing facilities with soap.
• Stringent social distancing measures should be implemented in the workplace.
The Department of Health will issue a comprehensive guidance note stipulating health and safety
practices for returning to work.
31. Risk-adjusted strategy for economic activity
Additional rules pertaining to sectors and firms
Before any sector resumes activity, the following conditions must be in place:
• In addition to generally applicable health and safety protocols, each sector must agree upon a COVID-
19 prevention and mitigation plan with the Minister of Employment and Labour, the Minister of Health
and any other Minister relevant to the sector.
• Individual businesses or workplaces must have COVID-19 risk assessments and plans in place, and must
conduct worker education on COVID-19 and protection measures:
o Identification and protection of vulnerable employees
o Safe transport of employees
o Screening of employees on entering the workplace
o Prevention of viral spread in the workplace:
o Cleaning of surfaces and shared equipment
o Good ventilation
o Managing sick employees
• Monitoring systems must be in place to (1) ensure compliance with safety protocols and (2) identify
infections among employees
32. Risk-adjusted strategy for economic activity
Governance framework
• Levels of alert (1-5) will be determined by the National Command Council at each meeting, upon a
recommendation from the Minister of Health and the Minister of Trade and Industry. A single national alert
level may be determined, or an alert level may be determined for each province.
• The highest burden of the disease is currently concentrated in Gauteng, Western Cape, KwaZulu-Natal and
Eastern Cape. The remaining provinces have a limited number of cases.
• Within the provinces the infection is concentrated largely in the metro areas.
• Given the disproportionate distribution of infections there is an opportunity to have a differentiated
approach to the lockdown based on the geographic distribution.
• The initial plan is to determine alert levels at a provincial level based on the number of cases in each
province.
• Individual Ministers, upon consultation with and approval from the Minister of Health, may provide for
exceptions and additional directions in sectors within their domain.
• A working committee should be established comprising officials from the Department of Health and the
Department of Trade and Industry to consider changes to the sector restrictions as they are required.