The document discusses the importance of proper lubrication film thickness in machinery. It notes that lubrication films are typically only a few microns thick, thinner than what the human eye or touch can detect. Contaminant particles between 2-20 microns are most damaging to machines as they are small enough to penetrate thin lubrication films and cause wear. The document recommends regular oil analysis to monitor for contaminants and prevent machinery damage.
This document provides information on Chem-Verse Consultants (India) Pvt. Ltd., an ISO 9001 certified company that offers specialty chemical products. It produces high quality lubricants, greases, aerosols and coatings for industries such as defence, railways, textiles, automobiles, engineering, power, petrochemicals, electronics and cement. The company aims to improve productivity, reduce maintenance costs and save energy for customers through its eco-friendly MRO chemical products. It has a fully equipped R&D and quality control laboratory and offers products in different packings from 100ml bottles to 210-litre drums.
Wire rope lubrication serves two functions: reducing friction between strands and lubricating the core, and providing corrosion protection. There are two types of lubricants - penetrating lubricants that carry lubricant into the core, and coating lubricants that seal the outside. Most wire rope failures occur internally, so a penetrating lubricant is important. Regular relubrication is needed to minimize corrosion and extend service life. Proper lubrication can double wire rope lifespan by reducing abrasive wear inside and washing away external contaminants. A good penetrating lubricant is flowable, adhesive, provides corrosion protection and load support, and resists wash-off at operating temperatures. Molykote LT 00 grease is recommended as a penetrating lubricant
Tribological testing regime for establishing ficiency of zddp in presence of ...IAEME Publication
This document provides a review of tribological testing regimes used to establish the efficiency of Zinc Dialkyl Dithio Phosphate (ZDDP) as an anti-wear additive in lubricants when wear debris is present. ZDDP has been widely used as an anti-wear additive for over 60 years. The review examines how ZDDP forms protective films and interacts with wear debris under different tribological conditions. It also discusses the need for further comprehensive testing that introduces controlled wear debris to better understand ZDDP's effectiveness in contaminated environments and inform condition monitoring.
With the needs of our customers in mind, Tersano™ designed the lotus® PRO system with the most advanced innovative technology, providing a natural and safe solution for all cleaning needs and applications. Our company strongly believes in using only the highest standards with all of our products and lotus® PRO meets specific regulations in our industry.
The use of aqueous ozone generated by our lotus® PRO products are subject to strict regulatory requirements under many government agencies including the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA),
the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Department of Labor Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA).
The lotus® PRO system has also been tested and recognized as an effective cleaning solution by third parties, meeting the Green Seal Environmental Standard (GS-37) for performance as an industrial cleaner.
The Toxics Use Reduction Institute (TURI) has also tested the aqueous ozone produced by the lotus® PRO system in a very tightly controlled setting only to affirm that it was a more effective cleaner than a leading quat chemical cleaner and a green cleaner.
The document introduces the Lotus PRO system, which uses ozone to transform tap water into an effective chemical-free cleaner, sanitizer, and deodorizer. It explains that ozone is a naturally occurring molecule that is powerful at eliminating germs, stains, and grime. Laboratory tests found Lotus PRO to be safer and more effective than both green and QUAT cleaners. It has been used successfully in various commercial and industrial settings.
Why do you require better filtration for diesel enginesJayaraman K
The document discusses Mann+Hummel's patented centrifuge filtration technology for cleaning mineral and synthetic oils used in automotive and industrial applications. It provides details on how centrifuge filtration works by using centrifugal force to remove solid particles down to 0.5 microns from oil, preventing recirculation of wear debris. Case studies show this technology significantly reduces machine wear and maintenance costs by keeping lubrication oils extremely clean.
The document discusses Risun 15000DS and R12000DS polymers that can be used to formulate adhesives for industrial applications. These polymers are hybrid sealants that do not contain solvents or isocyanates, making them safer for plant operators. They can produce adhesives with high tensile strength between 3-6 MPa, fast cure times of 5-15 minutes, and good adhesion. Example formulations are provided using the polymers along with reinforcing fillers like precipitated calcium carbonate to meet the requirements of automotive and industrial markets.
This document summarizes the benefits of using a Vacuum Dehydration Oil Purification System (VDOPS) to remove water from industrial lubricating oils. The system can remove free, emulsified, and dissolved water to achieve water levels below 20 ppm. This extends the life of equipment such as turbines, gears, and bearings by preventing issues like corrosion, oxidation, and sludge formation caused by water contamination. The system benefits various industrial applications and fluids. Proper dehydration can increase bearing life significantly by reducing water content in lubricants.
This document provides information on Chem-Verse Consultants (India) Pvt. Ltd., an ISO 9001 certified company that offers specialty chemical products. It produces high quality lubricants, greases, aerosols and coatings for industries such as defence, railways, textiles, automobiles, engineering, power, petrochemicals, electronics and cement. The company aims to improve productivity, reduce maintenance costs and save energy for customers through its eco-friendly MRO chemical products. It has a fully equipped R&D and quality control laboratory and offers products in different packings from 100ml bottles to 210-litre drums.
Wire rope lubrication serves two functions: reducing friction between strands and lubricating the core, and providing corrosion protection. There are two types of lubricants - penetrating lubricants that carry lubricant into the core, and coating lubricants that seal the outside. Most wire rope failures occur internally, so a penetrating lubricant is important. Regular relubrication is needed to minimize corrosion and extend service life. Proper lubrication can double wire rope lifespan by reducing abrasive wear inside and washing away external contaminants. A good penetrating lubricant is flowable, adhesive, provides corrosion protection and load support, and resists wash-off at operating temperatures. Molykote LT 00 grease is recommended as a penetrating lubricant
Tribological testing regime for establishing ficiency of zddp in presence of ...IAEME Publication
This document provides a review of tribological testing regimes used to establish the efficiency of Zinc Dialkyl Dithio Phosphate (ZDDP) as an anti-wear additive in lubricants when wear debris is present. ZDDP has been widely used as an anti-wear additive for over 60 years. The review examines how ZDDP forms protective films and interacts with wear debris under different tribological conditions. It also discusses the need for further comprehensive testing that introduces controlled wear debris to better understand ZDDP's effectiveness in contaminated environments and inform condition monitoring.
