1) Potato production in Bangladesh has increased significantly in recent years, making it the 7th largest potato producing country. However, farmers often sell immediately after harvest due to lack of storage and need for cash, getting low prices.
2) Middlemen then store the potatoes and sell later at higher prices, reducing farmers' profits. About 1/3 of annual production is wasted due to lack of proper storage and diseases.
3) To improve farmers' incomes, alternatives to the current inefficient marketing system are needed, such as cooperative marketing that could benefit farmers without reducing opportunities for other actors like middlemen.
The long run impact of climate change on the productivity of major crops in the districts of Punjab is analyzed for the time period of 1970 to 2010. This study used deviations from average maximum annual temperature and deviations from average rainfall are used as indicators for climate change. While other variables include sale price, fertilizer use and number of tube wells. In order to incorporate long timer periods, this study used Panel ARDL model. The results show that cotton productivity is more positively sensitive to price changes; an increase in temperature, tube wells and fertilizers while wheat productivity is more positively sensitive to the rainfall in the long run. Consequently, in the short run, wheat productivity equilibrium is faster converging. Hence deviations from average rainfall are harmful to cotton crop in the long run and cotton & wheat in the short run, while deviations in maximum temperature is only harmful for cotton crop in the short run.
Evaluation of Advanced Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Clones for High Tuber yi...AI Publications
This document summarizes a study that evaluated seven advanced potato clones and three nationally released potato varieties over three years at four locations in Ethiopia for their suitability for processing into French fries and crisps. The clones were evaluated for yield, dry matter content, specific gravity, and frying suitability. The highest yielding clones were CIP-398190.404 and CIP-391058.175, which also had good dry matter content, specific gravity, and frying suitability. CIP-391058.175 was selected as the first processing variety in Ethiopia based on its overall performance. The study aims to identify varieties suitable for the growing potato processing industry in Ethiopia.
Since after the introduction of the potato in India in the early seventeenth century by the Portuguese traders, the potato has been widely grown and consumed in the country. These tuberous nutritious crops known as the king of vegetables is ranked as the fourth largest food crop in the world. A variety of processed products can be achieved that enhances the market value, marketability, and desirability of the product. In this review, we will discuss on the potato, current global and Indian scenario, scope and potential of processing market, health-related issues of potato. And discuss popular potato processed products and future outlook to improve the processing industry.
Assessing the determinants of agricultural commercialization and challenges c...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
This study assesses the agricultural commercialization levels, determinants, and challenges confronting smallholder cassava farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria. This study was conducted in Oyo State, Nigeria using cross-sectional data from 211 smallholder cassava farmers and employing multi-stage sampling procedures. Descriptive statistics, Crop Commercialization Index (CCI), and Ordered Logit Model (OLM) were used to analyze the data collected. The results revealed that 83.9% of the cassava farmers participated in the commercialization of their cassava roots while the remaining farmers were non-participants. The greatest challenge faced by the cassava farmers in the study area was the incessant attacks by the Fulani herdsmen (destroying growing cassava on the farm) while other challenges included cassava cyclical gluts and poor access road. Moreover, OLM revealed that age, farm size, cassava marketing experience and distance to market had significant influence on commercialization levels of cassava farmers. However, in order to enhance increased commercialization levels of cassava farmers and peaceful coexistence in the study area, policies and intervention programmes that will facilitate rural infrastructure development and proffer lasting solution to the farmers-herders crisis should be given upmost priority.
Contribution of round potato production to household income in mbeya and make...Alexander Decker
Round potatoes are an important crop for smallholder farmers in Mbeya and Makete Districts of Tanzania, contributing significantly to household income and food security. A study was conducted interviewing 233 potato farming households to analyze round potato production, assess household income from potatoes and other sources, and determine the impact of potato production on household income. The results showed that income from round potato production had a highly positive and significant impact on total household income. It was concluded that potatoes are more profitable than other major crops grown in the area, and with proper support could greatly increase household income for smallholder farmers.
Cereals are synonyms of Indian food production, obviously due to its lion share (~ 90 %) in total
Indian food basket. Since time immemorial, fate of Indian agriculture heavily depends upon the
success of cereals production. Agriculture glory of India must be strengthened all the way through
achieving self sufficiency in food production first; secondly by improving our agriculture image at
global arena, by get redden off from net importer to net exporter, obviously through strong
presence in global agriculture market. We are marching in the right direction; cereals are the leaders
in the food commodity export especially rice “The Basmati Rice”. Since, as of now, Indian share in
the world trade is meagre (~1.0%), there are needs to scale up to the tune of 6% in very quick
succession. No doubt, Cereals and coarse cereals should be a front leader in this endeavourer. Since
a lot more has to be done; we have to have adhered on do more policy. This article discuss at length
on past glory, present status and future prospect of the great Indian food basket famously known as
“The Cereals”.
Cost-effectiveness and resource use efficiency of sweet potato in BangladeshPremier Publishers
In Bangladesh sweet potato is the 4th most important source of carbohydrate after rice, wheat and potato. The study was conducted to determine the profitability and resources use efficiency of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Poir) in Bangladesh. This study also aimed to find the factors affecting gross return of sweet potato production. A total of 100 farmers were selected from the study area through stratified random sampling technique and face to face interview was conducted to collect primary data. The cost and return analysis indicated that per hectare net return from sweet potato was 82,758.93 BDT (Bangladesh Taka). Benefit cost ratio (BCR) was found 1.97. Labor and vine cost accounted for the 48% and 28% of the total cost, respectively. Cobb-Douglas production function was used to determine the factors affecting gross return of sweet potato. The result showed that farm size, cost of vine, cost of land preparation and cost of labor have positive impact on gross return. Sweet potato cultivation is more sensitive to the output price which can be compensated by increasing yield. Resource use efficiency analysis revealed that farmers are not efficient in using resources in sweet potato production. Vine, land preparation, fertilizer and labor were underused and therefore increase the use of these resources can maximize profit in sweet potato production in Bangladesh.
