NIBR arrangerte seminar om Rio de Janeiro før OL i 2016:
Rio de Janeiro: Hva blir den «olympiske» effekten?
Gilmar Mascarenhas, professor ved Geografisk institutt, Universitetet i Rio de Janeiro: “From Barcelona 1992 to Rio de Janeiro 2016: a critical view of how mega sports events (the Olympic Games) influence urban development”.
Einar Braathen, forsker ll ved Norsk institutt for by- og regionforskning (NIBR): “Policies and politics addressing urban inequality: the case of Rio de Janeiro since 2008”.
Mega events the olympics and their strategic uses - guest lecture (22 april 2...Dr. Michael B. Duignan
Michael Duignan gave a guest lecture on delivering Olympic mega-events and their impacts on local communities and businesses. He discussed how mega-events have evolved over time and are now used strategically for urban regeneration, place promotion, and legacy benefits. However, criticisms argue they can displace local residents and businesses through gentrification and limited community consultation. Using the 2012 London Olympics as a case study, he examined the regeneration of the Olympic park area but also the risks small businesses faced from rising rents and limited opportunities to influence plans. The lecture provided perspectives from local policymakers, event organizers, and business owners on exploiting opportunities and challenges of hosting mega-events.
Global mega-events such as the Olympic Games have a worldwide impact thanks to their positioning as media-events gathering multi-billion audiences across all continents. However, such events will fail to provide sustainable local legacies if their mediated dimension is not complemented by a festive use of the street enabling localised ‘lived experiences’ to coexist with the internationally mediated experience.
Researching the Impact and Legacy of a European Capital of CultureBeatriz Garcia
The document summarizes research on the impact of Liverpool's year as the 2008 European Capital of Culture. Key findings include a 34% growth in visitors since 2007, with 9.7 million additional visits and £754 million in direct visitor spending. Cultural participation increased, including above average attendance from ethnic minorities, youth, and lower socioeconomic groups. The year also helped reposition Liverpool's image and grow its cultural infrastructure and creative sector.
Dr Beatriz Garcia presented on measuring the cultural impact of Liverpool being named the European Capital of Culture in 2008. She outlined a holistic model for assessing impact across economic, social, cultural and other dimensions. Research found impacts including increased tourism, growth in the creative industries, improved perceptions of Liverpool nationally and internationally, and higher levels of cultural participation, especially in deprived communities. Key lessons included the need to document impact over the long term, use both quantitative and qualitative data, and share knowledge to benefit future cultural programs.
The document discusses the economics of hosting the Olympic Games. It outlines the economic benefits and costs during the pre-games, games, and post-games phases. Some benefits include tourism revenue, infrastructure development, and promoting the host city. However, there are also significant costs of hosting such as construction, security, and opportunity costs of displaced projects. Overall, the Games can have long-term economic legacies for the host city if planned and financed strategically.
The document discusses China's reasons for bidding to host the 2008 Beijing Olympics and the impacts of hosting the Games. Key reasons for bidding included promoting China as developed/prosperous and expanding markets. Hosting brought new infrastructure, industry development, and post-Games benefits included economic regeneration and increased tourism. China accelerated growth after losing its 2000 bid and won the 2008 bid. The Beijing Olympic Action Plan focused on green, high-tech, people-centered Games. Major costs were infrastructure and hosting was expected to boost Beijing's economy long-term through industry and services.
Economic Costs and Benefits of Beijing Olympics 2008 (IB Geography - Leisure,...Enoch Yambilla
Hosting the 2008 Olympics in Beijing, China provided both economic and social benefits but also disadvantages. Economically, China gained infrastructure improvements, tourism revenue, and new jobs. Socially, the Olympics raised China's international profile and increased enthusiasm for sports. However, some residents were displaced and social conflicts arose due to overcrowding from visitors. Large costs were incurred to host the Games and left debt afterwards.
Economics Presentation On Cost of Olympics PankajSultane
1)Cost of Olympic Games
2) Overview
First Olympic in 1896 in Athens
2012 Summer Olympics - 26 sports, 10568 Athletes, 204 Nations
2014 Winter Olympics -7 sports, 2873 Athletes, 88 Nations
Governing Body: International Federation (IF)
International Olympic Committee (IOC): sports, disciplines and events.
