Blood is a connective tissue composed of plasma and cellular components. It performs key functions like respiration, transport, regulation, defense, and mechanics. Blood volume varies depending on factors like age, sex, altitude, season, nutrition, and productive nature. Blood consists mainly of water but also minerals and proteins. It contains red blood cells that carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, and white blood cells that help defend the body against infection by phagocytosing and producing antibodies.

1. Blood physiology
English for Doctorate students
Dept. of Animal Production
Murtadha Kareem Mohammed
College of Agriculture
Department of Animal Production
Basrah University
Dr. Adnan Al-Kanaan

2. Blood:
is a connective tissue and it is a liquid consisting of two
parts, the first is liquid (plasma) and the second is cellular (red and
white blood cells and platelets). Non-oxygenated blood (venous
blood) is dark red in color.

3.  Blood functions:
 Respiratory: Carrying oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon
dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.
 Transport: receives nutrients from the alimentary canal and carries them to
tissues and organs and transports metabolites from muscles to the liver.
 Excretory: The blood receives the final products of vital processes and
carries them to the excretory organs (kidneys, lungs, liver, intestines, and
skin) to excrete them outside the body.

4.  Regulatory: The blood supplies the tissues and organs with hormones
secreted by the endocrine glands, as well as vitamin
 Defensive:Blood performs several defensive functions through the process
of phagocytosis carried out by specialized cells and the presence of some
special substances such as antibodies, and thus preserves the body from
infection with diseases and infections.
 Mechanical:The blood provides the necessary pressure in the cavities and
organs to perform various functions in the body, such as the erection of the
penis

5.  blood volume
 The amount of blood varies in different types of animals, and its
quantity depends on several factors, including:
 Age: Young animals contain a relatively higher amount of blood than old
animals.
 Sex: the blood volume in males is higher than in females.
 Height above sea level: The blood volume increases in animals that
live in areas high above sea level.

6.  Season: The volume of blood during the summer is greater than in the
winter
 nutrition: RBCs increase when nutrition
 Productive nature: It is noted that young mammals that do not
produce milk have a lower number of red blood cells than those that
produce milk.

7.  The chemical composition of blood
 Blood generally consists of 78% water and 22% dry matter, and dry matter
contains 0.8% minerals and 21.2%, while plasma contains 90-95% water and
8-10% dry matter.
 The minerals in the blood consist of elements with a high concentration and
include sodium, calcium, potassium and phosphorus.

8.  Elements with low concentrations include bromine, zinc, copper, zinc and
iodine.
 Plasma proteins are three albumins and globulins, and they are of several
types: alpha, beta, and gama. They play an important role in the immune
systems. The third type of proteins is fibrin.

9.  There are two types of cells in the blood:
 Red blood cells: red blood cells with nuclei in birds, fish and amphibians,
but they are lost in the final stages of maturity in mammals, including
humans.
 The red blood cells contain approximately 60% and 40% solid matter,
hemoglobin represents 90% of the solid matter and 10% includes proteins.
 This marrow produces red and white blood cells and platelets while the
spleen and lymph nodes produce mononuclear cells.

10.  white blood cell
 These cells play an "important" role in defensive functions, and their main
function is to devour and produce antibodies.
 It contains two types of cells:
 Granulocyte:Include:
 Basophile.
 Eosinophil.
 Neutrophil.
 Agranulocyte: Include:
 Lymphocyte.
 Monocyte.

14. Questions about the topic
1-Blood generally consists of 78% water and 22% dry matter.
2- Of the functions of blood (a- transport - b- regulatory - c- mechanical -d- all
of the above are correct)
3- (True or False) White blood cells play an "important" role in defensive
functions, and their main function is to devour and produce antibodies. (True)
4- What are plasma proteins? The answer (Plasma contains three types of
proteins : albumin and globulin and fibrinogen)
5- Blood is? (It is connective tissue and is a red opaque fluid)

15. Thanks for
listening