Drivers of Improved Cassava Variety Adoption among Farmers in Oyo State, NigeriaPremier Publishers
Low cassava productivity in Nigeria has been linked to low adoption of modern technologies amongst farmers, creating a large gap between the current and the potential yield of cassava. Therefore, this study examined the level of adoption of improved cassava variety (TME 419) and its drivers among cassava farmers in Oyo state, Nigeria. Data collected from 236 cassava farmers with the aid of structured questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive statistics, adoption index and logit regression model. Results showed that cassava farmers in Oyo state were 49 years of age with farming experience of 21 years and farm size of 4 ha. About 69% of surveyed farmers adopted the improved cassava variety while the adoption coefficient was 0.66. The likelihood of adopting improved cassava varieties was significantly influenced by education, household size, primary occupation, farming experience, farm size, land ownership and age. Therefore, increasing the years of farmers’ education, farm size, ownership of land, entry of younger farmers, household size and non-farm occupation will increase the likelihood of adopting improved cassava variety among farmers.
The long run impact of climate change on the productivity of major crops in the districts of Punjab is analyzed for the time period of 1970 to 2010. This study used deviations from average maximum annual temperature and deviations from average rainfall are used as indicators for climate change. While other variables include sale price, fertilizer use and number of tube wells. In order to incorporate long timer periods, this study used Panel ARDL model. The results show that cotton productivity is more positively sensitive to price changes; an increase in temperature, tube wells and fertilizers while wheat productivity is more positively sensitive to the rainfall in the long run. Consequently, in the short run, wheat productivity equilibrium is faster converging. Hence deviations from average rainfall are harmful to cotton crop in the long run and cotton & wheat in the short run, while deviations in maximum temperature is only harmful for cotton crop in the short run.
Evaluation of Advanced Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Clones for High Tuber yi...AI Publications
This document summarizes a study that evaluated seven advanced potato clones and three nationally released potato varieties over three years at four locations in Ethiopia for their suitability for processing into French fries and crisps. The clones were evaluated for yield, dry matter content, specific gravity, and frying suitability. The highest yielding clones were CIP-398190.404 and CIP-391058.175, which also had good dry matter content, specific gravity, and frying suitability. CIP-391058.175 was selected as the first processing variety in Ethiopia based on its overall performance. The study aims to identify varieties suitable for the growing potato processing industry in Ethiopia.
Since after the introduction of the potato in India in the early seventeenth century by the Portuguese traders, the potato has been widely grown and consumed in the country. These tuberous nutritious crops known as the king of vegetables is ranked as the fourth largest food crop in the world. A variety of processed products can be achieved that enhances the market value, marketability, and desirability of the product. In this review, we will discuss on the potato, current global and Indian scenario, scope and potential of processing market, health-related issues of potato. And discuss popular potato processed products and future outlook to improve the processing industry.
Assessing the determinants of agricultural commercialization and challenges c...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
This study assesses the agricultural commercialization levels, determinants, and challenges confronting smallholder cassava farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria. This study was conducted in Oyo State, Nigeria using cross-sectional data from 211 smallholder cassava farmers and employing multi-stage sampling procedures. Descriptive statistics, Crop Commercialization Index (CCI), and Ordered Logit Model (OLM) were used to analyze the data collected. The results revealed that 83.9% of the cassava farmers participated in the commercialization of their cassava roots while the remaining farmers were non-participants. The greatest challenge faced by the cassava farmers in the study area was the incessant attacks by the Fulani herdsmen (destroying growing cassava on the farm) while other challenges included cassava cyclical gluts and poor access road. Moreover, OLM revealed that age, farm size, cassava marketing experience and distance to market had significant influence on commercialization levels of cassava farmers. However, in order to enhance increased commercialization levels of cassava farmers and peaceful coexistence in the study area, policies and intervention programmes that will facilitate rural infrastructure development and proffer lasting solution to the farmers-herders crisis should be given upmost priority.
Contribution of round potato production to household income in mbeya and make...Alexander Decker
Round potatoes are an important crop for smallholder farmers in Mbeya and Makete Districts of Tanzania, contributing significantly to household income and food security. A study was conducted interviewing 233 potato farming households to analyze round potato production, assess household income from potatoes and other sources, and determine the impact of potato production on household income. The results showed that income from round potato production had a highly positive and significant impact on total household income. It was concluded that potatoes are more profitable than other major crops grown in the area, and with proper support could greatly increase household income for smallholder farmers.
Cereals are synonyms of Indian food production, obviously due to its lion share (~ 90 %) in total
Indian food basket. Since time immemorial, fate of Indian agriculture heavily depends upon the
success of cereals production. Agriculture glory of India must be strengthened all the way through
achieving self sufficiency in food production first; secondly by improving our agriculture image at
global arena, by get redden off from net importer to net exporter, obviously through strong
presence in global agriculture market. We are marching in the right direction; cereals are the leaders
in the food commodity export especially rice “The Basmati Rice”. Since, as of now, Indian share in
the world trade is meagre (~1.0%), there are needs to scale up to the tune of 6% in very quick
succession. No doubt, Cereals and coarse cereals should be a front leader in this endeavourer. Since
a lot more has to be done; we have to have adhered on do more policy. This article discuss at length
on past glory, present status and future prospect of the great Indian food basket famously known as
“The Cereals”.
