A Pilot study on the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) of the people related to water, air and soil pollution in Araihazar Upazilla; by Dr. S K Roy

2. Roadmap of the study
 Background
 Objective
 Data and Methodology
 Result and finding
 Conclusion
 Recommendation

3. Background
Rapid and unplanned industrialization and urbanization has
severely polluted the environmental resources especially
air, water and soil arena
Our farmers are using excess fertilizer, pesticide in their lands
in order to increase crops production. It has tremendous impact
on our environment, destroying eco system.

4. Background
The number of industry units at Narayanganj, as recorded
by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, is 2,409
Food, beverage and tobacco - 377
Jute, cotton, textile and leather - 1,320
Wood products – 49
Pulp and paper products – 30
Chemicals – 104
Non-metallic products – 170
Basic metal products – 101
Fabricated metal, machinery and equipment – 230
Other manufacturing - 28.

5. Background
There are over 300 various effluent discharge outlets
from nine major industrial clusters including
Narayanganj
Of these, 19 outlets carry the major discharge of
domestic and industrial waste
Of the discharged untreated liquid waste, 61% are
industrial and 39% domestic waste
The lone Sewerage Treatment Plant (SWP) in Pagla in
Narayanganj can treat only 10% of the industrial waste.
It is estimated that there are over 7,000 industries in
Dhaka metropolis located mostly in three clusters --
Hazaribagh, Tejgaon and DND (Narayanganj) area

6. Background
A chemical oxygen demand (COD) test, carried out by
BUET, showed that the level of pollutants in the
Shitalakhya River was 28 to 128 mg, much higher than
the normal range between 4-12mg
At present in the river Buriganga contains 60 times higher
chromium than the permissible limit
Water arsenic concentrations in Araihazar were found to
range from 0.094 to 790 mg/L, WHO permissible limit
being 0.01 mg/L.

7. Background
Environmental factors account for as much as 22% of the
national burden of disease, principally in the form of
respiratory infections and diarrhoeal disease
However, people have little knowledge about the impact
of industrialization on environmental pollution and
human health.

8. Araihazar: at a glance

9. Araihazar: at a glance
Area: 183.35 sq km
Union parishads: 12
Mouzas: 182
Villages: 315
Population: 299,855; Muslims 96.08%, Hindu
3.76%, others .16%
Religious institutions: Mosque 355, temple 7
Literacy: Average literacy 23.6%; male 28.6% and
female 17%

10. Araihazar: at a glance
Educational institutions: College 4, secondary school 17, primary
school 114, community school 11, satellite school 7, madrasa
36, maktab 460
Cultural organizations: Public library 1, club 65, cinema hall
3, community centre 8, playground 25
Main occupations: Agriculture 24.68%, fishing 1.65%, agricultural
labourer 10.96%, wage labourer 8.53%, commerce
14.45%, service 3.84%, weaving 20.73%, industry 1.57% and
others 13.59%
Main crops:
Paddy, jute, wheat, corn, potato, kalai, sesame, mustard, vegetabl
es. Pan cultivation, which was once quite extensive, is now almost
extinct
Health centre: Hospital 1, family welfare centre 4, union family
welfare centre 7

11. Objectives
The objectives are
1. To identify the socio-economic and demographic status of
the inhabitants in an industrial semi urban area of Bangladesh
(Araihazar upazila of Narayangang)
2. To identify the lacking of people’s knowledge about
air, water and soil pollution
3. The prevalence of morbidities related to air, water and soil
pollution among the study participants.

12. Methodology
This is a cross sectional study
Study was conducted in Araihazar (a Peri Urban setting) in
Bangladesh
Both quantitative and qualitative method was applied in
this study to collect information

13. Methodology: Quantitative study
Sample size:
The formula used for these calculations is:
(Ref: Krejcie and Morgan. 1970. “Determining Sample
Size for Research Activities” (Educational and
Psychological Measurement, #30, pp. 607-610))

14. Methodology: Quantitative study
Using this Standard formula, the required sample for
Araihazar Upazilla is 1511 (Household 90,000, α = .05, ME =
0.025, P = 0.5). Increasing the sample size 20% in order to
reduce the non response error, the sample size is 1813
3 village was randomly selected (probability proportion to
HH size in each village). So from 12 unions, 36 village was
selected
50 HH from each village was randomly selected
Total HH size is 50 X 12 X 3 = 1800 HH

15. Methodology: Quantitative study
Pre structured questionnaire was used to collect the information
Questionnaire was tested in Gazipur before final print
Both HH and adult questionnaire was in Bengali
1 supervisor and 10 interviewer was appointed for data collection
Extensive training (in house and field) was provided to the
supervisor and interviewer
When the investigator though that the team is ready for interview,
they was sent for data collection

16. Methodology: Qualitative study
Focus Group Discussion (FGD) method used to collect
information
One village was randomly selected from each union. Total 12
FGD was conducted
Structured guideline was followed for FGD
6 skilled person was appointed for FGD
FGD was conducted in the village in their convenient times
Each FGD took around two hour
Each FGD was recorded in tap recorder
Finally information was analyzed