London 2012 US$14.8 billion
Source: www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/oct/23/london-2012-olympics-cost-total
Sochi 2014 Estimated US$51 billion
Source: www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2013/oct/09/sochi-2014-olympics-money- corruption
3) Cost Bidding
5 out of 9 cities selected for bidding by IOC on 18 May 2004
Hosting Fee in 2012: U.S $150,000
London won the right to host the 2012 Games with 54 votes to Paris' 50
4) Cost Bidding Graph
5)Costs for Hosting
Operational Costs
(OCOG)
Technology Costs
Workforce Costs
Administration Costs
Transportation Costs
Catering & Medical Services
Security costs
Non-Operational Costs
(Non-OCOG)
Direct
Olympic Villages
International Broadcast Centre
Media & Press Centre
Indirect
Infrastructure
Hotel Upgrade Costs
6)Cost of Olympic Games
7) Cost OverRun
8)Economic impact of OLYMPIC GAMES
1. Identifying the impact
2. Evidence from the past games
3. ATHENS & outlook of Greek Economy
9) -GDP & Employment Impact
10) ATHENS-Slowdown Economy
Smallest Country.
Total cost EXCEEDS Estimate cost leads to Downfall.
Even the villages lands are used to conduct OLYMPICS.
Widening Government Budget Deficit.
11) Scam 2014 Sochi Russia
Mega events the olympics and their strategic uses - guest lecture (22 april 2...Dr. Michael B. Duignan
Michael Duignan gave a guest lecture on delivering Olympic mega-events and their impacts on local communities and businesses. He discussed how mega-events have evolved over time and are now used strategically for urban regeneration, place promotion, and legacy benefits. However, criticisms argue they can displace local residents and businesses through gentrification and limited community consultation. Using the 2012 London Olympics as a case study, he examined the regeneration of the Olympic park area but also the risks small businesses faced from rising rents and limited opportunities to influence plans. The lecture provided perspectives from local policymakers, event organizers, and business owners on exploiting opportunities and challenges of hosting mega-events.
Global mega-events such as the Olympic Games have a worldwide impact thanks to their positioning as media-events gathering multi-billion audiences across all continents. However, such events will fail to provide sustainable local legacies if their mediated dimension is not complemented by a festive use of the street enabling localised ‘lived experiences’ to coexist with the internationally mediated experience.
Researching the Impact and Legacy of a European Capital of CultureBeatriz Garcia
The document summarizes research on the impact of Liverpool's year as the 2008 European Capital of Culture. Key findings include a 34% growth in visitors since 2007, with 9.7 million additional visits and £754 million in direct visitor spending. Cultural participation increased, including above average attendance from ethnic minorities, youth, and lower socioeconomic groups. The year also helped reposition Liverpool's image and grow its cultural infrastructure and creative sector.
Dr Beatriz Garcia presented on measuring the cultural impact of Liverpool being named the European Capital of Culture in 2008. She outlined a holistic model for assessing impact across economic, social, cultural and other dimensions. Research found impacts including increased tourism, growth in the creative industries, improved perceptions of Liverpool nationally and internationally, and higher levels of cultural participation, especially in deprived communities. Key lessons included the need to document impact over the long term, use both quantitative and qualitative data, and share knowledge to benefit future cultural programs.
The document discusses the economics of hosting the Olympic Games. It outlines the economic benefits and costs during the pre-games, games, and post-games phases. Some benefits include tourism revenue, infrastructure development, and promoting the host city. However, there are also significant costs of hosting such as construction, security, and opportunity costs of displaced projects. Overall, the Games can have long-term economic legacies for the host city if planned and financed strategically.
The document discusses China's reasons for bidding to host the 2008 Beijing Olympics and the impacts of hosting the Games. Key reasons for bidding included promoting China as developed/prosperous and expanding markets. Hosting brought new infrastructure, industry development, and post-Games benefits included economic regeneration and increased tourism. China accelerated growth after losing its 2000 bid and won the 2008 bid. The Beijing Olympic Action Plan focused on green, high-tech, people-centered Games. Major costs were infrastructure and hosting was expected to boost Beijing's economy long-term through industry and services.
Economic Costs and Benefits of Beijing Olympics 2008 (IB Geography - Leisure,...Enoch Yambilla
Hosting the 2008 Olympics in Beijing, China provided both economic and social benefits but also disadvantages. Economically, China gained infrastructure improvements, tourism revenue, and new jobs. Socially, the Olympics raised China's international profile and increased enthusiasm for sports. However, some residents were displaced and social conflicts arose due to overcrowding from visitors. Large costs were incurred to host the Games and left debt afterwards.
Economics Presentation On Cost of Olympics PankajSultane
1)Cost of Olympic Games
2) Overview
First Olympic in 1896 in Athens
2012 Summer Olympics - 26 sports, 10568 Athletes, 204 Nations
2014 Winter Olympics -7 sports, 2873 Athletes, 88 Nations
Governing Body: International Federation (IF)
International Olympic Committee (IOC): sports, disciplines and events.