Cost-effectiveness and resource use efficiency of sweet potato in BangladeshPremier Publishers
In Bangladesh sweet potato is the 4th most important source of carbohydrate after rice, wheat and potato. The study was conducted to determine the profitability and resources use efficiency of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Poir) in Bangladesh. This study also aimed to find the factors affecting gross return of sweet potato production. A total of 100 farmers were selected from the study area through stratified random sampling technique and face to face interview was conducted to collect primary data. The cost and return analysis indicated that per hectare net return from sweet potato was 82,758.93 BDT (Bangladesh Taka). Benefit cost ratio (BCR) was found 1.97. Labor and vine cost accounted for the 48% and 28% of the total cost, respectively. Cobb-Douglas production function was used to determine the factors affecting gross return of sweet potato. The result showed that farm size, cost of vine, cost of land preparation and cost of labor have positive impact on gross return. Sweet potato cultivation is more sensitive to the output price which can be compensated by increasing yield. Resource use efficiency analysis revealed that farmers are not efficient in using resources in sweet potato production. Vine, land preparation, fertilizer and labor were underused and therefore increase the use of these resources can maximize profit in sweet potato production in Bangladesh.
Drivers of Improved Cassava Variety Adoption among Farmers in Oyo State, NigeriaPremier Publishers
Low cassava productivity in Nigeria has been linked to low adoption of modern technologies amongst farmers, creating a large gap between the current and the potential yield of cassava. Therefore, this study examined the level of adoption of improved cassava variety (TME 419) and its drivers among cassava farmers in Oyo state, Nigeria. Data collected from 236 cassava farmers with the aid of structured questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive statistics, adoption index and logit regression model. Results showed that cassava farmers in Oyo state were 49 years of age with farming experience of 21 years and farm size of 4 ha. About 69% of surveyed farmers adopted the improved cassava variety while the adoption coefficient was 0.66. The likelihood of adopting improved cassava varieties was significantly influenced by education, household size, primary occupation, farming experience, farm size, land ownership and age. Therefore, increasing the years of farmers’ education, farm size, ownership of land, entry of younger farmers, household size and non-farm occupation will increase the likelihood of adopting improved cassava variety among farmers.
Efficiency and Yield Gap Analysis in Potato Production: The Case of Potato Fa...Premier Publishers
This document analyzes potato production efficiency, yield gaps, and responsiveness to inputs among potato farmers in central Ethiopia. A survey of 196 farmers found the average technical efficiency was 62.6% and actual yield gap was 15.2 tons/ha. Eighty-six percent of yield variation was due to technical inefficiency, accounting for a 13.07 ton/ha yield gap. Efforts to improve efficiency through better farm management would be more cost-effective than introducing new technologies like varieties to increase production and productivity in the region.
1) Agricultural production needs to increase by 70% globally and 100% in developing countries by 2050 to feed the growing population. Yields of major cereals are declining globally at an average rate of 1% which is a concern.
2) India's population is projected to reach 1.5 billion by 2025, requiring a significant increase in food production. However, Indian agriculture is still technology-deficit compared to global standards, with yields far below international averages.
3) Innovative technologies need to be adopted such as drought and flood-resistant crops, more efficient irrigation systems, and remote sensing to improve yields and make agriculture more sustainable and resilient to climate change.
Rural Development Issues in Bangladesh: focus on agriculture sectorRokonZaman14
Bangladesh has a population of 163 million and agriculture is an important sector, contributing 14.23% to GDP and employing 40% of the working population. 71.67% of Bangladeshis live in rural areas where 51.7% of employment is in agriculture. Rice is the major crop but wheat, maize, fruits and vegetables are also important. Cash crops include jute and tobacco. Key issues facing Bangladeshi agriculture include underemployment and labor shortages due to seasonality, price uncertainties and low returns, natural disasters from climate change, deteriorating soil quality, and a lack of quality seeds.
This document discusses a study that used a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to analyze the potential impacts of adopting hydroponics technology in Pakistan's fruit and vegetable sector and on global trade. The study adapted the GTAP global CGE model with separate sectors for fruits and vegetables among 15 aggregated sectors and 30 aggregated regions including Pakistan. Simulations were run to quantify the effects of increasing hydroponics production of fruits and vegetables in Pakistan and reducing import tariffs on chemicals used as inputs. The results showed overall positive impacts on Pakistan's real GDP, sectoral exports and imports, terms of trade, and domestic prices of fruits and vegetables, indicating that adopting hydroponics technology could benefit Pakistan's macroeconomic indicators and consumer welfare.
Economic Implications of Tomato Production in Naushahrosanaullah noonari
This document summarizes a study on the economic implications of tomato production in Naushahro Feroze District of Sindh Pakistan. Key findings include:
- Tomato farmers incurred average fixed costs of Rs. 33,187 per hectare and labor costs of Rs. 19,780.75 per hectare.
- Average marketing costs were Rs. 30,457.65 per acre. Total production costs averaged Rs. 87,617.13 per acre.
- Average physical productivity was 186 mounds per acre. Average revenue was Rs. 158,750 per acre. Net income averaged Rs. 71,133 per acre.
- The input-output ratio was 1:1.81,
An analysis of economic efficiency in bean production evidence from eastern u...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed economic efficiency among bean farmers in Eastern Uganda. The study used a stochastic frontier cost function and Tobit regression model based on a survey of 580 households. The key findings were:
1) The mean economic efficiency level among bean farmers was 59.94%, indicating room for improvement.
2) Economic efficiency was positively influenced by factors such as value of assets, off-farm income, access to credit, and farming as the primary occupation.
