Post-Modernism In International Relations

Post-Modernism In International Relations
Post–Modernsism is a very important and essential theory that has been brought about to the study of international relations. It falls under the category
of post–positivism, which is a rejection of positivism in the sense that it dismisses the notion that international relations can be observed in an objective
manner. Other theories encompassed in the post–positivism umbrella include constructivism, neo–marxism, critical theory, feminism, and
post–colonialism (Burchill 2013). Post–Modernism also brought about new perspectives to international relations, these include: arbitrary nature of
modernity, choice posing as truth, reality as a social construction, the rejection of positivism, the crisis of modernity, loss of confidence in the authority
of the grand narratives, its relation to language, and the process of identity construction. Also, notably, Post–Modernism may receive criticism from
constructivism and realism, but ultimately arguments for Post–Modernism will make more logical sense within the international relations arena. Lastly,
Post–Modernism is essential because of it's unique views in ideas such as language, abstract views, etc., to better understand political activity within the
international relations community. First and foremost, Post–Modernism has added some very fresh and important factors to theorists in international
relations. Post–Modernism is more specific than its predecessors because it critiques the Enlightenment project as whole, specifically
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Alexander Wendt belongs to the school of "Social Constructivists" who claim that the important features of International Relations (IR) are constructed
, either social or historically. Identities and interests of international actors are given required space by constructivists. Wendt talks about two approved
and accepted fundamental aspects of Constructivism "that the structures of human association are determined primarily by shared ideas rather than
material forces, and that the identities and interests of purposive actors are constructed by these shared ideas rather than given by nature1
Wendt commences the article with a remark that when theorists in International Relations (IR) say, states are 'actors' or 'persons' they imply that some
...show more content...
(Inside – role of structures and processes within the body of a human body ; outside – role of social recognition in making persons )
A person would be granted rights and other such privileges in a society, if he or she is treated to a be a section or part of the society and if that individual
is considered to be a share of the society then he or she is also faced with all its material consequences. Being either real or fictional makes a huge
difference to a person's life chances. And so is the case with the states, the states that would have a pre–requisite of being part the international system.
Wendt moves on to affirm three types of "persons" rather three types of states. They are the psychological persons, legal persons and moral persons.
He attributes mental or cognitive nature to psychological persons , rights and obligations in a community of to legal persons whereas the moral
persons are accountable for actions under a moral code. Law and morality being social conventions, it seems clear that legal and moral persons are
constituted entirely by social

Reflection On International Relations
Interacting with the first group of international partners in India was a difficult but intriguing experience. The interaction was difficult because of
complications with technology. We were unable to accurately distinguish what our Indian colleagues were saying. Their responses to many questions
had to be inferred during each visual interaction. Despite these issues, the interaction with the students from India allowed me to gain insight on
international relations.
The students from India gave us a very good impression. These students were very nice and respectful and seem to be very interested in the topics
that were discussed. On each topic, all the students gave us a personal perspective of their way of life. The students from India openly shared their
opinions and ideas with us and even laughed at jokes with us. They were very accepting of our opinions and ideas even though our beliefs had some
differences. It was easier to chat through other social networking sites rather than class meetings. One downfall of the interactions with our partners
was that we never engaged in the chat rooms in class. Each class meeting, we were consistently on video with the entire class instead of being able to
just communicate with our assigned partner. This created issues because I was unable to get to know more about my partner because of our contrasting
schedules outside of class.
My partner Gouri Sohani was an excellent individual to collaborate with. We chose to communicate with