London 2012 US$14.8 billion
Source: www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/oct/23/london-2012-olympics-cost-total
Sochi 2014 Estimated US$51 billion
Source: www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2013/oct/09/sochi-2014-olympics-money- corruption
3) Cost Bidding
5 out of 9 cities selected for bidding by IOC on 18 May 2004
Hosting Fee in 2012: U.S $150,000
London won the right to host the 2012 Games with 54 votes to Paris' 50
4) Cost Bidding Graph
5)Costs for Hosting
Operational Costs
(OCOG)
Technology Costs
Workforce Costs
Administration Costs
Transportation Costs
Catering & Medical Services
Security costs
Non-Operational Costs
(Non-OCOG)
Direct
Olympic Villages
International Broadcast Centre
Media & Press Centre
Indirect
Infrastructure
Hotel Upgrade Costs
6)Cost of Olympic Games
7) Cost OverRun
8)Economic impact of OLYMPIC GAMES
1. Identifying the impact
2. Evidence from the past games
3. ATHENS & outlook of Greek Economy
9) -GDP & Employment Impact
10) ATHENS-Slowdown Economy
Smallest Country.
Total cost EXCEEDS Estimate cost leads to Downfall.
Even the villages lands are used to conduct OLYMPICS.
Widening Government Budget Deficit.
11) Scam 2014 Sochi Russia
Barcelona hosted the 1992 Summer Olympics and used it as an opportunity to revitalize the city. The Olympics spurred investments in transportation infrastructure, housing, offices, and sports facilities. This led to economic growth, reduced unemployment, increased tourism, and an improved quality of life. The Olympics transformed Barcelona from an industrial city into a global hub for services and knowledge industries. It established a model of using a major event to drive urban planning projects and commercial development for both short and long-term benefits.
Einar Braathen er seniorforsker ved Norsk institutt for by- og regionforskning (NIBR). Her er presentasjonen hans fra konferansen Grønn byvekst 7. juni 2013.
- London won the bid to host the 2012 Olympics, beating Paris. Its bid emphasized youth engagement in sport, sustainability, and using the Olympics to regenerate deprived parts of London.
- The Olympic Park and facilities were located in Stratford, a relatively deprived area, allowing it to benefit from improvements to infrastructure like new transit links and housing.
- The Olympics cost around £10 billion but provided benefits like urban regeneration through converting facilities like pools for public use and planned development of the athletes' village into new homes and business space. However, the overall economic impact is debated as London spent over $18 billion for $14 billion in revenues.
The modern Olympic Games have become divorced from the original rationale of promoting physical health and bringing nations together. Originally conceived by Pierre de Coubertin, the ancient Greek Olympics featured both athletic and cultural events and represented a union of people. London 2012 aimed to be the most sustainable Games and deliver unprecedented access and inclusion. The Games resulted in urban regeneration and transport improvements but also increased prices and congestion. While some economic and sporting legacies were achieved, promises on participation were not fully honored and grassroots funding decreased.
The document discusses the historical development of Barcelona Metropolitan Region and its path towards becoming a creative knowledge city. Key points include:
- Barcelona has undergone a transition from an industrial economy to a service and tourism-based economy, and now aims to become a center for cultural production and creative industries.
- Since 1979, Barcelona has used strategic planning and governance models to guide its urban development, focusing on areas like the Olympics, tourism, and knowledge industries.
- Recent strategies emphasize creativity, quality of life, and social cohesion in addition to economic growth. Barcelona is working to consolidate previous knowledge economy projects and attract creative businesses.
- However, the document notes that greater coordination is still needed across the whole
The document discusses the political economy factors that influence cities' decisions to bid for the Olympic Games, using Tokyo 2020 as a case study. It argues that while citizens recognize the Games will have a negative economic impact, special interest groups lobby for hosting. It analyzes stakeholders like the IOC and construction industry, and notes costs are consistently underestimated while economic benefits are overestimated. Public protests have emerged over budget overruns and environmental impacts of venues. Revenue projections depend on sponsorship deals and tourism, but large cost overruns or security issues pose risks.
This document summarizes a presentation on global migration trends and potential lessons for Moscow. Some key points:
- By 2025, 225 Chinese cities will have over 1 million people as 350 million are added to urban populations. India will have 68 cities over 1 million people.
- Migration creates externalities like spatial/temporal mismatches between where impacts occur and resources are needed. There are also normative questions around membership and responsibility.
- Cities have become more productive due to learning from diverse people, but managing inclusion remains a challenge. Municipal governance principles include shared identities looking forward, transnational citizenship, hospitality for newcomers, and transparent decision-making.