3) To increase efficiency and productivity, the study recommends training farmers in business skills, and improving access to affordable credit through group lending models.
This document discusses a new rice production system called System of Organic Based Aerobic Rice Intensification (SOBARI) that aims to increase soil biological activity and rice productivity in Indonesia in a more sustainable way. SOBARI uses organic fertilizers like compost to enhance soil health while reducing inorganic fertilizer use by at least 25%. It also uses aerobic soil conditions and reduced water irrigation, which can save 30-50% of water while maintaining yields of 8-12 tons/hectare, 50-150% higher than traditional flooded rice systems. This is achieved through increased root growth and soil biodiversity under aerobic conditions. SOBARI is being adopted widely in several Indonesian provinces and shows promise
net house cultivation of vegetables in Punjab An Economic Analysisramanraman
This document provides an introduction and background on vegetable production in India. It discusses how vegetables are important for nutrition and soil health. Though India is the second largest producer of vegetables globally, per capita consumption is below recommended levels. The document then discusses how the Green Revolution led to a shift in Punjab towards wheat and rice production, creating problems of soil degradation, pests, and groundwater depletion. It argues that vegetable production could provide a more sustainable alternative. The remainder of the document outlines the objectives and organization of the study.
Measuring the cost of production and returns of hyv boro rice farmers :A stud...Kanok Chowdhury
This study is on the measurement of the cost and return of HYV boro rice farmers in comilla district. This study contributes to a better understanding of the factors that influence financial and economic profitability of HYV boro rice. In addition, this study highlights how cost of labor and commodities used in agriculture affect profitability and production of HYV boro rice crop in comilla district.
Sustainablility of agricultural transformation agendaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes research on the sustainability of agricultural transformation agenda amongst rice farmers in Ogun State, Nigeria. It finds that awareness of the Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) is still low amongst rice farmers in the study area. The ATA aims to boost rice production and achieve self-sufficiency, but its strategies need to be effectively communicated to rice farmers and other stakeholders. Previous government agricultural policies that were well-accepted in the area indicate that the ATA could also be adopted if its goals are properly promoted.
The document discusses a study on the cost of production differences for boro rice farming in Bangladesh. It finds that while the types and quantities of inputs used are similar for small, medium, and large farmers, the cost of production is significantly lower for large farmers. This is because small farmers often use borrowed money or credit to purchase inputs, increasing costs, while large farmers use their own funds and purchase inputs with cash. Reducing production costs will require increased support from the government and non-government organizations. The study was conducted by surveying 95 farmers in Jessore district.
National rice development strategy of ghanaFatimata Kone
This document presents Ghana's National Rice Development Strategy (NRDS) from 2008 to 2018. It aims to double rice production in Ghana to address food security and import reliance. Currently, Ghana's rice production only meets 24% of domestic demand but consumption is rising. The strategy was developed by national experts based on constraints like inadequate land, seeds, fertilizer, and machinery. It proposes increasing production in rain-fed upland, lowland and irrigated areas. If implemented successfully, the strategy could increase per capita rice consumption to 63kg by 2018 and reduce the country's reliance on rice imports.
The document discusses India's agriculture sector. It notes that agriculture is important to the Indian economy, employing over half of India's workforce and contributing 15% to GDP, despite a majority of farmers being small-scale or marginal. Key crops include rice, wheat, and fruits/vegetables. Agricultural growth has fluctuated over time periods. New policies are needed to support small farms, rainfed areas, and rural development for sustainable growth in the sector. The government has implemented various schemes to boost agriculture. Food processing and use of technology also present opportunities in Indian agriculture.
Growth and Yield of Soybean Direct-seeded following Conventional and Aerobic ...AI Publications
Previous studies reported that growing soybean in a dry season following conventional (flooded) rice resulted in lower grain yield compared with following rice cultivated using SRI (system of rice intensification) technique unless it was fertilized with mycorrhiza biofertilizer. This study aimed to examine residual effects of different rice cultivation techniques and organic waste application to the preceding red rice crops on growth and yield components of soybean direct-seeded without tillage following harvest of the preceding rice crop. The experiment on the red rice was arranged according to Split Plot design with three blocks and two treatment factors applied the rice crop, namely rice cultivation techniques as the main plots (T1= conventional, T2= aerobic rice on permanent raised-beds (ARR) without intercropping, T3= ARR + peanut, T4= ARR + peanut + rice straw mulch) and organic wastes applied to the red rice as the subplots (L0= without organic waste, L1= with rice husks, L2= with rice husk ash, L3= with rice husk ash and cattle manure). Results indicated that growth and yield variables of soybean direct-seeded following the red rice crop that showed significant residual effects of both treatment factors applied to the preceding red rice crop were leaf number at 8 weeks after planting, harvest index, grain number and grain yield per clump. Grain yield was highest (18.43 g/clump or 3.69 ton/ha) on soybean plants direct-seeded following aerobic rice grown on permanent raised-bed intercropped with peanut thin covered with rice straw mulch (T4) and amended with rice husk ash and cattle manure (L3), and lowest (8.54 g/clump or 1.71 ton/ha) on soybean plants direct-seeded following conventional rice (T1) without application of organic wastes (L0).
This document summarizes a study comparing the economic performance of hybrid and conventional rice production in Pakistan. It finds that total costs per hectare were higher for hybrid rice (Rs 148,992.23) than conventional rice (Rs 140,661.68), mainly due to higher seed prices and land management costs for hybrid rice. However, hybrid rice yields were significantly higher (196.14 monds/hectare vs 140.14 monds/hectare for conventional rice). As a result, hybrid rice provided higher total revenue, gross margins, and net returns compared to conventional rice varieties. Most farmers had shifted to growing hybrid rice due to its yield advantages and higher profits.