The Importance Of International Relations
In the international system, international relations (IR) theories play an important role in helping people understand how nation–states interact with
each other. In their 2017 book, The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations, Baylis, Smith, and Owens explore two
prominent IR theories, liberalism and realism, both of which recognize the existence of anarchy and the importance of the state in the international
system. Realists define anarchy as a lack of "overarching central authority above individual sovereign states" (Baylis et al. 105). The international
system is governed by both anarchy and by law and cooperation. This is evidenced by the following: law and cooperation exists in the international
...show more content...
113). For instance, as a member of the United Nations (UN), Kuwait received military and humanitarian aid from other UN states during the Gulf War
(1991–2) through the principle of collective security, which follows that "each [member] state in the system accepts that the security of one is the
concern of all, and agrees to join in a collective response to aggression" (Baylis et al. 120–22). At the same time, IOs and liberals understand the
importance of a state's right maintain self–determination of its own territory and population (Baylis et al. 121; 546). Lastly, with combined economic
and military power, all member states help "punish" or subdue any state that threatens their universal liberal doctrine of human rights and democratic
freedoms (Baylis et al. 121). According to the liberal democratic peace theory, democratic states avoid war and maintain peace with each other in
comparison to undemocratic regimes (Baylis et al. 119; 533). Thus, when each member state maintains the common interests of the IO, peace and the
establishment of some international authority remains a possiblity.
However, when international organizations unite to impose liberal values on non–democratic or authoritarian regimes through the instigation of wars,
this form of law and cooperation leads to anarchy or unchecked power in the international system. The democratic peace theory is a fallacy as liberal
democratic states

Introduction:
Why has a collective, global solution to climate change become stuck? What international relations theories can explain this and how can they facilitate
better cooperation between countries? A global climate change solution has been stuck due to the unwillingness or inability of developed nations like
the U.S. to take responsibility of their large share of the past and current greenhouse gas emissions. Reducing emissions in developed countries is not
enough, and the weighted action needed cannot be equal between developed and developing nations. This means we cannot expect large developing
countries such as India and China to reduce their emissions at the same rate as the U.S., or other developed nations. The Paris Climate Agreement has
been ineffective in the sense that the agreement is not binding or you could say lacks obligation. Another reason why a collective action has been stuck
is the problem of the lack of uniform acceptance that climate change is real, most notably in the U.S, which creates a battle internally on how to
address it. This lack of acceptance can influence the policy of states, such as the U.S., which has directly contributed to the U.S.'s inability to meet their
requirements in the Paris Climate Agreement. Also, the power of private interests can have major effects on policy, especially in a political system
such as the U.S.
Institutionalism and Constructivism are two international relations theories that can explain this

English School Theory Essay
Theory, in general has various meanings in Social Sciences, most in particular in, International Relations. That is the term "Theory" can be defined
in various ways and means. Simply put, theory can be defined as a concept of explaining something. Furthermore, theory can be defined as a series
of propositions about political behaviour inductively derived either from empirical studies or the comparative examination of case materials from the
past (Akinboye & Ottoh, 2005). It can also be defined as a set of proposals of action for the statesman. The essence of the definition of the term "Theory
" is to understand weather or not, the English School qualifies as a theory of International Relations. The origin of English School started in LSE,
London School of Economics, in the department of International Relations by C.A.W Manning, Martin Wight,Hedley Bull, Adam Watson, Alan James
and John Vincent. It should be mentioned that one critique of the English School theorist is on how not so English they were, with their developer;
Manning being South Africa., which is proof of the loose geographic link between the theory and its name (Wilson, 2013). In addition, the English
School was designed to incorporate the two major theories that were trying to explain International Outcomes namely, Realism and Liberalism; in order
to come to a better, more complete understanding of International Relations, English School theorists sought to answer an essential: How is one to
incorporate the