With the needs of our customers in mind, Tersano™ designed the lotus® PRO system with the most advanced innovative technology, providing a natural and safe solution for all cleaning needs and applications. Our company strongly believes in using only the highest standards with all of our products and lotus® PRO meets specific regulations in our industry.
The use of aqueous ozone generated by our lotus® PRO products are subject to strict regulatory requirements under many government agencies including the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA),
the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Department of Labor Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA).
The lotus® PRO system has also been tested and recognized as an effective cleaning solution by third parties, meeting the Green Seal Environmental Standard (GS-37) for performance as an industrial cleaner.
The Toxics Use Reduction Institute (TURI) has also tested the aqueous ozone produced by the lotus® PRO system in a very tightly controlled setting only to affirm that it was a more effective cleaner than a leading quat chemical cleaner and a green cleaner.
The document introduces the Lotus PRO system, which uses ozone to transform tap water into an effective chemical-free cleaner, sanitizer, and deodorizer. It explains that ozone is a naturally occurring molecule that is powerful at eliminating germs, stains, and grime. Laboratory tests found Lotus PRO to be safer and more effective than both green and QUAT cleaners. It has been used successfully in various commercial and industrial settings.
Why do you require better filtration for diesel enginesJayaraman K
The document discusses Mann+Hummel's patented centrifuge filtration technology for cleaning mineral and synthetic oils used in automotive and industrial applications. It provides details on how centrifuge filtration works by using centrifugal force to remove solid particles down to 0.5 microns from oil, preventing recirculation of wear debris. Case studies show this technology significantly reduces machine wear and maintenance costs by keeping lubrication oils extremely clean.
The document discusses Risun 15000DS and R12000DS polymers that can be used to formulate adhesives for industrial applications. These polymers are hybrid sealants that do not contain solvents or isocyanates, making them safer for plant operators. They can produce adhesives with high tensile strength between 3-6 MPa, fast cure times of 5-15 minutes, and good adhesion. Example formulations are provided using the polymers along with reinforcing fillers like precipitated calcium carbonate to meet the requirements of automotive and industrial markets.
This document summarizes the benefits of using a Vacuum Dehydration Oil Purification System (VDOPS) to remove water from industrial lubricating oils. The system can remove free, emulsified, and dissolved water to achieve water levels below 20 ppm. This extends the life of equipment such as turbines, gears, and bearings by preventing issues like corrosion, oxidation, and sludge formation caused by water contamination. The system benefits various industrial applications and fluids. Proper dehydration can increase bearing life significantly by reducing water content in lubricants.
The document discusses Air Sentry breathers, which are desiccant breathers that remove moisture from air entering fluid reservoirs to prevent contamination. It describes several product lines (D-Series, Z-Series, etc.) that vary in size, features and applications. Air Sentry was the first to introduce key innovations like check valves and replaceable cartridges to extend fluid life. Their breathers protect systems, increase efficiencies and reduce maintenance costs across industries.
This document provides information on Corroglass 600 Laminating Resin, including its suggested uses, limitations, surface preparation requirements, application details, curing times, and some physical properties. It is a two-part cold cured vinyl ester resin intended for use in constructing glass reinforced laminates and for repairing severely corroded areas, and should be applied by trained personnel according to the product data sheet and health and safety documentation. Full cure is obtained within 4-6 days.
This document discusses fluid system contamination control. It explains that keeping fluid systems clean through filtration can increase bearing life by 5-20 times and decrease maintenance costs. It introduces ISO cleanliness standards for measuring particulate contamination levels. Target cleanliness levels are recommended for different system components based on operating pressure. Common sources of contamination include built-in contaminants from manufacturing, ingressed contaminants through seals and breathers, and generated contaminants from metalworking processes. Maintaining clean fluid helps maximize system reliability and uptime.
This document provides information on liquid coating resins and additives from Cytec. It lists various additive grades for pigment wetting, dispersing, flow and leveling, defoaming, rheology modification, and driers. Each additive grade is described in terms of its chemical composition, percentage of active matter, and applications in waterborne, solventborne, or both coating systems. Recommended dosages are also provided.
Experimental Investigation of Tribological Properties using Nanoparticles as ...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental investigation of the tribological properties of engine oil modified with nanoparticles. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were added to SAE 20W50 engine oil at concentrations of 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% by weight. Tests were conducted to evaluate the friction, wear, and viscosity properties of the modified oils. The results showed that adding MoS2 or CuO nanoparticles improved the oil's friction reduction and anti-wear performance compared to the unmodified oil. Specifically, the modified oils exhibited lower coefficients of friction and wear rates. This tribological behavior is attributed to the nanoparticles depositing on rubbing surfaces during testing.
This document provides information on lubricants and corrosion protective products formulated by ROCOL for aerospace/aircraft, military, and industrial applications. It lists various greases, oils, and coatings with specifications and temperature ranges. ROCOL products include aerospace greases approved for use on commercial aircraft, high performance chain and drive lubricants, and weapons lubricants developed to optimize small and large caliber weapons performance and protect machined metal components from corrosion.
The document discusses a new filter technology called Reinforced Media Optimization (RMO) developed by RoboVent for their Endurex line of filters which widens pleat spacing and adds internal support structures to maximize media surface area and filtration efficiency while reducing pressure drop for longer filter life. Several Endurex filter models are described that utilize different media types and coatings suited for various applications like welding fumes, metalworking dust, and abrasive blasting. The document promotes the benefits of RMO technology and Endurex filters for collecting dust, fumes, smoke and other pollutants from manufacturing processes.
Vimasol Product Catalogue - The Value of CleanEdward Callo
This document provides information on various cleaning products from Nextek International, including their purposes, formulations, and product codes. It discusses Nextek's mission to help customers improve productivity and profitability. It also explains their quality assurance process and that their products are environmentally friendly.
Vimasol Product Catalogue - The Value of Maintenance (Ver.2)Edward Callo
This document provides information on various maintenance products from Nextek International including products for cleaning surfaces, stripping paint and coatings, degreasing, coating surfaces, cleaning automotive systems, and more. It describes the purpose and benefits of each product, highlighting their effectiveness at removing tough deposits like carbon, rust, scale, grease and more while being safe for surfaces. The document aims to showcase Nextek's range of solutions for maintenance challenges in industrial, professional and marine applications.