Performance of Hybrid and Conventional Rice Varieties in Sindhsanaullah noonari
The study was design to compare the economic performance of hybrid and conventional rice production, major
objectives of the study were to asses financial gain from hybrid rice comparing with conventional rice and
Taluka Golarchi was selected for the present study where both on hybrid and conventional rice varieties are
grown, primary data on hybrid and conventional rice was collected from the farmers through personal interviews
with the help of specially designed questionnaire. A simple random sampling technique was used to collect the
data. Statistical approaches used to analysis the data. Total costs per hectare of hybrid rice were 148992.23 Rs
per hectare which were more then conventional rice was 140661.68 Rs per hectactare. Major differences in
hybrid rice production cost are related to higher seed prices, slightly higher land management costs. On an
average higher yield (196.14 monds per hectare) was obtained from hybrid rice while conventional rice yield
(140.14 monds per hectare) was less then hybrid rice. There was 16.64 percent increase in hybrid rice yield
comparing with conventional rice which gives additional income to poor farmers, Price gained per mounds was
almost the same in both activities. High profit was observed in hybrid rice and low profit was obtained in
conventional rice. Most of the farmers focused to grow hybrid rice due to high yield.
Keywords: Rice, performance, hybrid, conventional, varieties, Pakistan
Impact of organic and conventional practices on, soil health and crop yield u...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study evaluated the impact of organic and conventional farming practices on soil health and crop yields in Bangladesh over 7 years. Soil samples were taken from plots using organic fertilizers (compost and BAOFER), no inputs (control), and chemical fertilizers (conventional). The organic soils had significantly higher organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and microbial populations compared to conventional soils. Crop yields in organic plots gradually increased over 5 years and were similar to conventional yields by the end. The study found that applying 15 tonnes/hectare/year of compost improved soil health and vegetable yields under tropical conditions.
Md. Forhed Bin Khalique, Sarker Md Touhiduzzaman, Md Shahidul Islam. Hilarius Murmu and Md Rasel . “Economic Analysis of Rice Production in Bangladesh” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.2 (2019): 08-17.
Effect of Transplanting date on the Growth and Yield of Aromatic Rice in Irri...iosrjce
A field experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) farm
Mymensingh, Bangladesh during the irrigated ecosystem in December, 2009 to May 2010, with a view to study
the performance of aromatic fine rice under different date of transplanting. The experiment was carried out with
four aromatic fine rice (V1= Chinisagar, V2= Chiniatab, V3= Basmati, V4=Awnless Minicat) and three different
date of transplanting (D1=20 January, D2=5 February, D3=20 February). The experiment was laid out in splitplot
design with three replications assigning four varieties in the main plot and the three different transplanting
dates in the sub plot. Aromatic fine rice and dates of transplanting individually showed significant effect on the
agronomic parameters. Among the aromatic fine rice Awnless Minicat gave the highest yield (3.10 t ha-1
) but
that was at per with those of Basmati (1.77 t ha-1
). Transplantation on 20 January gave the highest grain yield
(2.41 t ha-1 ) which was at per with the transplantation on 5 February (1.99 t ha-1 ).The result revealed that 20 January and 5 February produced highest grain yield by all the variety. In later date of transplanting 20 February produced lower grain yield.
A toxic combination of 15 years of low growth, and four decades of high inequality, has left Britain poorer and falling behind its peers. Productivity growth is weak and public investment is low, while wages today are no higher than they were before the financial crisis. Britain needs a new economic strategy to lift itself out of stagnation.
Scotland is in many ways a microcosm of this challenge. It has become a hub for creative industries, is home to several world-class universities and a thriving community of businesses – strengths that need to be harness and leveraged. But it also has high levels of deprivation, with homelessness reaching a record high and nearly half a million people living in very deep poverty last year. Scotland won’t be truly thriving unless it finds ways to ensure that all its inhabitants benefit from growth and investment. This is the central challenge facing policy makers both in Holyrood and Westminster.
What should a new national economic strategy for Scotland include? What would the pursuit of stronger economic growth mean for local, national and UK-wide policy makers? How will economic change affect the jobs we do, the places we live and the businesses we work for? And what are the prospects for cities like Glasgow, and nations like Scotland, in rising to these challenges?
STREETONOMICS: Exploring the Uncharted Territories of Informal Markets throug...sameer shah
Delve into the world of STREETONOMICS, where a team of 7 enthusiasts embarks on a journey to understand unorganized markets. By engaging with a coffee street vendor and crafting questionnaires, this project uncovers valuable insights into consumer behavior and market dynamics in informal settings."
Efficiency and Yield Gap Analysis in Potato Production: The Case of Potato Fa...Premier Publishers
This document analyzes potato production efficiency, yield gaps, and responsiveness to inputs among potato farmers in central Ethiopia. A survey of 196 farmers found the average technical efficiency was 62.6% and actual yield gap was 15.2 tons/ha. Eighty-six percent of yield variation was due to technical inefficiency, accounting for a 13.07 ton/ha yield gap. Efforts to improve efficiency through better farm management would be more cost-effective than introducing new technologies like varieties to increase production and productivity in the region.
1) Agricultural production needs to increase by 70% globally and 100% in developing countries by 2050 to feed the growing population. Yields of major cereals are declining globally at an average rate of 1% which is a concern.
2) India's population is projected to reach 1.5 billion by 2025, requiring a significant increase in food production. However, Indian agriculture is still technology-deficit compared to global standards, with yields far below international averages.