Essay On International Relations With Russia
International Relations with Russia's Invasion
Levi Rodrigues
American Military University
Professor Anna Kathy
Russia invaded the territory of Ukraine in 2014. After the fall of the President of Ukraine as well as the protests of Euromaidan, Russia decided to take
control of infrastructure and strategic areas within Ukraine. Russia joined Crimea after a disproved vote which resulted in Crimeans voting to join the
Federation of Russia following official results. Therefore, pro–Russian groups organized demonstrations in the region of Donbass in Ukraine which
intensified into armed conflict between the government of the Ukraine and the forces that were backing Russia which were Lugansk and Donetsk. The
forces had...show more content...
Religious groups are also relevant non–state actors in the war (Larrabee, 2014). The leader of the Russian Orthodox Church supplied spiritual support
to president Putin's ideology of the Russian World. Religious tensions have led to confusion among people as radical, and competing views develop an
environment of instability and distrust.
International organizations that have responded to the invasion are the United Nations, NATO and International Monetary Fund (IMF). The United
Nations has held meetings to discuss the situation in Ukraine. The secretary general of the UN, Ban Ki–Moon who is also against the Russian
incursion. NATO has asked Russia to respect the sovereignty of Ukraine, and it has condemned Russia for sending its military troops to Crimea. The
IMF has offered financial assistance to Ukraine, and it is planning to send an assessment team to Ukraine. The Donbas non–governmental organizations
have come up with strategies to solve the catastrophe in the eastern part of Ukraine.
The key individuals involved in the conflict are Alexander Zakharchenko who is the leader of the rebel group Donetsk (Mankoff, 2014). He admitted
that many Russian soldiers were helping him. Other individuals are Strelkov who is the commander of the rebels and Vladimir Antyufeyev who is the
politician of the Donetsk.
Liberalism is the best theory that explains the event. Liberalism is based on the belief that actors in the international system could achieve a

Essay about International Relations
International Relations
As I look back on high school, I remember walking through the hallways and seeing people and groups of all kinds. The hallways were lined, side to
side, with different groups of different people with different ideas and opinions. I, myself, was part of a clique also. However, my clique inter–mingled
with other cliques as we exchanged our ideas, opinions, and experiences. There were some other cliques that did the same as they did not isolate
themselves from the rest of high school life. However, there were also the other kinds of groups which committed themselves to that group, and they
did isolate themselves from everyone else.
Now, let's take these cliques and turn them into full–scale nations. The high...show more content...
This isolation from the rest of the world instills a sense of security within the people and within the government. They do not have to trust any other
nations, nor do they have to rely on any other nations for anything. Basically, they decide that it would be best for them to work out political situations
by themselves instead of looking to a foreign government as a model to deal with the situation.
However, this also shows one of the weaknesses of localization. If a nation isolates itself politically from the rest of the nation, then there is a good
chance that they will fall behind with the times; thus, they may lose face when it comes to their status on the world stage.
Economically, globalization supports the expansion of trade, production, and investments to markets outside their own. This expansion is apparent
when we look at the formation of such institutions as the European single market, the North American free trade area, the newly emerging Asian
groupings, and the "long overdue" formation of the World Trade Organization. These institutions have allowed nations (that accept globalization) to
experiment with several different markets in order to achieve economic gain.
Large corporations now participate in foreign markets instead of remaining within a domestic market. They know that people are fascinated by the
cultures of other races, and they implement facilities into other nations. For instance, James Rosenau

International Relations Essay
Introduction: At the end of WWII in 1945, Western Europe and arguably the entire world looked to the United States for a recovery plan. Great
Britain was loosing control over its colonies, France and Germany had been destroyed by the war, and the Soviet Union was gaining power. This put
the United States in a position of power, the question that arises with this is, does the United States try to gain control as the hegemonic power in the
international system? Is there a real necessity in the region of the Middle East to gain the hegemonic power in terms of U.S national interest/security?
International Relation realists would say of course there is. Within the discipline of International Relations there are several paradigms and...show more
content...
These three factors all interact in several cases to support the conclusion that the post–WWII United States was in fact trying to gain control as the
hegemonic power which supports the Realist claim that states are self–interested power seeking rational actors.
Regionalism:
Intro:
Regionalism can mean two different things; in one sense of the word it is the joining of states in a geographic region to form a relationship
whether it be an alliance or just an acknowledgment that each other's policies will affect one another. In the other sense of the word it is a concept
of how to view the world. An example of this would be Spiegel's quotation of Greek foreign minister, Dora Bakoyannis, " In the Middle East, there
is no way of definitely solving an issue while ignoring the others, This is why we need an integrated strategy for dealing with the Middle East as a
whole...." In this case I will be examining the first situation, the cooperation of several states in a geographical region, and how it impacted U.S
foreign policy toward the region. According to Hinnebusch, a state's geopolitical position specifically defines the threats and opportunities it faces.
Thus, a states power position in the regional system is shaped by its resources, size of territory and population, and the strategic importance or
vulnerability of its location, shapes its ambitions. Therefore small states are more

