A study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching program on level of knowledge regarding drugs and its calculation among B.sc nursing 3rd semester students at RIMS college of nursing Raipur (C.G)

2. INTRODUCTION
Drug calculation is one of the important skills,
which must be mastered by the student nurse
before graduated and become a registered nurse
for patient safety and avoid medical errors There
are three factors that may affect the influence
of nursing student ability to calculate
medication correctly

3. • DRUG: A medicine or other substance which
has a physiological effect when ingested or
otherwise introduced into the body

4. • MEDICATION: A dosage form that contains one or
more active and/or inactive ingredients.
Medications come in many dosage forms, including
tablets, capsules, liquids, creams, and patches

5. DEFINITION
DRUG: Any substance (other than food) that is
used to prevent, diagnose, treat, or relieve
symptoms of a disease or abnormal condition

6. SOURCES OF DRUG
• Plant sources
• Animal sources
• Mineral/ Earth sources. Metallic and Non
metallic sources: Iron is used in treatment of
iron deficiency anemia.

7. cont
• Miscellaneous Sources: Fluorine has
antiseptic properties.
• Microbiological sources
• Semi synthetic sources
• Recombinant DNA technology

8. • It is the study of biochemical and physiological
effect of drugs and also their mechanism of
action.
PHARMOCODYNAMIC

9. • It is the study of absorption,
distribution, metabolism, and
excretion of drugs.
PHARMACOKINETIC:

10. SIDE EFFECTS

11. ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
1.Enteral Route (Oral): This is the most
common, oldest, and safest route of drug
administration.
2.Parenteral route: Routes of drug
administration other than the enteral
(intestine) route are known as parenteral
routes. Here the drugs are directly delivered
into the tissue fluid blood.

12. 3.Local Routes: Drugs may be applied to
the skin or mucous membranes for local
action
• Local dermal application—an ointment,
cream, gel, powder,.
• Instillation - Instillation is putting a drug
in liquid form into a body cavity such as
urinary bladder or into a body orifice
such as ears and eyes as ointment, drops,
and spray.

13. cont
• Insertions- Introducing solid form of drugs
into the body orifices, that is, suppositories
• Insufflations-it is administration of drugs in
the form of powder, vapor, or air into a wound
or body caving

14. CALCULATION OF DOSES
1.Converting milligrams to grains
Example: Convert 120 mg to grains.
1 g/mg in gr = dose desired/dose in hand
60x = 120
x = 2 grains

15. cont
2.Calculation of oral doses
D = dose desired
H = dose on hand
x = dose to be administered
Example: Calculate the capsules to be administered when the
dose is 500 mg of an antibiotic and the dose on hand is 250
mg
2 capsules

16. cont
3.Calculation of doses of liquid drugs
D dose desired
H dose on hand
Q=Quantity
x = dose to be administered
Example: Give 325 mg of ampicillin when it is supplied
as 250mg/5mL

17. DRUG CALCULATION FORMULA
1.Fried's formula: Infant's dosage (<1 year):
× Average adult dose
2. Young's rule: Child dosage (1-12 years): dose
×Average adult dose
3. Clark's rule:
× Average adult dose

18. 4. Surface area rule:
× Average adult dose
5. Parenteral dosage:
× Quantity in hand (mL) = Volume to
be given
6. Intravenous fluid flow rate:
x drops factor = Flow rate/min
Example

19. 7. Insulin dosage:
× Number of divisions on the given
syringe.
8. Ordered dose of medication in Microgram/min:
× concentration
9. Concentration:
× 1000

20. PRINCIPLES

21. Abbreviations Commonly Used in
Dosage
Abbreviation
• PO
• SUSP
• PM
• TAB
• CAP
• Q
• BID
• TID
• QID

22. CONVERSIONS:
• 1 liter (L) = 1000 ml (milliters)
• 1 gram (g) = 1000 mgs (milligrams)
• 1 mg (milligrams) = 1000 mcgs
(micrograms)
• 1 gram (g) = 15 grain (gr)
• 1 grain (gr) = 60 mg
(milligrams)

23. cont
• 1 dram (dr) =4 ml (milliters)
• 1 ounce (oz) = 30 ml (milliters)
• 1 tsp (teaspoon) = 5 ml (milliters)
• 1 tbs (tablespoon) = 15 ml (milliters)
• 1 kg (kilogram) = 2.2 lbs (pounds)
• 1 inch = 2.54 cm (centimeters)

24. cont
• 16 ounces (ozs) = 1 lb (pound)
• 1 cup = 8 ounces (ozs)
• 1 ml (milliter) = 15 minims
• 1 tsp (teaspoon) = 5 ml (milliters)
• 1 tbs (tablespoon) = 15 ml (milliters)
• 1 drop (gtt) = 15 minims

25. Recommended Volume for Administration
Per Sites
• Intradermal = 0.1 ml (example PPD, allergy
testing)
• Subcutaneous injection = 0.5-1.0 ml per
site
• Intramuscular injection = 3.0 ml per site (1
ml in the deltoid)
• IV injection (IV push) = 1-60 ml

27. TIPS FOR CORRECT CALCULATION :

28. SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1) Convert: 300 mg to grams
2) Convert: 120 mg to grains
3) Convert: 30 gr to grams
4) A child who weighs 55 pounds weighs
kilograms?

29. cont
• 5) A patient is restricted to four 8- ounce
glasses of water per day. The nurse knows
that the patient's fluid intake is restricted to
mls per day
• 6) The nurse administered aspirin gr v. She
knew this was equivalent to _ milligram(s).

30. Thank you