17. Result
Age and gender wise distribution of population (Population Pyramid)
70+
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
Fem ale Male

18. Result : Continued
Literate population 18 years and over by level of education by gender
Frequency Percentage
Total Total
Male Female Male Female
Never attended 1061 1347 2408 43.0 51.3 47.3
school
Primary 307 290 597 12.5 11.0 11.7
High School 892 852 1744 36.2 32.4 34.2
SSC/HSC 181 135 316 7.3 5.1 6.2
Higher 24 3 27 1.0 .1 .5
Total 2465 2627 5092 100.0 100.0 100.0
Literate population age 6-17 years according to their education level by gender
Frequency Percentage
Male Female Total Male Female Total
Never attended 161 105 266 12.1 8.6 10.4
school
Primary 776 669 1445 58.2 55.0 56.7
High School 373 414 787 28.0 34.0 30.9
SSC or Higher 24 28 52 1.8 2.3 2.0
Total 1334 1216 2550 100.0 100.0 100.0

19. Result : Continued
Marital status of the respondents of age 18+ by gender
Frequency Percentage
Male Female Total Male Female Total
Never married 534 154 688 21.6 5.9 13.5
Currently married 1894 2104 3998 76.7 80.0 78.4
Separate/ 1 17 18 .0 .6 .4
Divorced 5 15 20 .2 .6 .4
Widow/ Widower 36 340 376 1.5 12.9 7.4
Total 2470 2630 5100 100.0 100.0 100.0
Marital status of the respondents of age 6-17 by gender
Frequency Percentage
Male Female Total Male Female Total
Never married 1334 1204 2538 100.0 99.0 99.5
Currently married 0 10 10 -- .8 .4
Divorced 0 2 2 -- .2 .1
Total 1334 1216 2550 100.0 100.0 100.0

20. Result : Continued
Occupation of the adult (age 18+) by gender
Frequency Percentage
Male Female Total Male Female Total
Agriculture worker 388 9 397 15.7 .3 7.8
Unskilled job 185 33 218 7.5 1.3 4.3
Small business man 508 10 518 20.6 .4 10.2
Transport Worker 202 0 202 8.2 4.0
Loom worker 616 13 629 24.9 .5 12.3
Student 78 76 154 3.2 2.9 3.0
Searching job, no work
or retired 209 151 360 8.5 5.7 7.1
Job 217 62 279 8.8 2.4 5.5
Housewife -- 2264 2264 -- 86.1 44.4
Other 67 12 79 2.7 .5 1.5
Total 2470 2630 5100 100.0 100.0 100.0

21. Result : Continued
Housing types (roof, floor and wall) of the households:
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Type of wall Type of roof Type of floor
Pucca/Cement Tin Bamboo Mud/Dirt Leaves/straw

22. Result : Continued S o u rc e o f d rin k in g water?
Percentage 120
98.4
distribution of 100
source of 80
drinking water 60
40
20
0.6 0.2 0.9
0
Tap water Tube-well R egular well R iver/C anal
Does household has electricity?
Percentage No, 4.2
distribution of
source of lighting
Yes, 95.8

23. Result : Continued
Type of fuel used for cooking
70
Percentage distribution 60
of type of fuel used for 50
cooking? 40
30
20
10
0
l
g
p
d
.
ss
oa
as
un
ro
oo
ra
C
G
/c
D
W
G
re
al
tu
m
ul
ni
ic
A
gr
A
Cooking place
Both, 10.8
Percentage
distribution of place of
Outside the house,
cooking 27.4
Inside house, 61.8
Inside house Outside the house Both

24. Result : Continued Household monthly income
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0-6000 6001-8000 8001-10000 10001-12000 12000+
70
60
50 Percentage distribution of household by type
40
of toilet facilities for different age group:
30
20
10
0
Septic tank / Slab latrine Pit latrine Open latrine, Bush / Hanging latrine
Modern latrine Field
Adult (age>15 years) Child (age<5 years) Child (age>5 but <15)

25. Result : Continued
Percentage distribution of household members of Araihazar Upazila who wear a
sandal in the toilet
83
82
81
80
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
Adult (age>15 years) Child (age<5 years) Child (age>5 but <15)
70
60 Percentage distribution of household
50
members (at different age group) who
wash their hands after visiting toilet
40
30
20
10
0
All the time Sometimes Not very often Never
Adult (age>15 years ) Child (age<5 years ) Child (age>5 but <15)

26. Result : Continued
60
50
Percentage distribution of household
members about what they use to wash
40
their hands after going to toilet
30
20
10
0
Soap Ash Soil Only water
Adult (age>15 years ) Child (age<5 years ) Child (age>5 but <15)