Debating since middle school made me concluded that I want to study international relations and I hate debating yet I love story–telling. What I don't
like about debating is not only because we have to be ruthless for the reason all that matter is how we win the motion from the other side without taking
concern of other party's opinion, but also the win–lose situation that debate forced. What I like about story–telling is not only it is fun since all that
matter is everybody should put their best in telling their own share of story because there is no right or wrong side of the story, but also it is a
win–win situation. For me, my bachelor study was also a win–win; I did well on all university students aspects: academic, organizational,...show more
content...
Diplomacy and negotiation is a smoother way of debate. In diplomacy we shall not be rude in expressing our opinion and we should mind others
opinion highly. Therefore I like diplomacy and negotiation better because in negotiation we should compromise each other's interest to success, in other
words it's more likely a win–win situation. To be able to exercise diplomacy and negotiation in the best way of possible I took part in several
international conference simulations. After trying my hand at diplomacy for the first time in the new student orientation program, I was selected to
represent my university to participated in Short Diplomatic Simulation of 21st Indonesian International Relations Students National Meeting. I
received Best Performance award as Head Delegate of Lao PDR in an ASEAN Conference Simulation. I want to practice my diplomacy in a more
global sphere so I participated in Indonesia Model United Nations in 2010. Although as the Head Delegate of Turkey in General Assembly I didn't
receive any award, but I gained a tremendous experience and an unexpected description of United Nations' decision–making process, which is very
complicated.
I think organizational and leadership qualities are important in conducting diplomacy. Hence I have many organizational activities during my bachelor
study. After holding several head division positions, on the third year I was the Vice President of the Students

Statement Of Purpose For International Relations
STATEMENT OF PURPOSE International Relations is an important discipline in order to understand how the global system works. By studying
International Relations, it is possible to analyze political, social and economic issues throughout the world and develop possible solutions for those
issues. My aim to pursue master degree in International Relations is to enhance my current analyze and problem solution skills on international politics
and international economic relations. Thus, by pursuing master degree in International Relations, I will be able to develop more sophisticated point of
view towards international politics and economic effects on international politics. By pursuing International Relations master degree at University of
Massachusetts...show more content...
In addition, I had the opportunity of case studies. Which gave me a well–rounded perspective on particular cases in International Relations. For
instance, at Turkish Foreign Policy class, we analyzed Cyprus Issue with all aspects, actors, approaches and events. By learning international security
theories, I was able to realize that, every conflict and situation can be systematically and sophistically analyzed by IR theories. Without studying
security theories, international disputes cannot be analyzed and understood properly. Throughout my studies as an undergraduate student, the
importance of economic effects on International Relations became obvious to me. Current market liberal economic system and multi–national
companies affect policy making processes of the states. Economic crisis affects nearly every country on the globe because of economic interdependence
between countries. Thus, in order to understand and gain more sophisticated perspective about economic effects on IR, I attended classes as,
International Economics, History of International Economic Relations and History of Economic

