This document provides an overview of cloud computing. It defines cloud computing as a model enabling ubiquitous, convenient access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources that can be rapidly provisioned with minimal management effort. The document discusses different types of cloud services including Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). It also covers public and private cloud models and highlights benefits of cloud computing such as agility, cost reduction, and increased efficiency.

1. Source: en.wikipedia.org

2. Disclaimer
All the opinions expressed and
information provided by me in this
event are personal. I am not
representing anyone or any entity,
private, public or otherwise. Any
identification, mention of name or
brand is not an endorsement or
recommendation. Your own due
diligence is recommended.

3. What is ‘Cloud Computing’?
‘Leasing’ what one needs in a standardized
environment.
7/31/2011 Cloud Computing - A Primer 3

4. Analogous to Electricity
Availability on Demand
Broad Network Access
Rapid Elasticity
Measurable Service
Pooled Resources
(Network, Compute, Storage..)
Pay for what is used
Cloud Computing = Utility Computing
4

5. ‘Cloud Computing’- Definition
‘Cloud computing’ is a model for enabling:
Ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network
access to a shared pool of configurable
computing resources (e.g., networks, servers,
storage, applications, and services) that can
be rapidly provisioned and released with
minimal management effort or service
provider interaction (NIST Pub. 800-146,
2011).
7/31/2011 Cloud Computing - A Primer 5

6. Another Definition
‘The cloud is a flexible and scalable shared
environment that uses virtualization
technologies to create and distribute
computing resources to users on an as
needed basis, accessed via the internet
browser and distributed over the network’.
- Stratecast, Frost and Sullivan (2010)

7. Gartner

9. - Cloud Wiki, 2012

10. IaaS
Features Main Users
• Customers do not manage • System Administrators
HW
• Move $$ from Resources:
CAPEX > OPEX Servers, storage,
networking, OS,
virtualization & file systems

11. PaaS
Features Main Users
• Platform used to develop, • Developers
test and deploy services
over the internet Resources:
Devt. and Test tools
Databases and Middleware
Infrastructure SW

12. SaaS
Features Main Users
• CRM, HRM, eMail, • End Users
Communication,
Collaboration, Office Resources:
Productivity Suites and
Other Apps – Deployed in Business, operational and
hosted environment – administrative applications
licensed based on
Subscription – Pay and Play

13. Public Cloud (Anybody)

14. Community Cloud (Stat - n)
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15. Private Cloud
USDA Private
Cloud

17. Cloud Computing
Why the Cloud?

18. Current IT State
• Lengthy time to provision resources
> Soln: Reduce provisioning time
• IT capacity – needs peaks and valleys hi/lo demand
> Soln: Even out resources use/release resources as
needed
• Internal IT staff – do not have the right skill set, time
and or not enough staff to meet new business
demands in a reasonable time and cost
> Soln: Cloud Services

19. Cloud Benefits
• Drives - Agility; Automation; Self-Service
• Decreases - Business Pain Points, Increases
efficiency (earlier time to market or
implementation of a new process, business
solution)
• Forces - IT + Business Cooperation
• Increases Standardization (e.g., apps, DBs)
• Decreases Complexity

20. Private Cloud
Why choose a Private Cloud?
•Peace of mind. Feel ‘secure’ in their cloud
•Are risk averse and / or have mandates
• Flexibility, Self-Service, Integration,
Automation, and Metering
•3rd Party options (hosting) available or
•In a wait and see mode
•In future they may become hybrid - trend

21. Private Cloud - Poll
Survey Question:
Will your org. be pursuing a private
cloud computing strategy by 2014?
Yes = 78%
May be = 17% No = 5 %
- Gartner, 2011

22. Private Cloud
1. Not Just virtualization
2. Not Necessarily decrease cost
3. Not Always ‘on premise’
4. Not Just Iaas or PaaS
5. May Not Always stay private