Molykote F-1502 Synthetic Grease from Project Sales CorpProject Sales Corp
Molykote G-1502FM synthetic grease was developed by Dow Corning to provide effective lubrication for mechanical equipment operating in wet environments. Testing showed it significantly outperformed competitors in resisting water spray-off and reducing wear, extending maintenance intervals. A food production facility saw maintenance costs drop by nearly 80% after switching to the Molykote grease. It protects against corrosion and works effectively even at low speeds, providing durability over wide temperature ranges.
Designing a two to four wheeler transformable bike using ProEngineer software. The bike can transform between a two wheeler and four wheeler configuration. The design and modeling of the transforming components was done in ProEngineer to enable the bike to switch between modes.
Tobacco use can lead to nicotine dependence and serious health problems. Quitting smoking significantly reduces the risks of smoking-related diseases. The document discusses the harms of smoking and benefits of quitting. It provides strategies for smoking cessation, including setting a quit date, removing tobacco products, telling friends and family, managing stress, and finding alternatives to smoking to deal with cravings. Benefits of quitting include improved health, taste, smell, and financial savings. Quitting is challenging but important for long term health and well-being.
This document provides preliminary field data on the performance of FilterMag magnetic filter add-ons used in various industrial and on-road equipment. Across different equipment types including loaders, haul trucks, dump trucks and more, the FilterMag consistently showed an ability to reduce wear-causing particles in engine oil and extend oil change intervals. In lab tests, a FilterMag captured over 5 million wear particles in just one hour of engine break-in operation. The field data demonstrates the FilterMag's effectiveness at enhancing oil cleanliness and protecting engines.
This document provides guidelines on blood pressure categories, risk factors for hypertension, and lifestyle modifications to manage blood pressure. It defines normal and pre-hypertension blood pressure levels and stages of hypertension. Major risk factors include smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, high blood lipids, diabetes, and family history of cardiovascular disease. Recommended lifestyle modifications are weight reduction through diet and exercise, reducing sodium and alcohol intake, and engaging in regular physical activity. Tables provide information on body mass index categories, examples of healthy and risky blood lipid levels, calorie counts and health risks of different alcoholic drinks, and tips for safe exercise.
Este documento presenta una lista de 12 títulos de obras del artista mexicano Octavio Ocampo. Los títulos incluyen referencias a temas religiosos como "Calvario", "Domingo de Ramos" y "Madonna Rocaille"; así como temas mitológicos como "La Enseñanza de Mercurio" y referencias a figuras históricas como "Cristóbal Colón".
This document describes boilers and the two main types. A boiler is a vessel that heats water under pressure, transferring heat from a fuel source like gas or coal into steam. The steam then circulates out for use. Boilers can have closed or open systems. Fire tube boilers have combustion gases passing inside tubes to heat water in the shell. Water tube boilers have water passing through tubes while exhaust gases remain in the shell, passing over tube surfaces. Boilers are classified as fire tube or water tube depending on whether the heat source is inside or outside the tubes, with the goal of maximizing heat transfer between water and hot gases.
This document provides guidelines for blood pressure, risk factors, and lifestyle modifications. It defines categories of blood pressure ranging from normal to stage 3 hypertension. Major risk factors for high blood pressure include age, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, diabetes, and family history of cardiovascular disease. Lifestyle modifications that are recommended include maintaining a healthy weight through diet and exercise, reducing sodium intake, engaging in regular physical activity, and drinking alcohol in moderation. The document also provides tables with healthy ranges for lipid profiles and fat contents of different oils.
This document repeatedly lists the URL www.TheLeadershipHub.com over multiple lines without providing any additional context or information about the content at this URL address. It can be summarized that this document solely contains repetitions of the same URL www.TheLeadershipHub.com without further details.
The numbers we use today originated from Arabic algorithms, which were developed from earlier Phoenician algorithms. The modern numbers are based on the number of angles in their primitive forms - 1 has 1 angle, 2 has 2 angles, and so on, with 0 represented by no angles. Understanding the origin and logic of our number system shows that it is never too late to learn something new.
The document discusses the architecture of the 8086/8088 microprocessors. It describes their data buses, address buses, memory support, and segment registers. The 8086 has a 16-bit data bus and 20-bit address bus, while the 8088 has an 8-bit data bus but the same 20-bit address bus. Both support up to 1MB of memory divided into segments of 64KB each. The 8086/8088 use a bus interface unit to access memory and I/O, and an execution unit to decode and execute instructions. They employ pipelining to improve performance by fetching the next instruction in parallel with executing the current one.
This document provides an overview of microprocessor and microcomputer basics. It discusses that a microprocessor is a complete processor built on a single chip, and a microcomputer is a computer built from a microprocessor. It describes the architecture of a microcomputer including primary memory (RAM and ROM), secondary storage, peripherals, and how they are connected via a system bus. It also discusses topics like memory segmentation, the different memory segments, instruction cycle, subroutines, and the stack segment.
The document discusses Air Sentry breathers, which are desiccant breathers that remove moisture from air entering fluid reservoirs to prevent contamination. It describes several product lines (D-Series, Z-Series, etc.) that vary in size, features and applications. Air Sentry was the first to introduce key innovations like check valves and replaceable cartridges to extend fluid life. Their breathers protect systems, increase efficiencies and reduce maintenance costs across industries.
This document provides information on Corroglass 600 Laminating Resin, including its suggested uses, limitations, surface preparation requirements, application details, curing times, and some physical properties. It is a two-part cold cured vinyl ester resin intended for use in constructing glass reinforced laminates and for repairing severely corroded areas, and should be applied by trained personnel according to the product data sheet and health and safety documentation. Full cure is obtained within 4-6 days.
This document discusses fluid system contamination control. It explains that keeping fluid systems clean through filtration can increase bearing life by 5-20 times and decrease maintenance costs. It introduces ISO cleanliness standards for measuring particulate contamination levels. Target cleanliness levels are recommended for different system components based on operating pressure. Common sources of contamination include built-in contaminants from manufacturing, ingressed contaminants through seals and breathers, and generated contaminants from metalworking processes. Maintaining clean fluid helps maximize system reliability and uptime.