Hosting the Olympics is very expensive and often costs cities more than the expected financial benefits. While it provides some prestige and tourism boosts, many cities struggle with abandoned venues after the games. Sponsoring the Olympics can boost sales if companies invest significantly due to the worldwide attention, but there is no guarantee of financial returns and sponsorship rules make it difficult to stand out. Both hosting and sponsoring require large investments with uncertain payoffs and many potential downsides.
This document outlines the aims and core concepts of a critical history of Universal Expositions (EXPOs). It examines the origins of EXPOs and how their nature has changed over time, from displays of industrial and imperial power in the 19th century to expressions of national identity and globalization today. The document also discusses key EXPOs throughout history, potential positive and negative impacts of EXPOs, and challenges around evaluating their success. Humanities and social science disciplines are identified as useful for critically assessing EXPOs and their role in modern society.
This document summarizes research on the Olympic Games and their impact on host cities. It discusses three aims of the research: 1) To examine the evolution of global competition among cities to host the Olympics; 2) To analyze the geographical distribution of bidding and host cities; and 3) To review the effect of the Games on the built environments of host cities. It finds that the number of bidding cities has grown significantly as cities perceive benefits from hosting. Host cities have been concentrated in Europe, North America, and Asia. The Olympics often spur major new developments and infrastructure projects in host cities.
Presentation by Dani Shefer, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Advanced Brainstorm Carrefour (ABC): ‘Smart People in Smart Cities’ Matej Bel University, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia (August, 2016)
The document discusses the projected benefits of hosting the 2012 Olympics for the five East London boroughs of Newham, Tower Hamlets, Hackney, Waltham Forest and Greenwich. It outlines numerous economic, social, environmental and health benefits, including attracting investment, boosting tourism, providing new jobs and housing, regenerating deprived areas, and improving sports, leisure and green spaces. The Olympics aim to catalyze extensive renewal of the area by addressing underlying social and economic issues dating back to deindustrialization, and leave a legacy of revitalization and community benefits for the host boroughs.
Alessia pulcini presentation urban design 1 - eu citiesPulcini Alessia
Globalization and the European Union have reshaped urban networks and competition among cities. Urban design is increasingly important for economic development, as it helps attract skilled workers, businesses, and investment through improving urban spaces and cultural amenities. There are generally three classes of European cities: metropolitan cities which focus on prestigious urban landscapes; larger cities which regenerate through events and infrastructure; and smaller cities which thrive on specialized industries and quality of life. Case studies show how avant-garde urban design projects in various cities have created new cultural districts, identities, and economic opportunities.
Athens is a riddle - Athens' branding up until now.SmartCitiesTeam
A city is a riddle. Discover Athens' branding up until now!
Athens CoCreation Branding Project
Panteion University Of Social And Political Sciences
Department of Communication, Media and Culture
MA in Cultural Management
Course: Cultural Marketing and Communication
Course Instructor: Betty Tsakarestou, Assistant Professor and Head of Advertising and Public Relations Lab
This document discusses the ORME (Observatoire pour la Recherche sur les Méga-Événements), a research center studying mega-events like the Olympics, and its role in assessing the legacy of Paris 2024. ORME will stimulate and support research on Paris 2024 through an interface with stakeholders. It will use tools like PROJO, DOJO, and TOG to record actions and collect public opinions in order to identify and analyze the event's material and immaterial legacies in areas like tourism, the economy, the environment, and sport. Paris 2024 is expected to generate many benefits but its projected impacts are debatable; ORME can help develop the research needed to properly evaluate the event's
The document discusses the transformation of Barcelona from an industrial city to a creative knowledge region. It analyzes Barcelona's historical development, from its origins as a cultural capital in the 19th century, through periods of industrialization, the Franco regime, and hosting the 1992 Olympics. Recent policies have aimed to establish Barcelona as a center for creativity, knowledge, and tourism. Challenges include managing overtourism, high housing prices, and coordinating development across the larger metropolitan region.
Barcelona hosted the 1992 Summer Olympics and used it as an opportunity to revitalize the city. The Olympics spurred investments in transportation infrastructure, housing, offices, and sports facilities. This led to economic growth, reduced unemployment, increased tourism, and an improved quality of life. The Olympics transformed Barcelona from an industrial city into a global hub for services and knowledge industries. It established a model of using a major event to drive urban planning projects and commercial development for both short and long-term benefits.
Einar Braathen er seniorforsker ved Norsk institutt for by- og regionforskning (NIBR). Her er presentasjonen hans fra konferansen Grønn byvekst 7. juni 2013.
- London won the bid to host the 2012 Olympics, beating Paris. Its bid emphasized youth engagement in sport, sustainability, and using the Olympics to regenerate deprived parts of London.