23. Public Private – Highlights
Public Cloud Private Cloud
• Minimal capital • More control and less risky
requirement • More Security and Audit
• Usually cost-effective capability
because of high numbers of • Not necessarily cost-
users effective (less users = more
• Capacity can scale way up cost) needs volume to be
and down viable
• Usually independent data • Onsite / Hosted
center

24. PUBLIC CLOUD PERFORMANCE
Not all public clouds are created equal
Buyer/Subscriber Beware
Why?

25. PUBLIC CLOUD PERFORMANCE
1. Bing: 2 sec decrease in search results
decrease 4.3% revenue per customer
2. Google: 400 msec delay (less than a blink of
an eye) in presenting search results
decreases number of searches by user .59%
3. AOL: User views 50% more pages in a fastest
page loads than a slowest page load.
4. Shopzilla: Accelerated page load from 7 to 2
secs, revenue increased 7 – 12 %

26. PUBLIC CLOUD PERFORMANCE
5. Auto Anything: Web-based auto parts
supplier
Measured Customer Revenue and Satisfaction
• Page load time decrease form 12 to 7 secs
• Increased 29% more likely to buy on 1st visit
• And 38% returned for more business – repeat
customers

27. Cloud – Is this for real?
Thinking of Past Technologies and Hypes ?
Many are still around, evolved and some gone:
1. Internet, WWW, IP v4, IP v6, TCP/IP, SMTP,
2. Databases Integration – RDBs, SQL, HDBs, KSDS
3. CORBA, SGML, XML, JSON, REST
4. EAI – OOAD, ESB, MOM, SOAP, etc
5. SOA – Service Oriented Architecture
6. Virtualization – Servers, Storage, Network

28. Cloud – Is this for real?
7. Cloud – Private, Public, Hybrid (peaked 2 years
ago)
8. Big Data – Hadoop, No SQL, InMemory DB,
MongoDG, PIG (last year)
9. MDM – mobile data management / Distributed
ID Mgmt (now), Identity Management, Mobile
Computing

29. US Cloud Growth
Adoption will only grow:
1. The users are seeing the benefits – Agility, Cost
2. Federal Mandates : Cloud First, Shared First, etc.
3. Vendors are addressing user concerns and willing to
accommodate the rules regulations mandates, audit,
privacy, etc. (FedRAMP, FISMA, PII, SAS-70, HIPAA, HL-7,
SOX, A-123, FFMIA, JFMIP, etc) requirements
4. Cloud Service Brokers are becoming more valuable in
bridging the knowledge gap between cloud providers and
cloud consumers

30. European Cloud
The dark cloud of uncertainty is moving away
The European Leaders have staked out a commitment to:
Establish a common set of Rules of the Road to develop a
cohesive market structure among various member nations
for cloud providers. They want to the public clouds to be
‘open, competitive and secure’ so that govts. as well as
public can use them. This drew praise from some leading US
Tech Trade Associations
- CIO Magazine Oct. 2012

31. A Cloud Should
1. Should fit the business need – One size does
not fit all
2. Needs to be agile to accommodate
enterprise’s business process and IT
operations
3. Able to leverage existing IT infrastructure (rip
and replace and increased cost will be a DOA)
4. Needs to meet security, compliance & other
requirements

32. Cloud Migration – To do List
1. Security – key evaluation criteria
2. Get Senior Management commitment early
3. Cloud provides – automation, provisioning, mgmt
function
4. But does NOT provide automatic integration with
different layers of cloud security
5. So requires lots of education and process updates –
needs time and resources
6. Have a cloud test ‘sandbox’ for testing SW updates
prerelease – to test all cloud layers

33. Cloud Migration – To do List
7. ‘Deny all’ except ‘explicitly allowed’ creates
issues with emergency and operational fixes.
Therefore, needs a very good CM process,
controls and governance

34. Use Case 1. Private Cloud
• Preparation – deliberate and time consuming
• Constant Communication
• Roll out in Stages
• Set expectations right
• Training and Expert help – OnSite
• Training Classes – Cheat Sheets
• Result