This document provides information on liquid coating resins and additives from Cytec. It lists various additive grades for pigment wetting, dispersing, flow and leveling, defoaming, rheology modification, and driers. Each additive grade is described in terms of its chemical composition, percentage of active matter, and applications in waterborne, solventborne, or both coating systems. Recommended dosages are also provided.
Experimental Investigation of Tribological Properties using Nanoparticles as ...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental investigation of the tribological properties of engine oil modified with nanoparticles. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were added to SAE 20W50 engine oil at concentrations of 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% by weight. Tests were conducted to evaluate the friction, wear, and viscosity properties of the modified oils. The results showed that adding MoS2 or CuO nanoparticles improved the oil's friction reduction and anti-wear performance compared to the unmodified oil. Specifically, the modified oils exhibited lower coefficients of friction and wear rates. This tribological behavior is attributed to the nanoparticles depositing on rubbing surfaces during testing.
This document provides information on lubricants and corrosion protective products formulated by ROCOL for aerospace/aircraft, military, and industrial applications. It lists various greases, oils, and coatings with specifications and temperature ranges. ROCOL products include aerospace greases approved for use on commercial aircraft, high performance chain and drive lubricants, and weapons lubricants developed to optimize small and large caliber weapons performance and protect machined metal components from corrosion.
The document discusses a new filter technology called Reinforced Media Optimization (RMO) developed by RoboVent for their Endurex line of filters which widens pleat spacing and adds internal support structures to maximize media surface area and filtration efficiency while reducing pressure drop for longer filter life. Several Endurex filter models are described that utilize different media types and coatings suited for various applications like welding fumes, metalworking dust, and abrasive blasting. The document promotes the benefits of RMO technology and Endurex filters for collecting dust, fumes, smoke and other pollutants from manufacturing processes.
Vimasol Product Catalogue - The Value of CleanEdward Callo
This document provides information on various cleaning products from Nextek International, including their purposes, formulations, and product codes. It discusses Nextek's mission to help customers improve productivity and profitability. It also explains their quality assurance process and that their products are environmentally friendly.
Vimasol Product Catalogue - The Value of Maintenance (Ver.2)Edward Callo
This document provides information on various maintenance products from Nextek International including products for cleaning surfaces, stripping paint and coatings, degreasing, coating surfaces, cleaning automotive systems, and more. It describes the purpose and benefits of each product, highlighting their effectiveness at removing tough deposits like carbon, rust, scale, grease and more while being safe for surfaces. The document aims to showcase Nextek's range of solutions for maintenance challenges in industrial, professional and marine applications.
Molykote F-1502 Synthetic Grease from Project Sales CorpProject Sales Corp
Molykote G-1502FM synthetic grease was developed by Dow Corning to provide effective lubrication for mechanical equipment operating in wet environments. Testing showed it significantly outperformed competitors in resisting water spray-off and reducing wear, extending maintenance intervals. A food production facility saw maintenance costs drop by nearly 80% after switching to the Molykote grease. It protects against corrosion and works effectively even at low speeds, providing durability over wide temperature ranges.
Designing a two to four wheeler transformable bike using ProEngineer software. The bike can transform between a two wheeler and four wheeler configuration. The design and modeling of the transforming components was done in ProEngineer to enable the bike to switch between modes.
Tobacco use can lead to nicotine dependence and serious health problems. Quitting smoking significantly reduces the risks of smoking-related diseases. The document discusses the harms of smoking and benefits of quitting. It provides strategies for smoking cessation, including setting a quit date, removing tobacco products, telling friends and family, managing stress, and finding alternatives to smoking to deal with cravings. Benefits of quitting include improved health, taste, smell, and financial savings. Quitting is challenging but important for long term health and well-being.
This document provides preliminary field data on the performance of FilterMag magnetic filter add-ons used in various industrial and on-road equipment. Across different equipment types including loaders, haul trucks, dump trucks and more, the FilterMag consistently showed an ability to reduce wear-causing particles in engine oil and extend oil change intervals. In lab tests, a FilterMag captured over 5 million wear particles in just one hour of engine break-in operation. The field data demonstrates the FilterMag's effectiveness at enhancing oil cleanliness and protecting engines.
This document provides guidelines on blood pressure categories, risk factors for hypertension, and lifestyle modifications to manage blood pressure. It defines normal and pre-hypertension blood pressure levels and stages of hypertension. Major risk factors include smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, high blood lipids, diabetes, and family history of cardiovascular disease. Recommended lifestyle modifications are weight reduction through diet and exercise, reducing sodium and alcohol intake, and engaging in regular physical activity. Tables provide information on body mass index categories, examples of healthy and risky blood lipid levels, calorie counts and health risks of different alcoholic drinks, and tips for safe exercise.
Este documento presenta una lista de 12 títulos de obras del artista mexicano Octavio Ocampo. Los títulos incluyen referencias a temas religiosos como "Calvario", "Domingo de Ramos" y "Madonna Rocaille"; así como temas mitológicos como "La Enseñanza de Mercurio" y referencias a figuras históricas como "Cristóbal Colón".
This document describes boilers and the two main types. A boiler is a vessel that heats water under pressure, transferring heat from a fuel source like gas or coal into steam. The steam then circulates out for use. Boilers can have closed or open systems. Fire tube boilers have combustion gases passing inside tubes to heat water in the shell. Water tube boilers have water passing through tubes while exhaust gases remain in the shell, passing over tube surfaces. Boilers are classified as fire tube or water tube depending on whether the heat source is inside or outside the tubes, with the goal of maximizing heat transfer between water and hot gases.
This document provides guidelines for blood pressure, risk factors, and lifestyle modifications. It defines categories of blood pressure ranging from normal to stage 3 hypertension. Major risk factors for high blood pressure include age, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, diabetes, and family history of cardiovascular disease. Lifestyle modifications that are recommended include maintaining a healthy weight through diet and exercise, reducing sodium intake, engaging in regular physical activity, and drinking alcohol in moderation. The document also provides tables with healthy ranges for lipid profiles and fat contents of different oils.
This document repeatedly lists the URL www.TheLeadershipHub.com over multiple lines without providing any additional context or information about the content at this URL address. It can be summarized that this document solely contains repetitions of the same URL www.TheLeadershipHub.com without further details.