- The Olympic Park and facilities were located in Stratford, a relatively deprived area, allowing it to benefit from improvements to infrastructure like new transit links and housing.
- The Olympics cost around £10 billion but provided benefits like urban regeneration through converting facilities like pools for public use and planned development of the athletes' village into new homes and business space. However, the overall economic impact is debated as London spent over $18 billion for $14 billion in revenues.
The modern Olympic Games have become divorced from the original rationale of promoting physical health and bringing nations together. Originally conceived by Pierre de Coubertin, the ancient Greek Olympics featured both athletic and cultural events and represented a union of people. London 2012 aimed to be the most sustainable Games and deliver unprecedented access and inclusion. The Games resulted in urban regeneration and transport improvements but also increased prices and congestion. While some economic and sporting legacies were achieved, promises on participation were not fully honored and grassroots funding decreased.
The document discusses the historical development of Barcelona Metropolitan Region and its path towards becoming a creative knowledge city. Key points include:
- Barcelona has undergone a transition from an industrial economy to a service and tourism-based economy, and now aims to become a center for cultural production and creative industries.
- Since 1979, Barcelona has used strategic planning and governance models to guide its urban development, focusing on areas like the Olympics, tourism, and knowledge industries.
- Recent strategies emphasize creativity, quality of life, and social cohesion in addition to economic growth. Barcelona is working to consolidate previous knowledge economy projects and attract creative businesses.
- However, the document notes that greater coordination is still needed across the whole
The document discusses the political economy factors that influence cities' decisions to bid for the Olympic Games, using Tokyo 2020 as a case study. It argues that while citizens recognize the Games will have a negative economic impact, special interest groups lobby for hosting. It analyzes stakeholders like the IOC and construction industry, and notes costs are consistently underestimated while economic benefits are overestimated. Public protests have emerged over budget overruns and environmental impacts of venues. Revenue projections depend on sponsorship deals and tourism, but large cost overruns or security issues pose risks.
This document summarizes a presentation on global migration trends and potential lessons for Moscow. Some key points:
- By 2025, 225 Chinese cities will have over 1 million people as 350 million are added to urban populations. India will have 68 cities over 1 million people.
- Migration creates externalities like spatial/temporal mismatches between where impacts occur and resources are needed. There are also normative questions around membership and responsibility.
- Cities have become more productive due to learning from diverse people, but managing inclusion remains a challenge. Municipal governance principles include shared identities looking forward, transnational citizenship, hospitality for newcomers, and transparent decision-making.
Hosting the Olympics is very expensive and often costs cities more than the expected financial benefits. While it provides some prestige and tourism boosts, many cities struggle with abandoned venues after the games. Sponsoring the Olympics can boost sales if companies invest significantly due to the worldwide attention, but there is no guarantee of financial returns and sponsorship rules make it difficult to stand out. Both hosting and sponsoring require large investments with uncertain payoffs and many potential downsides.
This document outlines the aims and core concepts of a critical history of Universal Expositions (EXPOs). It examines the origins of EXPOs and how their nature has changed over time, from displays of industrial and imperial power in the 19th century to expressions of national identity and globalization today. The document also discusses key EXPOs throughout history, potential positive and negative impacts of EXPOs, and challenges around evaluating their success. Humanities and social science disciplines are identified as useful for critically assessing EXPOs and their role in modern society.
This document summarizes research on the Olympic Games and their impact on host cities. It discusses three aims of the research: 1) To examine the evolution of global competition among cities to host the Olympics; 2) To analyze the geographical distribution of bidding and host cities; and 3) To review the effect of the Games on the built environments of host cities. It finds that the number of bidding cities has grown significantly as cities perceive benefits from hosting. Host cities have been concentrated in Europe, North America, and Asia. The Olympics often spur major new developments and infrastructure projects in host cities.
Presentation by Dani Shefer, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Advanced Brainstorm Carrefour (ABC): ‘Smart People in Smart Cities’ Matej Bel University, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia (August, 2016)
The document discusses the projected benefits of hosting the 2012 Olympics for the five East London boroughs of Newham, Tower Hamlets, Hackney, Waltham Forest and Greenwich. It outlines numerous economic, social, environmental and health benefits, including attracting investment, boosting tourism, providing new jobs and housing, regenerating deprived areas, and improving sports, leisure and green spaces. The Olympics aim to catalyze extensive renewal of the area by addressing underlying social and economic issues dating back to deindustrialization, and leave a legacy of revitalization and community benefits for the host boroughs.