35. Use Case 2. Community Cloud
1. 13 Federal Agencies
2. Small Budget – Chip in
3. Shared Operational Apps
4. Catalog Devt. – Dummy data
5. Roll out
6. Result

36. Cloud computing future moves…
Apply cloud computing
concepts to future data centers
– to increase agility and
efficiency
Identify legal, compliance, PII,
sensitivity classification of data Build cloud optimized
- perform risk / reward analysis applications
of a public cloud offering
IT as an internal CSB and
Investigate 3rd party CSBs – for
intermediary to commercial
advice, guidance and as an
CSBs
intermediary to consume cloud
services

37. Future of IT Employees
• Businesses like to keep their IT folks as
internal advisors on evolving cloud services
and as go betweens Cloud Service Brokers
(CSBs)
•Be a solution provider, add value and become
part of the integrated business team
• Modern IDEs / CASE Tools are more powerful
and one does not need to know ‘bits and
bytes’ to develop an application or build a
service

38. Future of IT Expenses
Expense: Businesses do not like upfront IT
expenses (CAPEX) but want to retain or
increase the value derived (agility,
efficiency, peak load mgmt) from the use
of these IT resources. They prefer
predictable ‘pay as you go’ model (OPEX)
Will continue to reduce CAPEX

39. NIST Cloud Computing Related Publications
NIST Special Publication 500 Series:
NIST Special Publication 500-291, NIST Cloud Computing Standards Roadmap, July
2011
NIST Special Publication 500-292, NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture,
September 2011
NIST Special Publication 500-293, US Government Cloud Computing Technology
Roadmap, Release 1.0 (Draft), Volume I High-Priority Requirements to Further USG
Agency Cloud Computing Adoption, November 2011
NIST Special Publication 500-293, US Government Cloud Computing Technology
Roadmap, Release 1.0 (Draft), Volume II Useful Information for Cloud Adopters,
November 2011

40. NIST Special Publication 800 Series:
NIST Special Publication 800-53A, Revision 1, Guide for Assessing the Security
Controls in Federal Information Systems and Organizations, June 2010
NIST Special Publication 800-125, Guide to Security for Full Virtualization
Technologies, January 2011
NIST Special Publication 800-144, Guidelines on Security and Privacy in Public
Cloud Computing, December 2011
NIST Special Publication 800-145, NIST Definition of Cloud Computing, September
2011
NIST Special Publication 800-146, Cloud Computing Synopsis and
Recommendations, May 2012

41. NIST Cloud Computing Research Papers
C. Dabrowski and K. Mills, "VM Leakage and Orphan Control in Open-Source Clouds", Proceedings
of IEEE CloudCom 2011, Nov. 29-Dec. 1, Athens, Greece, pp. 554-559.
K. Mills, J. Filliben and C. Dabrowski, "Comparing VM-Placement Algorithms for On-Demand
Clouds", Proceedings of IEEE CloudCom 2011, Nov. 29-Dec. 1, Athens, Greece, pp. 91-98.
C. Dabrowski and K. Mills, "Extended Version of VM Leakage and Ophan Control in Open-Source
Clouds", NIST Publication 909325; an abbreviated version of this paper was published in the
Proceedings of IEEE CloudCom 2011, Nov. 29-Dec. 1, Athens, Greece.
C. Dabrowski and F. Hunt, "Identifying Failure Scenarios in Complex Systems by Perturbing Markov
Chain Models", Proceedings of ASME 2011 Conference on Pressure Vessels & Piping, Baltimore,
MD, July 17-22, 2011.
K. Mills, J. Filliben and C. Dabrowski, "An Efficient Sensitivity Analysis Method for Large Cloud
Simulations", Proceedings of the 4th International Cloud Computing Conference, IEEE, Washington,
D.C., July 5-9, 2011.

42. Thank you!
Michael.Valivullah@nass.usda.gov