Research is defined as the scientific investigation of phenomena through the collection, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of facts. It has several key characteristics: it is empirical, based on direct observation or experience; logical, following valid procedures; and cyclical, starting with a problem and ending with a problem. Effective research also utilizes proven analytical methods, exhibits careful judgment, is conducted methodically without bias, and can be replicated to arrive at valid conclusions. The main purposes of research are to gain knowledge, enable societal betterment, explore phenomena, describe topics, and explain relationships.