Alessia pulcini presentation urban design 1 - eu citiesPulcini Alessia
Globalization and the European Union have reshaped urban networks and competition among cities. Urban design is increasingly important for economic development, as it helps attract skilled workers, businesses, and investment through improving urban spaces and cultural amenities. There are generally three classes of European cities: metropolitan cities which focus on prestigious urban landscapes; larger cities which regenerate through events and infrastructure; and smaller cities which thrive on specialized industries and quality of life. Case studies show how avant-garde urban design projects in various cities have created new cultural districts, identities, and economic opportunities.
Athens is a riddle - Athens' branding up until now.SmartCitiesTeam
A city is a riddle. Discover Athens' branding up until now!
Athens CoCreation Branding Project
Panteion University Of Social And Political Sciences
Department of Communication, Media and Culture
MA in Cultural Management
Course: Cultural Marketing and Communication
Course Instructor: Betty Tsakarestou, Assistant Professor and Head of Advertising and Public Relations Lab
This document discusses the ORME (Observatoire pour la Recherche sur les Méga-Événements), a research center studying mega-events like the Olympics, and its role in assessing the legacy of Paris 2024. ORME will stimulate and support research on Paris 2024 through an interface with stakeholders. It will use tools like PROJO, DOJO, and TOG to record actions and collect public opinions in order to identify and analyze the event's material and immaterial legacies in areas like tourism, the economy, the environment, and sport. Paris 2024 is expected to generate many benefits but its projected impacts are debatable; ORME can help develop the research needed to properly evaluate the event's
The document discusses the transformation of Barcelona from an industrial city to a creative knowledge region. It analyzes Barcelona's historical development, from its origins as a cultural capital in the 19th century, through periods of industrialization, the Franco regime, and hosting the 1992 Olympics. Recent policies have aimed to establish Barcelona as a center for creativity, knowledge, and tourism. Challenges include managing overtourism, high housing prices, and coordinating development across the larger metropolitan region.
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Presentasjoner fra seminar om Rio de Janeiro 281112
1. From Barcelona 1992 to Rio de Janeiro 2016:
A Critical View of How the Olympic Games
Influence Urban Development
Gilmar Mascarenhas
CNPq (National Counsel of Technological and
Scientific Development)
UERJ (State University of Rio de Janeiro)
Brazil
2. Successful Games or Not?
Emblematic Architecture and Legacy (Beijng 2008)
The most spectacular and expensive Olympics ever, it was designed to announce China's
arrival as a global superpower.
As a mega-event, the Games produced their own landscape.
Powerful landmarks, the Bird’s Nest and the Water Cub are very expensive.
Number of visitors are low and even decreasing, especially among foreign tourists.
Lack of planning for post-olympic legacy?
Or is it just a successful planning for capital accumulation and to strengthen China’s and
Benjing’s global image?
3. Today’s Olympism: a Confluence of Interests and
a Market Oriented Urban Management
• The Olympic industry’s requirements
• Appropriation of sports terminology by the war
of places (vigour, discipline, health, initiative,
effort, leadership, team spirit, etc.)
• Global promotion of the urban image
• Accumulation by dispossession (David Harvey)
• The real estate sector and contracting business
• Local political dividends
4. Olympic Globalization
• Olympism received initially eventual financial support from
bankers, factory owners and others who were sympathetic to
the racist, nationalist and colonialist cause of Coubertin's
"religion". It wasn't long before olympism started to attract
political and economic interest and promote events that were
increasingly more prominent internationally (Jean-Marie
Brohm, 2008)
• The romantic side of the Olympic ideals (ecumenism and
amateurism) gradually loses ground to the "Olympic industry"
(Hellen Lenskyj, 2008).
5.
6. Olympic’s business time
• 1980 – Juan Samaranch is elected President of the
IOC
• 1981 – Amateurism is revoked
• 1986 - The impediment of commercially exploiting
the Olympic emblems is abolished: the flag, the
symbol, the motto, the anthem etc.. are considered
to be "properties" of the Olympic Movement.
• The powerful alliance media-sport-business.
• New international corporation.
7. Impact on the Games’ organization
• A new "Olympic urbanism," which distances
itself from the welfare state (social housing
and community sport practices)
• Moscow 1980 x Los Angeles 1984: beyond the
Cold War
• Seoul 1988: the large urban project affected
15% of the population, who had to find new
places to live - 48 000 buildings were
destroyed (Rolnik, 2011).
8. The mythical Barcelona 1992 model:
spatial distribution of the facilities
(Jean-Pierre AUGUSTIN, 1996)
9. BARCELONA 1992: myth and reality
• Relative consideration to the Strategical Plan of the post-
Francoism (PSOE): the “urban equilibrium” principle
• Attempt to meet some of the local needs for sports
infrastructure
• The Ollympic Village as a recovery project for a deprecated
area, but it led to voluminous evictions and gentrification and
disregarded the city’s historical heritage.