The numbers we use today originated from Arabic algorithms, which were developed from earlier Phoenician algorithms. The modern numbers are based on the number of angles in their primitive forms - 1 has 1 angle, 2 has 2 angles, and so on, with 0 represented by no angles. Understanding the origin and logic of our number system shows that it is never too late to learn something new.
The document discusses the architecture of the 8086/8088 microprocessors. It describes their data buses, address buses, memory support, and segment registers. The 8086 has a 16-bit data bus and 20-bit address bus, while the 8088 has an 8-bit data bus but the same 20-bit address bus. Both support up to 1MB of memory divided into segments of 64KB each. The 8086/8088 use a bus interface unit to access memory and I/O, and an execution unit to decode and execute instructions. They employ pipelining to improve performance by fetching the next instruction in parallel with executing the current one.
This document provides an overview of microprocessor and microcomputer basics. It discusses that a microprocessor is a complete processor built on a single chip, and a microcomputer is a computer built from a microprocessor. It describes the architecture of a microcomputer including primary memory (RAM and ROM), secondary storage, peripherals, and how they are connected via a system bus. It also discusses topics like memory segmentation, the different memory segments, instruction cycle, subroutines, and the stack segment.
A Survey of NED Auditorium Ground was performed to determine the following topographic features:
Internal Angles of Fountain
Azimuth and Bearing of Fountain
Profile leveling of Fountain, Walls of Fountain and Ground
Depth of Fountain
Distances between edges using Total Station and EDMI
Length of buildings associated with NED auditorium ground
Perpendicularity to outline ground using Optical Square
Relative angles between buildings and and fountain using military compass
Area of Ground using Plane Table
This document outlines modules and chapters on maintenance management systems from Excellence and Competency Training Center Inc. It covers maintenance objectives, policies, and functions. The modules discuss maintenance management, planning and scheduling work, cost control, and performance indicators. The chapters go into policies around work allocation, priorities, and preventative versus breakdown maintenance. The document provides an introduction to key concepts in maintenance management systems.
This document summarizes the basics of C++ programming, including the structure of C++ programs, preprocessor directives, the main function, C++ statements, and sample programs. A C++ program consists of three main parts: preprocessor directives like #include, the main function, and C++ statements. It introduces common directives like #include, namespaces, and the main function structure. It also demonstrates basic C++ statements like cout and cin, and provides sample programs to print text and calculate the sum of two numbers.
Tribology is the science of interacting surfaces in relative motion and the study of wear and tear. While vibration monitoring is important in tribology, it has limitations for slow machines, mobile equipment, and hydraulic systems. Wear debris analysis examines the wear particles suspended in lubricants. It can determine the internal cleanliness of equipment, identify external contamination sources, assess lubricant appropriateness, extend lubricant life, and eliminate unnecessary preventative maintenance. Wear debris analysis provides diagnostic information that vibration monitoring cannot.
The document discusses alternative fuels and hybrid vehicles. It aims to describe the operation of hybrid systems and recognize the need for alternative fuels. It discusses reasons for alternative fuels like fossil fuels running out and reducing carbon emissions. It also describes different alternative fuels like ethanol, biodiesel, natural gas, propane and hydrogen. It then explains the two types of hybrid systems - series and parallel. It provides details on the Toyota Prius hybrid system, its components, and five operating modes including start up, acceleration, cruise, deceleration and idle.
The document discusses the importance of maintaining clean lubrication systems to prevent equipment failure and save costs. It notes that particle contamination as small as 10 microns can significantly increase wear on components like bearings and piston rings. Proper oil filtration and monitoring are key to controlling contamination levels and avoiding premature and expensive repairs. The document advocates adopting reliability engineering practices like predictive maintenance and fluid analysis to maximize equipment lifespan while minimizing total cost of ownership.
Umar Sidik
(BEng) Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
(MSc) Mechanical Engineering, National Defence University of Malaysia, Malaysia
Selection procedure for air filter used in automobile enginesSumit Dharmarao
This paper concentrates idea about importance of air filter in automobile engines, its influence on engine performance. Paper also deals with general guidelines and procedure for selection of air filter in automobile. Air filter can be defined as fibrous material device used to remove unwanted subtended particles from air like dirt, dust, pollen & many other undesired things. Many times, it may contain chemical agents like Absorbent or catalysts to improve air quality eliminate odors and active gaseous.
1) The study examined how wear debris in lubricating oil influences rolling contact fatigue life in bearings.
2) Testing found that reducing the filtration level of the oil from 40 μm to 3 μm increased fatigue life by up to 7 times.
3) Analysis of failed bearings showed that early failures, which most influence calculated bearing life, were initiated by wear debris indentations on the surface rather than subsurface fatigue as previously believed.
This document discusses automatic lubrication systems. It begins by explaining the need for lubrication to reduce friction and wear between moving surfaces. It then discusses how early lubrication was unsystematic but has become more sophisticated over time. Automatic lubrication systems are now essential to provide controlled amounts of lubricant to machinery. The key components of these systems are reservoirs to store lubricant, pumps to move it, and filters to clean it. These systems provide lubricant at the proper rate, viscosity, temperature and pressure. The document reviews literature on tribology and lubrication and discusses friction, wear and lubrication techniques. It explains how automatic lubrication systems can prevent delays and extend equipment lifetime by ensuring reliable lubrication.
Investigation of Tribological Properties of Cotton Seed Oil By Adding MoS2 an...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study investigating the tribological properties of cotton seed oil with the addition of MoS2 and SiO2 nanoparticles. The study used a four-ball tester to measure the coefficient of friction and wear scar diameter of cotton seed oil samples with varying concentrations of MoS2 and SiO2 additives. The results showed that adding 1% SiO2 nanoparticles reduced the coefficient of friction and wear scar diameter the most compared to other additive concentrations. Therefore, SiO2 nanoparticles show potential for improving the lubricating and anti-wear properties of cotton seed oil.
Comparative Study of Manual Lubrication and Automatic LubricationIJERA Editor
Lubrication is the process or technique employed to reduce the wear of one or both surface in close proximity. Most of the bear lubrication fail due to the too much or too less grease injected using manual lubrication. So, to replace the manual lubrication discrete wiring employed in lubrication system in heavy machines using PLC. The PLC’s can be used to overcome the shortcomings PLC is mainly used to reduce the labor cost, power consumption, complication in circuits.
