All about polymerase chain reaction. detailed description and explanation of instrumention, procedure, advantages, disadvantages. Also types of RtPcr..
graphical representation. explained with appropriate figrues.
Polymerase chain reaction (abbreviated PCR) is a laboratory technique for rapidly producing (amplifying) millions to billions of copies of a specific segment of DNA, which can then be studied in greater detail. PCR involves using short synthetic DNA fragments called primers to select a segment of the genome to be amplified, and then multiple rounds of DNA synthesis to amplify that segment. This slides introduces pcr importances ,uses and steps of pcr.
this ppt contain about pcr technique and its three process,primers in pcr,dna polymerase in pcr,melting temp of dna in pcr and applications of pcr technology
A biochemical technique used in Molecular Biology to amplify a specific fragment of target DNA.
PCR is used in medical and biological research, including cloning, genetic analysis, genetic fingerprinting, diagnostics, pathogen detection and genetic fingerprinting
MOLECULAR TOOLS IN DIAGNOSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES tawheedshafi
The future of the molecular diagnostics of infectious diseases will undoubtedly be focused on a marked increase in the amount of information detected with remarkably simplified, rapid platforms that will need complex software analysis to resolve the data for use in clinical decision-making.
Basic Molecular Biology:
Molecular biology is the branch of biology that focuses on understanding the fundamental processes and mechanisms underlying life at the molecular level. It involves the study of biological molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins, and how they interact to regulate various cellular processes. Molecular biology techniques enable scientists to investigate genetic information, gene expression, and the structure and function of macromolecules.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR):
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a powerful molecular biology technique used to amplify and replicate a specific segment of DNA in a laboratory setting. PCR allows scientists to make millions of copies of a target DNA sequence in a short period. It consists of repeated cycles of denaturation (separation of DNA strands), annealing (binding of short DNA primers to the target sequence), and extension (synthesis of new DNA strands using a heat-stable DNA polymerase enzyme). PCR has diverse applications, including DNA sequencing, genetic testing, forensics, and the study of gene expression.
Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR):
Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is a variation of the standard PCR technique that is specifically used to amplify RNA molecules. It involves a two-step process. First, the RNA is reverse transcribed into complementary DNA (cDNA) using the enzyme reverse transcriptase. Then, the cDNA is amplified using standard PCR. RT-PCR is essential for studying gene expression, viral RNA detection (e.g., for diagnosing diseases like COVID-19), and a range of other applications where RNA analysis is crucial.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Polymerase chain reaction (abbreviated PCR) is a laboratory technique for rapidly producing (amplifying) millions to billions of copies of a specific segment of DNA, which can then be studied in greater detail. PCR involves using short synthetic DNA fragments called primers to select a segment of the genome to be amplified, and then multiple rounds of DNA synthesis to amplify that segment. This slides introduces pcr importances ,uses and steps of pcr.
this ppt contain about pcr technique and its three process,primers in pcr,dna polymerase in pcr,melting temp of dna in pcr and applications of pcr technology
A biochemical technique used in Molecular Biology to amplify a specific fragment of target DNA.
PCR is used in medical and biological research, including cloning, genetic analysis, genetic fingerprinting, diagnostics, pathogen detection and genetic fingerprinting
MOLECULAR TOOLS IN DIAGNOSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES tawheedshafi
The future of the molecular diagnostics of infectious diseases will undoubtedly be focused on a marked increase in the amount of information detected with remarkably simplified, rapid platforms that will need complex software analysis to resolve the data for use in clinical decision-making.
Basic Molecular Biology:
Molecular biology is the branch of biology that focuses on understanding the fundamental processes and mechanisms underlying life at the molecular level. It involves the study of biological molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins, and how they interact to regulate various cellular processes. Molecular biology techniques enable scientists to investigate genetic information, gene expression, and the structure and function of macromolecules.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR):
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a powerful molecular biology technique used to amplify and replicate a specific segment of DNA in a laboratory setting. PCR allows scientists to make millions of copies of a target DNA sequence in a short period. It consists of repeated cycles of denaturation (separation of DNA strands), annealing (binding of short DNA primers to the target sequence), and extension (synthesis of new DNA strands using a heat-stable DNA polymerase enzyme). PCR has diverse applications, including DNA sequencing, genetic testing, forensics, and the study of gene expression.
Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR):
Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is a variation of the standard PCR technique that is specifically used to amplify RNA molecules. It involves a two-step process. First, the RNA is reverse transcribed into complementary DNA (cDNA) using the enzyme reverse transcriptase. Then, the cDNA is amplified using standard PCR. RT-PCR is essential for studying gene expression, viral RNA detection (e.g., for diagnosing diseases like COVID-19), and a range of other applications where RNA analysis is crucial.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
3. Polymerase Chain Reaction
PCR technique is invented by Kary Mullis in
1984.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is technique
for generating large quantities of a specified
DNA
PCR is a cell free amplification technique for
synthesizing multiple identical copies of any
DNA of interest by in vitro method.
PCR is “photocopier”
4. Instrument
The appratus is called
Thermal Cycler or DNA
Amplifier
The device has thermal
block with holes where
tubes holding reaction
mixture are inserted.
Cycler then raises and
lower the temperature
of the blocks in pre
programmed steps
5. Requirements
DNA Template (100-35,000) bp in length
Primers (synthetic oligonucleotides of 17-30 nucleotide
length)
Taq polymerase that can withstand at temperature
upto 95ºC
Deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTPs) {dATP, dCTP,
dGTP, dTTp}
Buffer Solution MgCl2,Tris-HCl, KCl, Gelatin
PCR Master Mix
6. Principle
PCR is based on the three steps:
Denaturation
Renaturation or Annealing
Synthesis
7. Denaturation
The reaction mixture is heated upto 96ºC for1minute which
cause strands of template DNA to unwound and separate by
breaking of Hydrogen bond between two strands resulting in
single stranded DNA molecule.
9. Synthesis
Temperature of reaction mixture is then raised to 68-
72ºC.
Taq polymerase enzyme which is thermostable at higher
temperature bind to the primer and synthesis a new
DNA.
11. Reverse Transcription PCR
PCR can be used to amplify sequences corresponding
to RNA.
This amplification is accomplished by first converting
RNA into complementary DNA(cDNA) with the use of
enzyme Reverse Transcriptase
This technique is commonly used in molecular biology
to detect RNA expression.
It was introduced in 1977
In recent COVID times this technique was widely used
for detection of corona virus.
12. RT-PCR Principle
One Step RT-PCR
• In this all reaction component are mixed in one tube in
common buffer prior to initiation of reaction.
• The resulting cDNA cannot be used for detecting
multiple messages from single RNA sample as in two
step RT-PCR
• It offers minimal sample handling, reduced bench time,
and closed tube reaction thus minimize the possibility of
contamination.
• One step RT-PCR offers simplicity and convenience.
13. RT-PCR Principle contd..
Two Step RT-PCR
RNA is first transcripted to cDNA using Reverse
Transcriptase Enzyme
The resulting cDNA is used as template for subsequent
PCR amplification, using primer specification for one or
more gene.
As only a portion of cDNA is used remaining cDNA
can be stored for future use.
14. Allows freedom in selecting RT enzyme and qPCR
reagents separately.
Useful for controlling sequence representation
efficiency and optimization of difficult RT- qPCR
reactions.
Drawback is that it require an extra open tube
step, more pipetting manupulations,and longer
hands on time.
This lead to greater variabilty and risk of
contamination.
16. Real Time PCR
Modification of conventional PCR where
product accumulation is measured/
visualized in “real time” as the reaction
progress after each cycle.
Real Time PCR is a simple method to
determine the amount of target sequence
or gene that is present in sample.
17. Advantages
Specific and Sensitive
Fast and safe process (can be done <1day)
Radioactive material not required
Small amount of DNA is required per test
Detection of bacteria and viruses
18. Disadvantages
Setting up and running requires high
technical skills
High equipment cost
DNA contamination
Taq polymerase is expensive
Internal Control
False reaction
19. Applications
Diagnosis of cancer, genetic abnormalities.
Detect newly emerging diseases. Ex covid, and its
variants
Detection of Phytopathogens
Clinical Quantification and Genotyping
Generating cDNA libraries
DNA fingerprinting
Genomic Cloning
Gene expression studies
Drug discovery
Pre-natal diagnosis