The social disorganization theory proposes that crime rates are affected by the structure and organization of neighborhoods. Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay initially developed this theory in 1942 based on their study of crime patterns in Chicago neighborhoods. They found that crime rates were highest in neighborhoods near the city center that had high levels of poverty, residential instability, and ethnic diversity. These socially disorganized neighborhoods lacked strong social ties and control, allowing crime to flourish. The theory suggests improving economic conditions and social ties in disadvantaged neighborhoods could help reduce crime rates.