Female education has involved issues of gender equality, access to education, and its connection to poverty alleviation. Historically in Islamic societies, women played important roles in founding many educational institutions and half of all royal patrons of these institutions were women. In medieval Europe, education for girls was patchy and controversial, with most girls transitioning directly from childhood to marriage. The issue of female education as an emancipatory concept was first seriously discussed during the Enlightenment. In India in the late 19th century, some universities began admitting female students, which was part of debates around women's roles and rights. In Pakistan in 1992, the literacy rate was still much higher for men at 22% for women compared to overall rates.