27. % distribution of KAP related to environmental pollution
Name of the variable Percentage
% thinks that industries are throwing their wastage here and there? 92.2
% knows that industrial wastage are polluting environment which is harmful for health? 99.7
% knows that smoke emission from industries is harmful for health? 100.0
% thinks that water is polluted due to industry 99.8
% thinks that soil is polluted due to industry 99.8
% thinks that air is polluted due to industry 99.8
% knows that taking bath in the polluted water is harmful for health 100.0
% thinks that land is losing its fertility due to throwing industrial wastage here and there 100.0
% thinks that it is good to throw industrial wastage here and there 2.3
% thinks that there should be some rules so that the industries cannot throw their wastage 99.8
here and there
% knows anything about arsenic in water? 96.7
% have taken any initiative to get water free from arsenic 69.5
% where there is any industry close to house (within half kilometer) 88.9
What do you think about the crop production in a land?
Has increased 3.9
Has decline 13.4
Remain constant 82.6
Name of the industry close to household
Textile 79.2
Poultry 28.1
Handloom 3.2

28. Result : Continued
Prevalence of chronic diseases among the adults:
Suffered from particular Among them who took
diseases treatment
Number Percentage Number Percentage
Heart Diseases 89 2.6 87 97.8
Diabetes 151 4.4 142 94.0
Hypertension 387 11.2 379 97.9
Tuberculosis 14 .4 13 92.9
Arthritis or 791 98.0
807 23.3
Rheumatism
Gastric/ ulcer 2924 84.4 2893 98.9
Anaemia 96 2.8 94 97.9
Asthma 120 3.5 118 98.3
Cancer 2 .1 2 100.0
Total 3463

29. Result : Continued
% Distribution of treatment/service seeking behavior for different
chronic diseases who have taken treatment/service
Type of health seeking behavior Total
MBBS Pharma Village Homeop Othe Did not Num Percen
(private) cy Doctor ath r consulte ber tage
d
Heart diseases 77.5 6.7 9 1.1 5.6 89 100
Diabetes 66.9 13.2 9.3 0.7 9.9 151 100
Hypertension 36.2 38 19.4 0.8 5.7 387 100
Tuberculosis 78.6 7.1 7.1 7.1 14 100
Arthritis or 807
Rheumatism 13.4 32.5 39.5 0.9 0.5 13.3 100
Gastric/ ulcer 4.2 44.8 39.6 0.1 0.5 10.8 2925 100
Anaemia 27.1 53.1 17.7 2.1 96 100
Asthma 35 28.3 25.8 10.8 120 100

30. Result : Continued
Prevalence of acute diseases and its duration and how many times they had
suffered in the last month
Number Prevalenc In the last month how many
e of times suffered (those who
diseases suffered) (mean)
Headache 554 16.0 9.5
eye infection 19 .5 11.5
Toothache 183 5.3 10.7
Cough /cold 541 15.6 11.6
Fever 885 25.6 8.1
Vomiting/stomachache 154 4.4 9.1
Watery diarrhea 68 2.0 9.1
Loose motion associated with
38 1.1
mucus or blood 9.4
Skin problem 51 1.5 12.9
Accidental causes (eg. cut hand or
12 .3
legs) 8.4
Arsenicosis 7 .2 16.1
Total 3463

31. Conclusion
Industries has increased in this study area including textile mills, power
loom factory, handloom, sizing factory, spinning mill, cotton mill, dyeing
factories, brick field and so on
Almost all Inhabitants think that industries are polluting their air, water
and soil
Burning industrial waste materials, smoke from different industries and
cooking are the main reasons for air pollution
This has also important implications for the health of population in that
area
People keep dusts from animal farms (poultry/cow), waste materials from
industries (dyeing, textile, etc.) and household wastages here and there
Besides use of chemical fertilizers; pesticides has reduced productivity of
lands in their area

32. Conclusion
In some cases industrial wastages (e.g. dyeing factories) are drained
out in river sometimes household wastages are thrown in spoiled
ponds, although knowing that it’s not a good practice
Besides irrigation project, fertilizers get mixed with river water, wastes
from poultry farms are used as fish food in fisheries, and they think
these practices are polluting water seriously
Therefore diarrhea and skin diseases have become more frequent in
their area
As observed, most of them have a good knowledge on environment
pollution. Their attitude is also good to avoid environmental pollution
However, their practices are not good enough

33. Recommandations
1. Government should exact rules and regulations so that industries
cannot throw wastage everywhere.
2. Owners of different industries should play a major role in raising
awareness on pollution and health hazards. Industries need to develop
a proper and hygienic waste disposal system by following government
laws.
3. Water contamination with chemicals should be locally maintained.
4. Government needs to take some serious actions to control and
manage the condition to prevent environment as early as possible.
5. Control of air pollution is needed.

34. Recommandations
6. Promotion of policy in order to reduce the effect of environment
pollution through behavior change communication (BCC) in an
industrial semi-urban area.
7. People are drinking water from tube-wells with red marking knowing
that this water is arsenic contaminated. Implantation of alternative
source of pure drinking water is needed.
8. Safe water supply provision by govt. or non govt. initiative is urgent.
9. Nutrition education should be given to ensure healthy lifestyle and
prevent environment pollution.
10. Environment pollution and destruction should be under regular
monitoring and prevention process.

35. Thank you