Dry stripping uses non-abrasive media like plastic, soda, and starch to safely remove coatings from surfaces like aircraft, cars, and components. It is faster than sanding and does not damage surfaces. Aerolyte pioneered this technique and offers dry stripping equipment like cabinets, rooms, and guns that efficiently capture and reuse media. Their systems provide a safer, cheaper, and less polluting alternative to chemical strippers.
This document summarizes different forms of lubricant contamination and methods for remediation. It discusses three primary forms of contamination: particulate, water, and gases. Particulate contamination consists of solid particles in the fluid and can be measured by particle counts. Filtration is an important method for removing particulate contamination. Water contamination can take various forms and can cause corrosion, wear, and hydrogen embrittlement. The document also discusses addressing contamination sources and various filtration and remediation methods.
The document discusses how dirty diesel fuel is silently destroying modern high-pressure diesel fuel systems. Modern fuel systems operate at much higher pressures than in the past, up to 30,000 psi. This has exposed a problem with ultra-fine particle contamination in fuel that is abrasive and causing components like pumps and injectors to fail prematurely. While fuel filters and engine filters only catch particles larger than 30 and 15 microns respectively, the problem is particles as small as 2-10 microns that are reducing component life. Fleet operators need to test fuel quality and implement filtration to remove harmful ultra-fine contaminants to protect their fuel systems and avoid costly repairs.
Analysis of Wear Rate of Internal Combustion Engine using Ferrography TechniqueIRJET Journal
This document analyzes wear rate in an internal combustion engine using ferrography technique. Lubricating oil samples were collected from the oil sump of a single cylinder, four-stroke petrol engine at different mileage intervals. Ferrography analysis was performed to identify wear particle concentration, shape, and size in each sample. Results showed wear particle concentration was highest for the new engine and decreased with mileage, indicating higher wear rate initially that lowered over time. Ferrography allows predictive maintenance by detecting potential component failures from abnormal wear particles before serious damage occurs.
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The document discusses how tribology, the study of friction, lubrication and wear, has become the basis for selecting lubricants. It explains that the lubrication requirements for a given application can be identified by examining the tribological system parameters, which include type of motion, speed, temperature, load, and operating environment. Once these parameters are identified, lubricant chemistries can be selected that will optimize performance. The document provides details on how each of the tribological system parameters affects lubricant selection and discusses lubrication theories used in analysis, such as elastohydrodynamic lubrication theory.
This document discusses lubricant testing at thermal power plants. It describes the primary functions of lubricants as reducing friction, heat, and wear while protecting surfaces and removing contaminants. Regular lubricant testing is recommended to monitor equipment condition, ensure specifications are met, and reduce failure rates. Key tests described include particle counting, viscosity testing, acid number measurement, and analysis of additives, water content, and oxidation stability. Specific lubricant testing procedures and frequencies are outlined for steam turbines, mills, fans, pumps and other equipment. Factors that deteriorate lubricant quality like oxidation, thermal degradation, water accumulation and contaminants are also discussed.
This document discusses turbine lubrication and monitoring turbine oil condition. It describes how turbine oils degrade through oxidation and thermal degradation. One result is the creation of insoluble contaminants that can form varnish. The document introduces Quantitative Spectrophotometric Analysis (QSASM) as a way to measure a turbine oil's varnish potential before failures occur. It also outlines common turbine oil tests, analytical packages for condition monitoring, and how to maximize the life of turbine oils through various best practices.
Applications & benefits of magnetic filtrationfiltermag
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Increasing Varnish Mitigation Performance by Incorporating Customizable ESP M...Jatin Mehta
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The major components of a properly planned blast facility are sized for efficient operation and maximum return on investment. A blast facility typically includes an enclosure to contain abrasive media and dust, blast machines to project the media, a compressed air supply, and a recovery system to remove and transport used media. Recovery systems can be pneumatic, using air flow to move media, or mechanical, using moving parts like screws or tracks to transport media for cleaning and reuse. Proper component sizing and planning maximize the benefits and return on investment of a blast facility.
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The document provides installation instructions for the FilterMag CT9.0, which is designed to be permanently installed on cartridge-style oil filter housings between 7.75" and 9" in diameter. It instructs the user to choose an installation location near the open end of the housing that is free of debris, and to hold the CT9.0 by the edges, being careful of the powerful magnets which can suddenly pull it onto the housing. It cautions against trapping fingers or other objects between the magnets and housing during installation.
FilterMag is a magnetic filter attachment that captures and holds wear-causing metal particles in engine and equipment oil filters to reduce wear and extend equipment life. It works by positioning strong neodymium magnets inside the filter to attract tiny steel particles, preventing them from recirculating through the engine. Independent studies show this can extend component life up to 200%. FilterMag attachments are available for a wide range of oil, fuel, hydraulic and transmission filters used in engines, compressors, pumps and other oilfield equipment. The document provides examples of how FilterMag can be applied to various systems on an oil drilling rig to maximize equipment reliability and lifespan.
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has established a universal standard for measuring particulate contamination levels in fluids called ISO Cleanliness Codes. The codes are assigned based on the number of particles per unit volume above certain micron sizes. Keeping fluid cleanliness at or below the recommended ISO Code is important to prevent accelerated wear and failure of mechanical components. Industry is increasingly implementing contamination control programs that utilize ISO Cleanliness Codes to optimize system reliability and reduce costs from downtime and maintenance.
This study examined the effect of lube oil filtration on engine wear in city buses. The researchers tested oil filters in the laboratory to determine micron ratings and conducted field tests on city buses powered by Detroit Diesel 6V92 engines. They used oil analysis to monitor engine wear and compare different filtration systems. The results showed that finer full-flow oil filters and additional bypass filters reduced particle concentrations in the oil and corresponding levels of engine wear metals. This supports findings from previous laboratory studies that better filtration of lubricating oil at smaller micron sizes decreases engine wear.