• The driving force for the city’s development and international
recognition.
• Rising living costs and touristification of the city (Delgado,
2007)
• A double effect of marketing: for the city and for the Olympic
movement.
11. From Atlanta 1996 to Athens 2004
• 1996 – A strange centenary outside Olympia: the
“Coca-Cola games” in Atlanta, the “revanchist city”.
• 2000 – Sydney: ecological marketing- the "green
games". Sustainability’s spectacularization (use of
solar energy in the Olympic village, recyclable and
organic objects, collective displacements to reduce
emissions, etc.) COHRE: rising prices and evictions.
• 2004 – Athens:the most expensive games until then
(twice as costly as Sydney). High level of repression
of social movements (post-September 11): The
"State of Emergency" (Stavrides, 2008)
14. Beijing 2008 : the spectacle
Interventions cover the different areas of the city, mainly north, west and east.
Associated to the Games, a great plan to expand the subway network is developed. On
the other hand, it focused on monumentality rather than the real sports legacy.
15. Beijing 2008: U$ 40 billion on
the“Olympic Make-Up”
• China has 16 of the 20 most polluted cities in the world, Beijing being one
of the worst (World Bank).
• Temporary closure of factories, prohibition on movements of trucks and
on car rotation system, as well as the suspension of construction works
around the city
• Intense political repression during the Games
• Forced displacement: 3 million people were relocated and had no rights
16. Delhi 2010
Anti Commonwealth Games Front: Around 200,000 – 250,000 people have been rendered homeless and
had their homes demolished due to the Games.
18. London 2012
• The election of the 2012 venue happened a year after the disastrous
Olympic experience in Athens (2004). By then it looked like the Beijing
Olympics (2008) would follow a costly, unpopular and monumental model.
Thus the election of the 2012 host was marked by a framework of
pressure and the risk of discrediting the international Olympic movement.
• As in Barcelona, the design of the London Games was conceived under a
leftwing local administration (Ken Livingstone), focusing on urban
regeneration of an old "de-industrialized“ area, in addition to investing in
improvements of the metropolitan public transport.
• The eastern side was elected as the main stage of events and investments.
The decision of this location surprised many, considering the historical
social and economic dichotomy in London’s urban space.
19. London 2012
• In short, London 2012 overcomes Barcelona in terms of
legacy: in both cases the metropolitan periphery conquered
improvements, but in London the rate of expropriations was
much smaller. We can not yet, however, fully assess the legacy
of 2012, since the future of the Olympic Park is still unclear, as
well as the process of urban renovation and acceleration of
real estate appreciation that may occur in Stratford, a
northward extension of the process of Canary Wharf, resulting
in intensive gentrification of a section of the old port area,
creating a new landscape at the East End. Between Strattford
and this area, a route already displays intense gentrification,
with famous international chains of hotels and business
buildings: the Stratford High Street.
20. Rio 2016: reflections
• Winning bid: Tokyo and Madrid (scenario of crisis, car rotation
system and time zone); Chicago faced strong local protests,
internal opposition and resistance against the unipolar model
(USA). Rio has adequate sports facilities (South American
pioneer) and profits from the country's positive image
(emerging market). However, it faces social and urban
infrastructure problems.
• Doubtful legacy: the Pan-American Games 2007 in the city of
Rio de Janeiro produced sports facilities of international
standards, but poorly managed and very little used. Public
investments shall be multiplied for an Olympics.
23. Rio de Janeiro 2016: perspectives
• Concentration in Barra da Tijuca (still. ..)
• Timid insertion in the suburbs
• Large project for the waterfront zone
• Lack of transparency and democratic channels
• New white elephants
• (Ongoing: real estate speculation!)
• Revanchist City: the UPPs and the removal of
communities
24. Rio de Janeiro 2016 : a case of elitist deconcentration
Four clusters. Barcelona’s influence but main concentration of venues and investments
.
in noble zones. Urban Master Plan has been dropped Revitalization of the waterfront
zone
25. Ongoing trends: 1992 to 2016
• High investment in discursive legitimation (urban patriotism,
forced consensus) and stifling dissent;
• Construction of monumental architectural icons of expensive
maintenance and low social returns;
• Creation of temporary decision-making bodies which are
above the bureaucratic-institutional apparatus and regulatory
frameworks
• Little or none civil society participation in the design and
management of the mega event;
• Removals and great appreciation of urban land
• Investments concentrated in areas of greater private interest
• Rise of the spectacular metropolis
26. Policies and politics
addressing urban
inequality:
the case of Rio de Janeiro since 2008
Einar Braathen
Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research (NIBR)
NIBR Faglig Forum, November
28, 2012
28. Methodology
• Part of international multi-thematic research
project, Chance2Sustain, 2010-2104
• Own work package on Urban Inequality
• 4 countries, 10 cities
• 2 or 3 sub-standard settlements selected in each
city
• Qualitative field work, following a joint
conceptual and methodological framework
• Comparison within cities, across cities
NIBR Faglig Forum, November 28, 2012
29. Focus
Policies to address urban inequality: Housing.
