.Hortykim has created a second power point to guide you through significant garden styles of the Middle Ages which will prompt discussions and further exploration if you desire. Check out: http://wikieducator.org/The_History_and_Traditions_of_Landscaping/Activities for more information. Hortykim thanks wikipedia for many excellent images and information.

1. Major Characteristics of Pre 17th Century Influences on Landscape Hortykim Hortykim, Otago Polytechnic 2010

2. Origins of the Garden-2 Hortykim, Otago Polytechnic 2009 If you want to understand today, you have to search yesterday. ~Pearl Buck If you want to understand today, you have to search yesterday. ~Pearl Buck Welcome to the interesting study of our garden history where you will look at major characteristics that span from the Neolithic age through to contemporary New Zealand gardens. Gardening is an ancient art in which people have created gardens for a combination of practicality and style. In order for us to create gardens it is important to study design principles,elements and features from the past in order to see where we are today.Enjoy your journey back in time and be inspired by the past garden styles from all over the world-many of which we will be able to link to gardens which exist today.

3. Origins of the Garden Hortykim, Otago Polytechnic 2009 If you want to understand today, you have to search yesterday. ~Pearl Buck Your next part of the journey is to look at the major characteristics and influences on the landscape that come from the Middle ages which will include the Mannerism and Baroque periods. The Middle Ages is a period of European history that followed the fall of the Western Roman Empire and encompass one of the most exciting and bloodthirsty periods in English and European History.

6. Origins of the Garden Hortykim, Otago Polytechnic 2009 If you want to understand today, you have to search yesterday. ~Pearl Buck Of these the most is known about Monastic Gardens. Monastic Gardens gave rise to the earliest botanic gardens. Features of monastic gardens later developed in Europe with gardens becoming larger as times became more peaceful. The Botanical Garden of Padova (or Garden of the Simples) in a 16th century print; in the background, the Basilica of Sant'Antonio.

9. Origins of the Garden Hortykim, Otago Polytechnic 2009 If you want to understand today, you have to search yesterday. ~Pearl Buck The medieval type of walled garden lasted in England until the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. By the 17th Century a simple formal garden design pattern had developed. As times grew more peaceful, garden areas grew larger and extended beyond encircling walls. Seventeenth Century period garden at the Geffrye Museum.Feverfew with purple clary sage - photograph Sunniva Harte

10. Origins of the Garden Hortykim, Otago Polytechnic 2009 If you want to understand today, you have to search yesterday. ~Pearl Buck In 16th Century Europe, particularly France and Italy, medieval features grew into intricate extravagant displays during the Renaissance. Square enclosures, divided raised beds and knot gardens became more complex. Tunnels and arbors of trellises linked house architecture to garden. Fountains became more used and much was made of newly imported plants, with greater use of decorative plantings. The Medici Villa Petraia, near Florence, laid out by Niccolò Tribolo, epitomizes the Italian garden of the early Renaissance before the grander architectural schemes of the 16th Century.

11. Origins of the Garden Hortykim, Otago Polytechnic 2009 If you want to understand today, you have to search yesterday. ~Pearl Buck The following slides include Gardens of the Early Italian Renaissance. The first slide shows the oldest existing Italian Renaissance garden at the Villa Medici in Fiesole, Florence. It was created by Giovanni de' Medici (1421–1463). Check your support notes for more details or http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_garden Villa Medici in Fiesole, Florence with its fantastic view over Florence.

12. Origins of the Garden Hortykim, Otago Polytechnic 2009 If you want to understand today, you have to search yesterday. ~Pearl Buck The Palazzo Piccolomini at Pienza was built by Enea Silvio Piccolomini who was Pope from 1458 to 1464, under the name of Pius II.

13. Origins of the Garden Hortykim, Otago Polytechnic 2009 If you want to understand today, you have to search yesterday. ~Pearl Buck The Villa Madama, situated on the slopes of Monte Mario, overlooking Rome, was begun by Pope Leo X. The villa had a great circular courtyard, and passages led from the courtyard to the great loggia from which views could be gained of the garden and Rome.

14. Origins of the Garden Hortykim, Otago Polytechnic 2009 If you want to understand today, you have to search yesterday. ~Pearl Buck The middle of the 16th Century (gardens of the High Renaissance) saw the construction by the Medicis and other wealthy families and individuals, of a series of magnificent gardens. They were usually sited on a hilltop or slopes of a mountain and had a series of symmetrical terraces, one above the other, along a central axis. Villa Castello, Tuscany, (1538)

15. Origins of the Garden Hortykim, Otago Polytechnic 2009 If you want to understand today, you have to search yesterday. ~Pearl Buck Villa Castello was the project of Cosimo de' Medici, first Duke of Tuscany, begun when he was only seventeen. It was designed by Niccolò Tribolo who designed two other gardens: the Giardino dei Semplici (1545) and the Boboli Gardens (1550) for Cosimo.

16. Origins of the Garden Hortykim, Otago Polytechnic 2009 If you want to understand today, you have to search yesterday. ~Pearl Buck The garden was laid out on a gentle slope with an upper garden filled with orange trees, and a lower garden that was subdivided into garden rooms with walls of hedges, rows of trees and tunnels of citrus trees and cedars. Statue of January, Villa Castello

17. Origins of the Garden Hortykim, Otago Polytechnic 2009 If you want to understand today, you have to search yesterday. ~Pearl Buck Tribolo created an elaborate grotto, decorated with groups of statues of exotic animals which symbolized the virtues and accomplishments of past members of Medici family. Water flowed from the beaks, wings and claws of the animals into marble basins below each niche. A gate could close suddenly behind visitors, and they would be soaked by hidden fountains! One niche inside the grotto of the Villa Castello, Florence

18. Origins of the Garden Hortykim, Otago Polytechnic 2009 If you want to understand today, you have to search yesterday. ~Pearl Buck The Villa d'Este at Tivoli is one of the grandest and best-preserved of the Italian Renaissance gardens. It was created by Cardinal Ippolito II d'Este, son of Alfonso I d'Este, the Duke of Ferrara, and Lucretia Borgia Garden of Villa d'Este. Fish ponds.