3) Innovative technologies need to be adopted such as drought and flood-resistant crops, more efficient irrigation systems, and remote sensing to improve yields and make agriculture more sustainable and resilient to climate change.
Rural Development Issues in Bangladesh: focus on agriculture sectorRokonZaman14
Bangladesh has a population of 163 million and agriculture is an important sector, contributing 14.23% to GDP and employing 40% of the working population. 71.67% of Bangladeshis live in rural areas where 51.7% of employment is in agriculture. Rice is the major crop but wheat, maize, fruits and vegetables are also important. Cash crops include jute and tobacco. Key issues facing Bangladeshi agriculture include underemployment and labor shortages due to seasonality, price uncertainties and low returns, natural disasters from climate change, deteriorating soil quality, and a lack of quality seeds.
This document discusses a study that used a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to analyze the potential impacts of adopting hydroponics technology in Pakistan's fruit and vegetable sector and on global trade. The study adapted the GTAP global CGE model with separate sectors for fruits and vegetables among 15 aggregated sectors and 30 aggregated regions including Pakistan. Simulations were run to quantify the effects of increasing hydroponics production of fruits and vegetables in Pakistan and reducing import tariffs on chemicals used as inputs. The results showed overall positive impacts on Pakistan's real GDP, sectoral exports and imports, terms of trade, and domestic prices of fruits and vegetables, indicating that adopting hydroponics technology could benefit Pakistan's macroeconomic indicators and consumer welfare.
Economic Implications of Tomato Production in Naushahrosanaullah noonari
This document summarizes a study on the economic implications of tomato production in Naushahro Feroze District of Sindh Pakistan. Key findings include:
- Tomato farmers incurred average fixed costs of Rs. 33,187 per hectare and labor costs of Rs. 19,780.75 per hectare.
- Average marketing costs were Rs. 30,457.65 per acre. Total production costs averaged Rs. 87,617.13 per acre.
- Average physical productivity was 186 mounds per acre. Average revenue was Rs. 158,750 per acre. Net income averaged Rs. 71,133 per acre.
- The input-output ratio was 1:1.81,
An analysis of economic efficiency in bean production evidence from eastern u...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed economic efficiency among bean farmers in Eastern Uganda. The study used a stochastic frontier cost function and Tobit regression model based on a survey of 580 households. The key findings were:
1) The mean economic efficiency level among bean farmers was 59.94%, indicating room for improvement.
2) Economic efficiency was positively influenced by factors such as value of assets, off-farm income, access to credit, and farming as the primary occupation.
3) To increase efficiency and productivity, the study recommends training farmers in business skills, and improving access to affordable credit through group lending models.
This document discusses a new rice production system called System of Organic Based Aerobic Rice Intensification (SOBARI) that aims to increase soil biological activity and rice productivity in Indonesia in a more sustainable way. SOBARI uses organic fertilizers like compost to enhance soil health while reducing inorganic fertilizer use by at least 25%. It also uses aerobic soil conditions and reduced water irrigation, which can save 30-50% of water while maintaining yields of 8-12 tons/hectare, 50-150% higher than traditional flooded rice systems. This is achieved through increased root growth and soil biodiversity under aerobic conditions. SOBARI is being adopted widely in several Indonesian provinces and shows promise
net house cultivation of vegetables in Punjab An Economic Analysisramanraman
This document provides an introduction and background on vegetable production in India. It discusses how vegetables are important for nutrition and soil health. Though India is the second largest producer of vegetables globally, per capita consumption is below recommended levels. The document then discusses how the Green Revolution led to a shift in Punjab towards wheat and rice production, creating problems of soil degradation, pests, and groundwater depletion. It argues that vegetable production could provide a more sustainable alternative. The remainder of the document outlines the objectives and organization of the study.
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conventional rice. Most of the farmers focused to grow hybrid rice due to high yield.
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potato storage slide .pptx
1. PRODUCTION, MARKETING SYSTEM, STORAGE AND
FUTURE ASPECT OF POTATO IN BANGLADESH.
• Utsarika Singha1
• and Shigenori Maezawa2*
2. Background information of potato storage
In Bangladesh more than 100 vegetables are produced (Rubayet and Jony, 2016). Among a huge
variety of vegetables, potato stands first by choice of farmers after introducing some preservation
facilities like cold storage and so on (Moazzem and Fujita, 2004). Whole year round demand of potato
by consumers and the high perishable rate of other vegetables due to lack of preservation facilities
are also responsible for the higher production within last few years though the cultivation of potato
was started at late 19th century in Bangladesh (Baset et al., 2009) in contrast to 17th century in Indian
sub-continent (Pandey et al., 2000) and commercial production of crops was started from 1920
(Hossain et al., 2008). The geographical suitability of Bangladesh is also responsible for the increase
production of potato in every year (Nunn and Qian, 2011).
According to Department of Agriculture Extension (DAE, 2016) of Bangladesh, 8.95 million metric tons
potato was produced in the fiscal year (FY) 2013-2014 which was 0.345 million metric tons higher
than the previous FY. For this tremendous production, now Bangladesh is the seventh largest potato
producer’s country in the world followed by the production of China, India, Russian Federation,
Ukraine, United States, and Germany and third in Asia (FAOSTAT, 2019). The increased cultivable land
along with the increased per hectare yield were helped to achieved this remarkable production (BBS,
2016).
3. Background information of potato storage
Thus potato consumed as vegetable in Bangladesh rather than staple food in
other first world country (Hong et al., 2017) and in relation to per capita
consumption Bangladesh stands second by consuming 23 Kilograms (Kg) after
China, where the consumable amount was 32 Kg (Reardon et al., 2012); but as a
most used vegetable, potato consumed over 100 countries of the world (Hajong
et al., 2014). From the nutritional aspect, potato is one of the cheapest sources
of carbohydrates and furnishes appreciable amount of vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
and C as well as some minerals (King and Slavin, 2013).