Introduction
Social humanitarian sciences focus on studying global political processes and the object of its research are social phenomena, which are defined as
"international relations" in the world we know. International relations are comprised of many different categories, such as foreign policy, international
politics or world politics. However, the central issue of international politics is the international relations. The term "international relations" has been
first used by English philosopher J. Bentham at the end of 18th century. It is important to note that it is not accidentally that the term appeared at that
particular time, as the border line of 18–19th centuries is marked by evolution of the international relations'...show more content...
The essence of first paradox lies in understanding that alongside with aspiration to use nuclear or other power in international relations, there is a clear
threat of universal nuclear catastrophe. Second paradox is connected with urge to develop a nuclear policy with the help of which, one can avoid
possible consequences of the nuclear catastrophe. The third paradox was seen by Morgenthau in the continuous nuclear arms race and attempts to end
such. Lastly, the fourth paradox consists that with existence of nuclear power the relations between allies are changed in core. Thus, in conclusion
~5~
Morgenthau stated that: "any attempt, despite of its ingenuity and foresight, aimed at tying up nuclear power with targets and methods of state policies,
gets negated by the unusual destructive force of nuclear power". Being a popular school of thought in United States, realism found its followers in
Europe as well; though, at large European scientists employed Morgenthau's views and concepts only to explain various global phenomena. The French
school of thought has been a leader on European continent, with its leading representative, R. Aron. Aron, was not an orthodox follower of the realism
theory, rather he critiqued and opposed the realism postulates, though ironically coming at the end to the same conclusions. However, the main
differences proposed by Aron, was the availability of the industrial power as means of war, providing

International relations (IR) focuses on the behaviors and interactions of states. Walt (1998), argues that IR is guided its dominant paradigms: realism,
liberalism, and constructivism. Nevertheless, other scholars focus on perspectives that are informed by regional history. For example, Smith (2009)
suggests that African perspectives can inform IR theory. In this essay, I will discuss how African perspectives inform IR theory. First, I'll discuss the
focus of African perspectives. Second, I'll discuss how the African perspective informs IR theory. Third, and finally, I'll conclude with a summary of the
main points of the essay. African perspectives, provide political, social, and economic context and cultural experiences that are crucial to IR theory.
Specifically, African perspectives focus on the importance of contextual and cultural differences betweenAfrica and the rest of the world to enrich IR
theory. The African context is dominated by diversity yet it is still marginalized from core IR theory. The contextual differences between the political,
social, and economic environments between Africa and the world have distinct implications for "the practice and study of international relations."
(Smith 272). One of the chief contextual differences is the distinction of states in Africa being states solely in name. The state–centrism of western IR
theory is thus not acknowledged in African perspectives as states are not considered the main focus. This retreat from state

Essay On International Relations
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
This report describes briefly about the history of International Relations (IR) and United Nation (UN) Organization as well as the role of UN in
international relation with the world government. It also contain about the importance of international relation and the actors and influencers, power
politics, waning of the war, international system, foreign policy, military force and terrorism, international organization, law andhuman rights.
Moreover, it also involve the correlation between International Relations and United Nation Organization as well as the work of UN and its agencies
worldwide in handling different issues within the International Relation context.
International relations is mainly concerned with the relationship among nations. The study mainly focuses on the actors, social and economic structure
as well as geographical and historical influences of the nations, which are blended together for the initiation of International Relations globally.
International relations refer to the study of the associations among states and other political as well as financial units in the global organization. It is
concerned with foreign policies and affairs between national governments. It begins with an appreciation of the issues faced by...show more content...
International relations is enhanced more and more by developing mutual understanding among countries as well as respecting each other human rights
and freedom. International relation may fail without support and guidance from UN organization, which helps to develop peace and safer world for us
and future generation, concerned with the actors, social and economic structure as well as geographical and historical influences of the nation. These
all the aspects and issues of international relations are blended together for the better world with the support and role of UN