19. Origins of the Garden Hortykim, Otago Polytechnic 2009 If you want to understand today, you have to search yesterday. ~Pearl Buck Mannerism is the term applied to certain aspects of artistic style, mainly Italian, in the period between the High Renaissance of the early 16th Century and the beginnings of Baroque art in the early 17th Century. Jacopo Pontormo, Entombment, 1528; Santa Felicità, Florence

20. Origins of the Garden Hortykim, Otago Polytechnic 2009 If you want to understand today, you have to search yesterday. ~Pearl Buck Mannerist paintings were stylish, polished and complex, their composition bizarre, the subject matter fantastic. This also describes mannerist gardens which appeared beginning about 1560. Michelangelo was one of the great creative exponents of Mannerism and it was his style which raised the standard of art to a new height. Michelangelo's The Last Judgment. Bartholomew is shown holding the knife of his martyrdom and his flayed skin. The face of the skin is recognizable as Michelangelo

21. Origins of the Garden Hortykim, Otago Polytechnic 2009 If you want to understand today, you have to search yesterday. ~Pearl Buck 0kkaJUmi Mannerist gardens were furnished with dramatic features and used for outdoor masques and parties. Virtuoso water displays were admired and the creation of other garden features to impress one’s friends also became an objective. The gardens of the Villa Lante are what the villa is famous for and especially the water features, from cascades to fountains and dripping grottoes.

22. Origins of the Garden Hortykim, Otago Polytechnic 2009 If you want to understand today, you have to search yesterday. ~Pearl Buck Movement and drama became important to Mannerist gardens. Gardens were less calm and more given to theatrical display. Hydraulic marvels and elaborate water features were included in Mannerist gardens. Dramatic sites were chosen and embellished with exotic sculpture. Circles and squares were popular. The visual and harmonious choreography of water at Villa Lante was achieved byTommaso Ghinucci, a hydraulics engineer and architect from Siena.

23. Origins of the Garden Hortykim, Otago Polytechnic 2009 If you want to understand today, you have to search yesterday. ~Pearl Buck Sacro Bosco is a bizarre garden without equal. It has many giant sculptures carved from rock. Stylistically, it represents a step towards the drama of the Baroque. It pokes gentle fun at the egotistical iconography of the Este and the Medici families and is also a pre-cursor of the English landscape garden. Sacro Bosco, the ogre at the mouth of hell.

24. Origins of the Garden Hortykim, Otago Polytechnic 2009 If you want to understand today, you have to search yesterday. ~Pearl Buck The Early Baroque period is associated with a desire to re-establish the authority of the Catholic church and the power of the princes. Garden layout became a way of demonstrating the importance of popes, princes and dukes. Gardens of the Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte

25. Origins of the Garden Hortykim, Otago Polytechnic 2009 If you want to understand today, you have to search yesterday. ~Pearl Buck The Garden à la française, or Baroque French gardens climaxed during the reign of Louis XIV of France (1638–1715) and his head gardener of Versailles, André Le Nôtre (1613–1700) whose inspiration for these gardens initially came from the Italian Renaissance garden. Portrait of André Le Nôtre by Carlo Maratta

26. Origins of the Garden Hortykim, Otago Polytechnic 2009 If you want to understand today, you have to search yesterday. ~Pearl Buck The French opened the garden up to enormous proportions compared to their Italian predecessors. Their gardens epitomize man dominating and manipulating nature to show his authority, wealth, and power. The gardens would have organized spaces meant to be elaborate stages for entertaining guests with plays, concerts and fireworks displays. Basin of Apollo, Gardens of Versailles

27. Origins of the Garden Hortykim, Otago Polytechnic 2009 If you want to understand today, you have to search yesterday. ~Pearl Buck A formal and symmetrical garden style placed the house centrally on an enormous and mainly flat property. A large central axis that gets narrower further from the main house, forces the viewer's perspective to the horizon line, making the property look even larger. Gardens of the Chateau of Versailles (Île-de-France)

28. Origins of the Garden Hortykim, Otago Polytechnic 2009 If you want to understand today, you have to search yesterday. ~Pearl Buck There are statues and water features which have mythological references and tell a story or reference the owner of the property. There are small, almost imperceptible grade changes that help conceal the gardens surprises as well as elongate the gardens views. Pegasus fountain at Villa Lante

29. Origins of the Garden Hortykim, Otago Polytechnic 2009 If you want to understand today, you have to search yesterday. ~Pearl Buck Can you define what the following commonly used features mean? Allée Axis Bosquet Canal Cul de sac Fountains Grottos with rocaille Orangerie Parterre de broderie Patte d’oie (Goose foot) Tapis Vert Topiary

30. References and Resources Hortykim, Otago Polytechnic 2009 http: //wapedia . mobi/en/History_of_gardening ? t=3 .5 . - History of Gardening http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages - Middle Ages http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannerism - Mannerism http://en. wikipedia . org/wiki/Andre_le_N %C3%B4tre - Andre Le Notre http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque - Baroque http://en. wikipedia . org/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_garden - Italian Renaissance Gardens Brooks, J., Room Outside, Thames & Hudson, 1969 Newton, N.T., Design on the Land, Belknap, Harvard University, 1971 Thacker, C. , The History of Gardens, Reed,1979 The full online text of Marie-Luise Gothein's History of Garden Art