In addition, potato is a high productivity crops (Azimuddin et al., 2009) and
helpful to eradicate hunger from Bangladesh to achieved Millennium
Development Goals within 2015 (Hossain and Abdullah, 2016).
4. Why storage is important for good margin
• Though this huge production, the farmers were devoid of a good margin from their cultivated product.
Maximum growers sell their product immediate after harvesting due to small amount of storage
facilities, ignorance about market price and cash need (Hajong et al., 2014). Basically this distressed
sale occurred during pick production season at March to April (BIDA, 2016). Along with this, some
other risk factors such as consumers taste and priorities, weather instability, storing infestation of
diseases and so on helps to change the market situation rapidly (Hall et al., 2006) which also triggered
farmers to sell their product immediate after harvest.
5. Storage and marketing problem
• Middlemen are waiting for this situation and buy potatoes from farmers and stored, then sold them in high
pricing month of October to December (BIDA, 2016). Due to the interrupted supply of the electricity,
temperature of the cold storage can`t be maintain properly; as a result shrinking, sporulation and some
potato became rotten, which reduce the weight of the potato (Hajong et al., 2014). Sometimes it becomes
less than 70 percent of its original size (Walker et al., 1999). About 2-9 percent of cold stored potato
affected by diseases (Khan et al., 1973) which is equal to 80 million Bangladeshi currency/ taka (BDT)
(Azimuddin et al., 2009). These diseases occur in the cold storage due to over density because freeness of
the diseases of potato depends directly proportional to its preservation space (Scott and Suarez, 2011,
2012). By this way, about one third of annual production of potato waste every year which hamper our
economy badly (Chakraborty and Roy, 2016) otherwise sharing of GDP from agricultural products will
increase. Due to the above said circumstances, the terminal consumers need to pay more money for
buying the product but farmers share on this wages is very low.
• This sort of inefficient marketing system doesn`t assure a remunerative prices to the farmers. This type of
problems presents most of the developing countries due to presence of excessive number of intermediaries
between producer and consumer (Huq et al., 2004) but their role in marketing can’t be demoralized (De
and Bhukta, 1994). So it is very important to find out the alternative ways to benefit the farmers and also
not to squeeze the income opportunity of other persons like intermediaries.
6. Objectives of study
The aim of this study is to analyze the present situation of potato
production, storage, marketing system and export with its constraints
which become acquainted with some previous efficient works.
7. Socio-economic status of potato cultivation
farmers and marketing constraints
• Among potato cultivating farmers, 53.3% were illiterate, average age in between 20-35 years, and
working experience in between 1-10 years (Mukul et al., 2013). Notable thing was no higher
educated people in Bangladesh were directly involved in the cultivation of potato. Generally potato
cultivating farmers can be grouped in to 4 groups- landless (0 acres), small farm size (0.01-0.49
acres), medium farm size (0.50-1.49 acres) and large farm size (≥1.50 acres) (Moazzem and Fujita,
2004). They found that 25% farmers were landless but they cultivate other land that’s why they
known as borgachasi.
• Landless and small farm sized farmers generally collect money as loan from other rich
person or from some organization like as bank to cultivate potato. But for the landless
farmers it is difficult to loan money from bank as a result they borrow money from other
rich person with a high interest. They have to return the borrowed money immediate after
harvesting their cultivated crops. That’s why farmers need cash and they sold their
product in low price during the harvesting period. As a whole by cultivating potato they
are not benefited properly.
8. Potato production in relation to cultivated
area
The ideal potato growing temperature is 45° to 80°F and in Bangladesh
potato mainly cultivate in winter season when the temperature stands in
between 64° to 84°F (Haverkort, 1990; Khurana and Garg, 2003). Severe
damage of potato may occur when temperature drops below 32°F (Hijmans,
2003). So, for the suitable environment, every year Bangladesh produced
and consumed large quantities of potatoes (Hossain and Abdulla, 2016). In
production and consume perspective, potato is the third and second largest
food crops in Bangladesh, respectively (FAOSTAT, 2014). Generally, in
every FY, potato cultivated area increased consequently in Bangladesh
(BBS, 2016; FAOSTAT, 2019). Table 1 showed the total harvested potato
area in contrast to total harvested cropped area during FY
2000-01 to 2014-15. Harvesting pattern of potato also showed in Table 1.
Potato cultivating land increased rapidly in comparison with total cropped
area in those FY with a little exception in FY 2001-02, 2006-07, 2008-09,
and 2011-12 due to the natural calamities. These data strongly suggest that
potato production and cultivation is increased in day by day due to the
increased demand.
9. Demography of potato production in
Bangladesh
In consideration of production, potato is one of the most
promising crops in Bangladesh. Along with the increasing
potato cultivated area, production was also increased. In
every fiscal year department of agricultural extension,
Bangladesh fixed the production targets of every cultivated
crop. Most of the times, the actual production of the potato is
higher than the target production. Decreased intensity of the
natural calamity like as flood, supply of high quality seed,
fertilizer, pesticide and proper facility of management
provided by the agricultural officers are helpful to achieve
the over production during the last couple of years. Table 2
showed the information about actual production and
production pattern of potato in every FY from 2000-01 to
2014-15.