Abstract review of lubricant contamination and diesel engine wearfiltermag
Lubricant contamination is a major cause of engine wear. Contaminant particles smaller than 10 microns can simultaneously contact opposing engine surfaces, concentrating stress and degrading the surfaces. This leads to reduced fuel efficiency, shorter oil change intervals, lower component life, and worse performance. Operating with clean oil filtered to 10 microns or smaller results in better fuel economy, longer oil life, superior performance, and greater engine durability. The paper reviews lubricant contamination, lubrication modes, and primary wear mechanisms and discusses studies on the relationship between contamination, wear, and performance.
This document summarizes the results of a field testing program that evaluated the performance of different diesel engine oils at extended oil drain intervals. In a 59-truck trial conducted over 2-3 years, the data showed that using a premium mineral diesel oil allowed safe extension of drain intervals compared to a conventional mineral oil. A premium synthetic oil maintained performance at four times the normal drain interval without negatively impacting engine durability. The synthetic oil also provided approximately a 3% reduction in fuel consumption compared to conventional mineral oil.
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This document summarizes a study of a new synthetic diesel engine oil. The oil was tested in laboratory tests and field tests in heavy-duty diesel engines. The synthetic base stocks allowed the oil to meet viscosity requirements for cold starting while maintaining performance at high temperatures. In extended engine tests and field tests of up to four times normal drain intervals, the oil demonstrated excellent engine wear protection and oil consumption control. It also provided over 4% improved fuel economy compared to conventional mineral oils.
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This document summarizes a study on the effect of lubricating oil physical characteristics on emissions, fuel economy, and oil consumption in light duty diesel engines. The study found that lubricating oil characteristics can impact engine mechanical efficiency and the amount of fuel consumed. They can also affect the amount of lubricating oil that is drawn into the combustion chamber from pistons and valves. The physical properties of lubricating oils, such as viscosity and volatility, were found to influence exhaust emissions levels and fuel economy in diesel engines.
The document discusses wear particle analysis, which uses oil sample testing and microscopy to identify wear modes in machinery. By examining wear metal particles’ characteristics like size and shape, the analysis can determine the machine's past and predict future wear issues. Identifying abnormal wear modes allows corrective actions to prevent further damage and recurrence of problems.
Used oil analysis is a poor method to evaluate magnetic filtration effectiveness, while ISO particle counting is a standard cleanliness test. Field tests show FilterMag improves oil cleanliness by 1-3 ISO codes, which can increase engine life expectancy by 30-200% according to research on how cleaner oil extends component life.
FilterMag magnetic oil filtration systems remove ferrous and non-ferrous particles from engine oil and hydraulic fluid through two main mechanisms:
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Motor oilworld.com choosing an oil filterfiltermag
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This document discusses oil filtration technologies and how FilterMag products can improve filtration. It summarizes that FilterMag uses rare earth magnets to capture steel particles smaller than standard oil filters' 21 micron filtration, reducing wear and increasing equipment lifetime. FilterMag installation is easy, involving simply snapping the product onto an oil filter, and can reduce maintenance costs through extended equipment life.
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1. Practicing Oil Analysis - It's All About Size 1/9/09 11:26 PM
Print Article | Close Window
It's All About Size
Rob Simmonds, R&t Reliability Technologies Pty Ltd.
Understanding how to provide appropriate lubrication for fixed or mobile machinery is
important for
effective reliability and the owner’s economic success.
Recognizing the actual clearance size (thickness/depth) of the different types of
lubrication films formed between rolling and rotating components is essential for
providing proper lubrication. Oil film thickness in machinery is measured in microns
(µm), or one millionth of a meter.
Figure 1 shows an electron microscope image of a human hair, which measures 70
to 100 µm or 0.003 to 0.004 inch. The lowest limit of human vision is 40 µm, or
about half the size of a human hair. The lowest limit of human touch (sensitivity) is
15 µm or 0.0005 inch.
Figure 1. Human Hair
Table 1 provides lubrication film thicknesses established in normal mechanical
applications.
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2. Practicing Oil Analysis - It's All About Size 1/9/09 11:26 PM
Table 1. Lubrication Film Clearances During Normal Operation
Some applications form thicker oil films such as journal bearings and hydrostatic
bearings in combustion engines. However, in engines there are still instances of tight
clearance oil films such as cam lobes, piston rings, and oiling rings that run at less
than 1 µm fluid film thickness.
The lubrication film thickness developed in a mechanical application impacts the
typical maintenance. Without considering the lubrication film thickness, it is likely the
typical maintenance will only prevent the entry of visible dirt and debris contaminants
larger than 40 µm.
Contaminants sized from 2 to 20 µm are typically the most damaging, and excluding
these contaminants from entry is necessary for improved plant and machinery
reliability.
R&T Lab's reliability tests indicate that fine, hard airborne environmental
contaminants ranging in size from 2 to 20 µm cause 80 to 90 percent of abnormal
wear in oil- and grease-lubricated machinery.
Most Frequent Ingress Points for Contamination
For combustion engines, compressors and blower-type applications, contaminants
generally enter through the "clean" air induction system. On gear drives,
transmissions, differentials and hydraulics, contaminants enter through breather
(atmospheric pressure equalization) vents. Grease-lubricated applications are
commonly contaminated during the relubrication process. In a contaminated
environment, the grease can carry the contaminants into the lubricated area.
Understanding the behavior of the environmental contaminants is important in
selecting the proper contamination control measures. Figure 2 shows the distance
and time that fine particles are able to remain suspended in the normal air flow. The
most damaging sizes of hard contaminants are particles ranging from 2 to 20 µm,
medium mesoscale range, which is not visible to the human eye. Figure 2 indicates
that larger particles can stay suspended in the air flow for a kilometer or more,
indicating mobility and the continual presence of environmental contamination. Such
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3. Practicing Oil Analysis - It's All About Size 1/9/09 11:26 PM
contaminants are to be expected even if there is no visual indication. In summary,
the lubrication film thickness formed in the majority of machinery will not provide
enough film thickness to protect the application if normal environmental air flow is
permitted to have unfiltered access to the lubricant.
Figure 2. Particle Travel and Suspension Time from Point of Origin
Environmental Contamination of Engines, Compressors and Blowers
If filter servicing frequency is increased to prevent overloading, then the filters of
most well-designed systems will not be plagued with contaminants.