• Repression/exclusion vs rights/inclusion of the
slum-dwellers.
• Up-grading existing vs building new houses.
Politics of substandard settlement upgrading.
• Participation by the residents.
• Use/abuse of environmental ‘risk’ in upgrading
and removal policy.
NIBR Faglig Forum, November 28, 2012
30. Key concepts
• Urban inequality socio-spatial segregation
• Sub-standard settlements
legality (status of occupation)
regularity (spatial lay-out and physical structure)
• Lack of security vs. rights/entitlements: “
issue of rights and obligations
citizenship in the settlement (“settlementship”)
• Agency and social mobilisation:
Invited, invented or conquered spaces for
participation
NIBR Faglig Forum, November 28, 2012
31. Sub-standard settlements (1)
Country Definition % pop.
• Brasil “Precarious housing” 14
• Peru “Overcrowded” 24
• India “Slum” 26
• SA “Non-formal” 30
NIBR Faglig Forum, November 28, 2012
33. Housing policies in Brazil/Rio
• With democratization of 1980s, favelas no-more
demolished
• But lack of large-scale and long-term social
housing programs 1980-2005
• Lula government 2003: Urban reform. Ministry
of Cities, Conferences and councils of cities.
• 2007: ’PAC’ and ’Minha Casa Minha Vida
NIBR Faglig Forum, November 28, 2012
34. Rio: turning points after 2006
• Ambitious pro-business strategy ’Global
City’ => hosting mega-events
• 2007: The PAN Games
• 2008: FIFA ’appoints’ Rio (Maracaná)
• 2009: IOC decides ”The Winner is Rio…”
• 2010: Extreme rain and floods
• 2010-11: Morar Carioca. All favelas
’urbanized’ by 2020, as ’legacy’
NIBR Faglig Forum, November
28, 2012
38. • Vila Autódromo. Fishing village => working
class neighbourhood in the boomtown Barra de
Tijuca. Pop.: ca. 2000. Olympic Games 2016 =>
Olympic Park = collective removal. Constant
mobilization.
• Manguinhos, a cluster of sub-standard
settlements in a (des-)industrialized area. Pop.:
ca 50 000. Federal ‘Program for Accelerated
growth’ (=PAC) incl. urban infrastructures and
housing. Accelerated demobilization.
• Morro da Providência, the first ever favela.
Pop.: ca 4000. Olympic Games 2016 =>
municipal projects: ‘Porto Maravilha’ => ‘Morar
Carioca’. Uneven mobilization.
NIBR Faglig Forum, November 28, 2012
39. Case: Morro da Providência
• ’No man’s land’, but cultural heritage sites.
Association & clientelism developed some
infrastructures.
• 2010: Unit of Pacification Police (UPP).
2011: ’Morar Carioca’ starts to ’urbanize’
the favela. Abuse of ’risk area’ argument.
Relocation of parts of the settlement.
• Mobilization uneven: up, down & up…
NIBR Faglig Forum, November 28, 2012
41. The ’risk area’ abuse
• 1600 houses in total
• 832 marked for demolition
• 317 because ‘in the way for public works’
• 515 because in ‘risk area’
• But no public ‘laudo’, only ‘contra-laudo’
• Áreas de riscos => Áreas de ricos”
NIBR Faglig Forum, November 28, 2012
42. Sub-standard settlements (2)
Semi-regular Irregular
Semi- Tolerated, but no titles Tolerated, but no titles
legal + +
SOME regulations, NO regulations, infrastructures,
infrastructures, services services
= Increasing. Most frequent? = Almost ceased.
Illegal Persecuted Persecuted
+ +
SOME regulations, NO regulations,no
infrastructures, services infrastructures, no services
= Increasing. Frequent with = Happens (new occupations)
up-grading
NIBR Faglig Forum, November 28, 2012
43. Sub-standard settlements (3)
’Effective’ upgrading when well
coordinated among the main agents,
but divisive among the residents
Divisive upgrading: the poorest of the poor
further marginalized. Increases socio-
spatial segregation.
Is full participation and control by the
residents possible? Can it make upgrading
both ’non-divisive’ and ’effective’?
NIBR Faglig Forum, November 28, 2012