10. Preservation system of potatoes in
Bangladesh
The purpose of potato storage is to maintain their most edible and marketable condition and also to provide a
uniform flow of potato to market and processing plants throughout the year (Eltawil et al., 2006). But it must be
realized that some damage can be happened even if the optimum storage facility is provided. Temperature,
humidity, CO2 and air movement are the most important factors during storage (Harbenburg et al., 1986) and
potato have a tendency to high storage loss during first three months of storage (Varns et al., 1985). However,
before storing, the storability of potatoes should be determined by such factors like- cultivar, growing techniques,
type of soil, weather conditions during growth, diseases before harvesting, and maturity of potatoes at the time of
harvesting, damage to tubers during lifting, transport and filling of the store (Rastovesky, 1987; Burton et al.,
1992).
In Bangladesh, different methods of potato storing are used. Some small scale farmers of northern Bangladesh
use traditional method but it is not well established method for preservation of potato in Bangladesh. In southern
part of Bangladesh, some innovative storage system is used, namely- ambient type potato storage and coolbot
storage by the help of The United States Agency for International Development (USAID), International Potato
Center (CIP), World Vegetable Center (AVRDC), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) and some
Non-Government organization (NGO) - BRAC and PROSHIKA. But most popular and new storing system is cold
storage. According to DAM, 2016; out of 375 cold storages, 343 are now active and provide their service for
storing potato. In 2014, 346 cold storages were providing their service but in 2015, 3 cold storages were out of
their service.
11. Preservation system of potatoes in
Bangladesh
• In 2014, the available storing capacity was 2617948 tonnes but only 1998631 tonnes was stored.
On the other hand the storing capacity was decreased to 2598948 in 2015 and the storing volume
was increased to 2022135 tonnes (Fig. 2). Proper management, relatively low fare and the non-
stopping electricity supply can enhance the storing volume of cold storage. The cold storage owners
are busy with their storing business but previously they were engaged with trading and contract
framing with farmers also (Lewis, 1991). In recent few years Bangladeshi farmers and potato
marketing associated peoples become habituated with this new technology of preservation in cold
storage. Therefore, we cannot manage data before FY 2013-14. So, it will be interesting enough if
future research will go by this way- efficacy of cold storage in potato preservation in Bangladesh.
12.
13. Role of different intermediaries in potato
marketing
A large number of intermediaries are associated with the marketing channel of potato. All intermediaries are
essential for the proper supply of potato because they collect the segregated production and distribute throughout
the country. In a developing country like Bangladesh where the unemployment problem is available, long potato
marketing gives the opportunity to work some people easily. Their specific function was described previously by
some researchers (e.g. Das and Hanaoka 2014) and briefly as follows-
Faria(commission agents): Faria is a pretty trader who handled small volume of product and purchases potato
from the farmers. After that sells it to Bepari(wholasalers). Sometimes he sells product directly to the local
consumers also.
Bepari (wholesalers). : Bepari is a professional wholesale trader who purchases from faria, bring their
consignment to the urban wholesale market and sells them to paiker and retailer through aratder (commission
agent). Occasionally, he goes to village for purchasing potato from farmers.
Aratdhar(commission agents) : Arathdar is a commission agent who has a fixed establishment and operates
between bepari and retailers, or farmer and paiker, or bepari and paiker. Arathdar charges a fix commission for
providing storage facilities.
Paiker(wholesalers): Wholesaler of the consuming area is known as paiker, who purchases potato from bepari
through aratdhar and sell those to retailer or consumer.
Retailer: Retailer is the last link in the marketing channel before consumer, buys potato from aratdhar or
wholesaler and sells to consumers. Retailer is independently organized and has permanent shop in the market.
14. Marketing margins of potatoes
In marketing system, marketing margin has been defined as the difference between the price
received by the producers and the price paid by the final consumers which is composed of two
components, marketing cost and net margin or profit (Huq et al., 2004).
In a specific stage of marketing channel, the difference between the purchasing price and the
selling price is called the marketing margin of that stage. Investment in the potato market is
characterized by high risk and high return. Therefore, high profitability is not unlike in potato
marketing due to the involvement of the high price risk (Moazzem and Fujita, 2004). Previously we
discussed that the distribution channel of potato in Bangladesh is generally long. The conventional
claim is that the middlemen are slicing off a major portion of the consumer’s price as profit (Sarker
and Sasaki, 1999a). Contrary to this statement, it was found that the long distribution channel in
Bangladesh was economically effective (Sarker and Sasaki, 1999b) due to scarcity of employment.
The average farm gate, wholesale and retail price of potato in Bangladeshi is increasing in recent
FY than earlier (Fig. 4).
15.
16. Future aspect of potato cultivation
• To eradicate malnutrition and hunger from developing countries, potato plays a vital role after rice, wheat
and maize (Swaminathan, 2001; Arun et al., 2015) but produces more food/hector/day than wheat, rice
and maize (Kumar and Pandey, 2008). In addition, due to the increasing population pressure, growing
urbanization and rapid changes of consumers demand and market preferences, sustainable changes in
potato consumption in developing countries has been identified (Pandey et al., 2005). These things trigger
to increase production of potato which makes Bangladesh one of the potatoes producing leading country
in the world. In Bangladesh, land quality, availability of quality high yielding varieties seed and
government policy also helpful to increase the total potato production in future. So, export of potato and
potato oriented industry will also increase in Bangladesh which will help to generate new employment to
the people. In addition, it is evident that to increase the farmers share from the marketing system, co-
operative marketing system will be a good solution (Pandey et al., 2005). To increase the potato
cultivation for increased production, government can introduce co-operative marketing system among
rural farmers to maintain the sustainable production. To develop more sufficient flow of potatoes in the
market, more research is needed. Research institutes can take initiatives to develop overall situation of
potato.