The document details the history of cloud computing, outlining its evolution from early mainframes and time-sharing systems in the 1940s to the mainstream adoption of cloud services through significant milestones like the launch of Salesforce in 1999 and AWS in 2002. It highlights advancements in virtualization, distributed computing, and the emergence of models such as SaaS, IaaS, and PaaS, culminating in today's focus on edge computing, AI integration, and future developments in quantum computing. Key milestones include the introduction of AWS, Google App Engine, and the rise of hybrid and multi-cloud strategies in the 2010s.

1. SHRI RAMSWAROOP MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY
LUCKNOW-DEVA ROAD UTTAR PRADESH
SUBJECT:- CLOUD COMPUTING
SUBJECT CODE:- MCS3119
TOPICE:-HISTORY OF CLOUD COMPUTING
SUBMITTED TO:-
Er.Atul Verma Name-Ashwani Kumar Singh
Roll No-202310101050073
course-MCA 3rd Semester

2. History of cloud computing
The history of cloud computing is a story of technological innovation that has evolved over several decades,
driven by the need for more efficient, scalable, and accessible computing resources. Here’s an overview of how
cloud computing came to be:
1. Early Computing and Mainframes (1940s–1960s)
•Mainframes and Time-Sharing: The concept of centralized computing has roots in the 1950s and 1960s, when
large mainframe computers were used by businesses and research institutions. These machines were incredibly
expensive and required specialized expertise to operate.
•Time-Sharing Systems: The concept of time-sharing emerged in the 1960s, where multiple users could access a
central computer simultaneously. This allowed users to "share" a machine's resources, a precursor to modern
cloud computing's ability to allocate resources dynamically.

3. 2. Virtualization and the Birth of Networks (1970s–1990s)
•Virtual Machines (VMs): In the 1970s, innovations in virtualization technology, such as the creation of
virtual machines, laid the groundwork for cloud computing. Virtualization allows a single physical machine
to run multiple simulated environments, or "virtual machines," each running its own operating system and
applications.
•Distributed Computing: In the 1980s and 1990s, the rise of distributed computing—where computational
tasks are spread across multiple machines—allowed systems to be more scalable and fault-tolerant. This
was key to making cloud computing viable in the future.
•Internet and Networking Advances: The growth of the internet in the 1990s, combined with faster
networking technologies, created a foundation for sharing computing resources over the internet.

4. 3. The Advent of the "Cloud" (Late 1990s–2000s)
•Salesforce.com (1999): One of the first major breakthroughs in cloud computing came from Salesforce, which introduced
its software-as-a-service (SaaS) model in 1999. Salesforce offered a customer relationship management (CRM) platform
entirely hosted in the cloud, eliminating the need for businesses to install and maintain the software locally.
•Amazon Web Services (AWS) (2002): Amazon launched AWS in 2002, initially offering services like data storage and
computing power on a pay-as-you-go basis. This was a game-changer because it made it easy for businesses to access
powerful computing resources without needing to invest in physical infrastructure.
•Google and Microsoft: In the mid-2000s, both Google and Microsoft entered the cloud space, with Google offering cloud-
based productivity tools (e.g., Google Docs), and Microsoft launching Azure, its cloud platform, in 2010.

5. 4. Cloud Computing as a Mainstream Technology (2000s–2010s)
•Amazon EC2 (2006): Amazon Web Services (AWS) expanded its offerings with Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) in
2006, which allowed customers to rent computing power on-demand. This marked a key shift toward the "Infrastructure
as a Service" (IaaS) model.
•Platform as a Service (PaaS): Companies like Google (with Google App Engine in 2008) and Microsoft (with Azure in
2010) introduced Platform as a Service (PaaS), which allowed developers to build and deploy applications on a platform
without worrying about the underlying infrastructure.
•Cloud Storage and SaaS: Other big players, such as Dropbox (2007), emerged with file storage solutions in the cloud,
while companies like Box, Slack, and others made significant strides in providing cloud-based software tools for
collaboration, further popularizing SaaS.

6. 5. Cloud Computing Matures (2010s)
•Public Cloud Dominance: AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform (GCP) solidified their dominance in the public
cloud market. In 2010, AWS became the undisputed leader in cloud services, expanding its portfolio to include a range of
tools for data analysis, machine learning, content delivery, and more.
•Hybrid and Multi-cloud: As cloud adoption grew, businesses increasingly demanded flexibility, leading to the rise of hybrid
cloud and multi-cloud environments, where companies use a mix of private and public clouds or multiple public clouds to
avoid vendor lock-in and optimize performance.
•Cloud Security: As more critical business operations moved to the cloud, security became a major concern. Cloud service
providers ramped up investments in security technologies and protocols, making the cloud safer for businesses and
consumers alike.
•Serverless Computing: Serverless computing emerged as a new paradigm in the cloud computing landscape. This model
allows developers to run code without managing servers, enabling greater focus on business logic and code efficiency.

7. 6. Cloud Computing Today and the Future (2020s)
•Edge Computing: With the explosion of the Internet of Things (IoT) devices, edge computing is gaining traction. This model
decentralizes computing and processing power, bringing them closer to the location where data is generated, thus reducing
latency and bandwidth use. The cloud and edge computing are increasingly becoming integrated.
•AI and Machine Learning in the Cloud: Cloud computing is also powering the rapid rise of AI and machine learning. Cloud
service providers now offer powerful AI tools and services for everything from predictive analytics to natural language
processing and image recognition.
•Quantum Computing: Some cloud providers, including AWS, Google, and Microsoft, are investing heavily in quantum
computing as the next frontier. Quantum computing promises to solve complex problems much faster than traditional
computers, although it’s still in the early stages.

8. Key Milestones in Cloud Computing:
•1999: Salesforce launches the first large-scale SaaS offering.
•2002: Amazon launches AWS, marking the beginning of cloud infrastructure services.
•2006: Amazon EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud) is introduced.
•2008: Google App Engine offers PaaS, and Google Docs introduces cloud-based collaboration.
•2010: Microsoft Azure enters the market.
•2010s: The rise of hybrid cloud, multi-cloud, and serverless computing.
•2020s: Edge computing, AI, machine learning, and quantum computing become integrated with cloud services.