The Importance Of International Relations
International relation is a major discipline in social science, which illustrates international politics on a worldwide scale. International relations study
the history, culture, government, economy, and social aspects of nations around the globe. Studying of international relations became so vital for every
nation to understand other countries' national interests in terms of politics and economy. In the twenty first century, there having been conflicts around
the world with so many great powers are involved. Scholars in the field of international relations face challenges, while they analyze or conduct
researches about other nations' politics because every day international politics are changing so rapidly(Hall,2015).
Throughout human history, there have been always conflicts and dissatisfaction among human kind. People always want more and to be powerful,
especially powerful countries. In today's politics, great powers have changed the world dynamic in terms of their presence in some parts of the world
and international relations became a significant major school for every nation to understand the global politics. It determines how countries react in
international level due to implementation of their interests within the region and globally. Scholars in the field read books, articles and listen to daily
news while they do research on a region or country. This sometimes makes harder for scholars to gather all their information from that specific nation
due to security or

Abstract
Liberalism is more of a dominant philosophy in modern world more concentrating to European and American political system. Liberalism have many
variations and many proposal for state. In this essay I will try to discourse different views towards liberalism is viewed. This essay views liberalism in
more surficial manner but will try to touch the essential values and norms regarding liberalism. Liberalism is based on human experience and habit
absorbed from society. So in same manner in this essay I will be trying to review and address liberalism and different philosophers Kant, Locke, Doyle
and many more. When there is liberalism, one of the important issue that liberalism talks is international institutions and their impact on international
politics and international relations of states. As liberalism argues for influence of international institutions on global arena of resolving war and
conflict. Liberalism being the dominant philosophy in 21st century it is fascinating at the same to know more about liberalism and its inspiration for
global space. Liberalism is vague and huge topic for discussion but this essay will try to highlight crucial issues that liberalism has been exercising
throughout its development. From the age of enlightenment to modern era.
Introduction
Liberalism is very different from what realism says. Just for instance realism denies any form of international institutions as an actor other than state
itself. But contrary to realism,

Human Rights And International Relations
Dower, N. (2007) 'Human rights and International relations', The International Journal of Human Rights, pp.86–111 Whether there is a place for
Human rights in the arena of international relation has sparked an interesting debate. Whereas some contend that the arena of international relations
and foreign policy is evidently interest–led, some have sort to see an increase in a global agenda that places value on human rights and ethical
considerations. Nigel Dower, bringing a philosophical background into his perspective on international relations, soundly falls within the debate that
pushes for a place for human rights in international relations. Similar to his research area in world ethics, Dower's article aims to present his support for
an ethically global community. In this paper I will outline some of the key focal points of Dower's article and how he develops to present his argument.
I will conclude by evaluating that Dower's article inserts some theoretical insight into the wider debate that encourages the necessity of a universalist
/cosmopolitan view. Nonetheless, it fails to provide adequate applicable examples which as a result subdue a full understanding of why this has not
been achieved, though desirable. Dower states from the onset the purpose of his article and firmly grounds it in the exploration of the ethical basis of
international relations. His article attempts to explore the implications of international relations accepting the thesis that there are

Realism is one of the main theories within International Relations. It provides the view that all actors within the international system act on their own
self–interests to gain power. This essay intends to discuss its usefulness as a theory and the reasons for and against it being used to analyse world
affairs. Firstly, it shall discuss how the theory is advantageous as it explains how shifts in the balance of power can lead to conflict however it is
unable to explain why the distribution of power changes. Second, it will portray how it is useful because states do not need to be labelled as good or
bad to fit the theory although it disregards the idea of Natural law and gives a cynical view of human morality. Finally, it will suggest that as the theory
is very parsimonious, it can be applied to multiple situations within the world system. On the other hand, it will be said that it fails to look at
individuals within a state and their influence on the actions of the state. These costs and benefits will be conveyed through the current tensions between
the USA and North Korea to link the theory in with current world politics.
It can be said that in the case of the USA and North Korea, the current tensions developed further because of the start of nuclear weapons programmes
in North Korea which created panic in US government (Pevehouse and Goldstein, 2017, p. 31). Realism highlights how this shift in the balance of
power threatens US security as they are no longer a more

Post-Modernism In International Relations

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Post-Modernism In International Relations