When monitoring air induction-type applications (such as engines, compressor and
blowers) the lubricant's particle count, viscosity, ferrous density and acid number
(AN) must be monitored at intervals that allow any changes to be visually
investigated by ferrogram or wear debris analysis. This ensures no wear damage
has occurred before the next sample is taken.
Photos in Figure 3 show the piston rings from a 60-foot patrol boat servicing Hong
Kong Harbor. This application is designed to perform in a dust-free environment
operating off-shore, but as shown, the piston ring sealing face has been damaged by
fine silica quartz crystals. These crystals travel in the air flow from garbage refuse
sites and construction sites across the harbor, and then they are ingested by the
engines.
Gear Drives, Transmissions and Hydraulic Systems
If unfiltered air flow is allowed into the lubricated area of gear drives, transmissions
or hydraulic systems, the repetitive thermal cycling of the application as it heats and
cools will carry airborne contaminants into the lubricated area. The expansion rate
for air mixture of gases is 10 percent change for every 10°C shift in temperature.
As the drive heats and cools the air, it expands and contracts, leaving behind the
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4. Practicing Oil Analysis - It's All About Size 1/9/09 11:26 PM
contaminants introduced to the system. This process loads the oil with contaminants
and forms a homogeneous mixture that damages machine surfaces, accelerates
wear debris contamination and continues the wear cycle.
Measuring a lubricant's particle count, viscosity, ferrous density and AN should be a
part of every condition monitoring program in gear drives, transmissions or hydraulic
systems. If abnormalities are detected, then a ferrogram or wear debris analysis can
check for destructive wear. Because of the continual filtering of hydraulic systems,
breather filters can be designed more for air flow than to remove submicron particles
unfiltered gear drives and transmissions also need a high-quality breather filter.
The photos in Figure 4 show wear debris and contaminants that were created by
airborne contaminants. Common dust contaminated with fine volcanic ash entered
the forklift's differential through the breather vent. This contamination led to the
failure of the planetary hub.
In another example, research was conducted to evaluate environmental
contamination on gearbox breather vents in a one year-old plastic blow molding
factory. The plant's epoxy-sealed floor is wet mopped twice a week, making it
cleaner than the average factory. Figure 5a shows the left-side machine layout on
the factory's blow molding floor.
Figure 5b from the same plant is an extruder screw gearbox. Note its clean
condition. Figure 5c is the extruder screw gearbox breather vent. The breather filter
was removed, washed with super clean solvent and the washing solvent was filtered.
Figure 5d shows an overview of the contamination, at 100X magnification, washed
out of the gearbox breather vent filter. Figures 5e and 5f show the debris at 500X
magnification. The debris consists of plastic particles, fluff, fibers and dirt.
Gearbox and transmission oil reservoirs are generally filled to 30 to 50 percent of
gear case volume to provide adequate lubrication and to control lubricant expansion,
foaming and churning.
Experience has shown that periodic monitoring of the lubricant cleanliness level can
protect plant machinery and control early machine wear and damage. Tables 2
through 5 show cleanliness levels of machines monitored for abnormal wear.
Maintaining contamination levels in lubricants can extend equipment life. Once clean
lubricant levels in plant and equipment are achieved, the lubricant's life will also be
extended, reducing wear and tear to near zero. Table 2 indicates the cleanliness
levels required in different lubricating fluids to prevent wear.
By identifying the elevated contaminant levels, one can isolate the contaminant
particles and remove them by following a couple of maintenance steps. Removing
the contaminant and resulting wear debris usually allows machinery to return to
normal wear modes. Subsequently, maintaining low contamination levels often
achieves a service life longer than expected.
Lubricant and Plant Monitoring Frequency
Machinery manufacturers often suggest a lubricant sampling interval, however, this
should be used only as a guideline. The operator is the best judge of sampling
intervals. He or she should ask some pertinent questions in determining a sampling
interval, such as:
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5. Practicing Oil Analysis - It's All About Size 1/9/09 11:26 PM
What is the failure history?
How costly is a failure? In repairs, lost production and life and safety?
Have operating conditions changed, putting additional stress on the machine?
In general, a monthly or quarterly sample interval is appropriate for industrial
machinery. Answers to these questions will help decide the appropriate regimen.
When beginning a new program, start with a monthly interval and then extend it as
test results and experience allow. Tables 4 and 5 provide a guide to start with. After
two or three test results, there should be enough information to extend or shorten the
intervals as necessary, depending upon the analysis results. Basic testing should
include ISO particle count, viscosity cSt at 40°C, water, oxidation, ferrous density
and spectrometer wear elements.
(Click Image to Enlarge)
Table 2. Machinery damage will occur if contaminating wear debris and particle
levels are permitted to reach the "start testing" level.
(Click Image to Enlarge)
Table 3. Recommended Machine Type/Cleanliness Code
Note: These code numbers apply to later versions of the laser particle
counting techniques. Particles at 2µm/5µm/15µm per cc of lubricant.
(Click Image to Enlarge)
Table 4. Recommended Testing Slate and Interval for Fixed Equipment
Note: Basic testing should include ISO particle count, viscosity cSt at 40°C,
water, oxidation, ferrous density and spectrometer wear elements.
(Click Image to Enlarge)
Table 5. Recommended Testing Slate and Interval for Mobile Equipment
Note: Basic testing should include ISO particle count, viscosity cSt at 40°C,
water, oxidation, ferrous density and spectrometer wear elements.
Figure 3. Images at 500X
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6. Practicing Oil Analysis - It's All About Size 1/9/09 11:26 PM
Note burn mark and subsequent wear surface delamination. Note the
compression ring's sealing face fatigue cracking occurring from the hard
particle damage to the piston rings as the environmental contaminants travel
down the bore past the rings. The piston rings on these 396 Detroit V12s
engines were continually damaged and required replacement every four to six
months.
Closeup of where the nonthrust side of the liner meets the thrust side. Note
how fine hard contamination ingression has proceeded to polish away the left-
side cross-hatch hone marks, leaving scored lines where hard particles have
driven down the bore by the piston.
Silica crystals (maybe fly ash from the shape) at 1,000X 5 to 15 µm .
These fine hard airborne particles were removed
from the top of the piston rings.
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