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1. Course Name: Economics of Poverty, Gender and Inequality
Course Code: ECON 2403
Department of Economics
Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (FASS)
Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP)

2. 1.1 Definition and Types of Poverty
 Poverty is pronounced deprivation in well-being
 Poverty refers to a state where individuals, households, or communities lack sufficient financial resources to
meet their basic needs and live a decent life,
 often resulting in struggles to obtain food, clothing, shelter, and healthcare.
 From the monetary viewpoint, poor are those who do not have enough income or consumption to put them above
some adequate minimum threshold.
 People may have inadequate income or education, or be in poor health, or feel powerless, or lack political
freedoms.

3. 1.1 Definition and Types of Poverty
 Absolute Poverty: This refers to a situation where individuals lack the basic necessities of life, such as
food, clean water, shelter, and healthcare.
 Relative Poverty: Individuals in relative poverty may have enough to meet basic needs, leading to a lower
standard of living and potential social exclusion.
 Generational Poverty: This refers to a cycle of poverty that is passed down from one generation to another,
often due to factors like limited access to education, employment opportunities, and social mobility.
 Situational Poverty:This type of poverty is caused by a sudden crisis or event, such as job loss, illness, or a
natural disaster.
 Chronic Poverty:This refers to poverty that persists for a long period, often spanning multiple years or even
generations.

4. 1.2 Why Measure Poverty
There are four reasons to measure poverty:
 To keep poor people on the agenda
 To be able to identify poor people and so to be able to target appropriate interventions
 To monitor and evaluate projects and policy interventions geared to poor people
 To evaluate the effectiveness of institutions whose goal is to help poor people.

5. 1.3 Measuring Poverty
 Define an indicator of welfare such as
 Income or consumption per capita.
 Good survey design is important.
 Some surveys use simple random sampling, most use stratified random
sampling.
 Key survey issues:
 The sample frame
 The unit of observation
 The number of observations over time
 The principal living standard indicator collected

6. 1.4 Common survey problems
 Survey Design
 Sampling
 Goods Coverage and Valuation
 Variability and Time Period of Measurement
 Comparison across Households at Similar Consumption Levels

7. 1.4 Common survey problems
 Survey Design
 First, some people or households may be hard to find
 Second, some of the surveys that have been used to measure poverty were not designed for this purpose in that their sample
frames were not intended to span the entire population.
 Economically active population
 One person household
 Does the sample frame span the whole population?
 Is there any response bias?
 Unit nonresponse and item nonresponse
 Third, it is very often cost-effective deliberately to oversample some small groups and undersample large
groups

8. 1.4 Common survey problems
 Survey Design
 First, it means that actual measures of poverty and inequality are sample statistics,and so estimate the true population
parameters with some error.
 The second implication is that it is essential to know how the sampling was done, because the survey data may need to
be weighted in order to get the right estimates of such measures as mean income or poverty rates
 Cluster sampling could be done
 Far more cheaper
 Results are less reliable
 Not all the statistical package can handle cluster sampling

10. 1.4 Common survey problems
 Goods coverage and valuation
 It follows that if economic welfare is to be measured satisfactorily,
 these questions must be comprehensive; to ensure comparability,
 They should not change over time.
 It is important to collect information on the volume and value of “own consumption”—such as food from the family farm
that the household eats—since this is a component both of income and of expenditure
 Such in-kind income/expenditure will typically have to be valued at local Prices.
 It is also essential to collect enough information on housing (rent or current capital value if the household owns its
residence), and the main durable goods (age,purchase price, current value),
 in order to be able to quantify these important components of expenditure and income.

11. 1.4 Common survey problems
 Variability and the Time Period of Measurement.
 Data on Income and Consumption
 In the short run it reflects more accurately the resources that households control.
 Over the long term, it reveals information about incomes at other dates, in the past and future.
 In poor countries, income is particularly difficult to measure accurately, especially in agriculture.
 Comparisons across Households at Similar Consumption Levels.

12. 1.5 Key features of Living Standards Measurement Surveys
 Multitopic Questionnaires
 Household Questionnaire
 Community Questionnaire
 Price Questionnaire
 Quality Control
 A lot of attention is devoted to obtain a representative national sample
 The surveys make extensive use of screening questions and associated skip patterns.
 Numbered response codes are printed on the questionnaire
 The questionnaires are designed to be easy to change and to translate
 The data are collected by decentralized teams.
 The data entered are subject to a series of range checks.

13. 1.5 Key features of Living Standards Measurement Surveys
 Quality Control
 The data entered are subject to a series of range checks.
 The LSMS data are usually of high quality, with accurate entries and few missing values.
 Since it is expensive to maintain high quality, the surveys are usually quite small
 The LSMS data have a fairly rapid turnaround time, with some leading to a statistical abstract within
two to six months of the last interview.