Post-harvest diseases can destroy 10-30% of total crop yields and over 30% in some perishable crops. They develop during harvesting, grading, packing, transportation, storage, and consumption. Major losses occur in fresh fruits and vegetables and grains/legumes. Common post-harvest pathogens include Aspergillus, Penicillium, Erwinia, Monilinia, zygomycetes, and Sclerotinia. They cause diseases such as ear rot, soft rot, purple stain, and white mold. Proper post-harvest handling and storage is important to reduce losses from these diseases.
Postharvest Handling of Fruits and VegetablesGardening
This document discusses best practices for postharvest handling of fruits and vegetables to maintain quality from field to table. It emphasizes that production practices, careful harvesting, and proper packaging, storage and transport are all important. Specific recommendations include gently harvesting produce at its peak maturity to avoid damage, promptly pre-cooling crops to remove field heat, and storing most produce within optimal refrigeration temperature ranges to reduce spoilage and extend shelf life. The goal is to prevent quality declines through the supply chain so customers enjoy healthy, fresh produce.
Principles of plant disease managementRanjan Kumar
This document discusses principles of plant disease management. It explains that a plant disease is caused by the impairment of a plant's normal physiological functioning due to irritation from pathogens. Disease management aims to prevent disease incidence, reduce pathogen inoculum, and minimize crop losses. It does this by eliminating interactions between susceptible hosts, virulent pathogens, and suitable environments. The key principles of disease management are avoidance, exclusion, eradication, protection, use of resistant varieties, and therapy. Each principle is described in detail with examples.
The document discusses various post-harvest handling techniques for fresh horticultural crops including precooling methods. It describes harvesting based on physiological and horticultural maturity. Key post-harvest steps discussed are sorting, grading, packaging, and different precooling techniques like room cooling, forced air cooling, hydrocooling, vacuum cooling and package icing. Maintaining quality during post-harvest handling is important to reduce losses between harvest and consumption.
This document discusses various methods for controlling plant diseases. The major methods discussed are cultural control methods, biological control methods, and chemical control methods. Cultural control methods include avoiding contact between the pathogen and host plant through proper field selection, resistant varieties, and modifying cultural practices. Biological control uses other organisms like fungi, bacteria, and mycorrhizal fungi to control pathogens. Chemical control involves the use of fungicides, bactericides, and other chemical treatments to directly kill or inhibit pathogens.
This document summarizes a presentation given at the African Dairy Conference by Alain Réocreux on applications of nanotechnology in dairy production. The presentation covered three main topics:
1) How nanotechnology products like Mistral, M TX+, and M Feed can help increase milk production and quality at the farm level through better feed management and digestion.
2) How somatic cell counts impact milk quality from the farm to the processing plant, affecting yields, shelf life, and the consumer. Reducing mastitis is key to high quality dairy products.
3) The importance of calf rearing practices like feeding, rumen development, and gut health to support the future dairy cow from calf to cow. My
In nature, insects use organic compounds called pheromones to communicate with each other, sending signals to help them attract a mate, send alarm signals or otherwise affect behaviour.
Insect Science's focus is on developing responsible pest-management solutions for the monitoring and control of insects that cause damage to commercial crops, stored food such as grains, and pests found in the home and garden.
We have spent over two decades researching insects and their behaviour in order to develop innovative products that imitate natural processes. As such, we are a leader in the development and manufacture of semiochemical* based products – an important building block of sustainable responsible pest management (RPM) strategies that form part of a broader integrated pest management (IPM) strategy.
With the help of our targeted pest-management solutions, farmers and homeowners can produce environmentally safe crops and plants with zero harmful residues.
Who is Insect Science?
Insect Science® is a semiochemical company in South Africa where a young innovative team pursues responsible solutions to pest management.
Seminar Trichogramma :a living insecticide?prajshi123
Trichogramma wasps are tiny parasitic wasps that lay their eggs within the eggs of other insect hosts. Several Trichogramma species have been used as biological control agents against important agricultural pests around the world. This document discusses Trichogramma brassicae, T. japonicum, and T. chilonis which have been used to control lepidopteran rice and vegetable pests in India. It also describes studies on the use of T. evanescens against olive moth in Egypt, T. ostriniae against European corn borer in North America, and various Trichogramma species against cotton and tobacco pests.
Post-harvest diseases can destroy 10-30% of total crop yields and over 30% in some perishable crops. They develop during harvesting, grading, packing, transportation, storage, and consumption. Major losses occur in fresh fruits and vegetables and grains/legumes. Common post-harvest pathogens include Aspergillus, Penicillium, Erwinia, Monilinia, zygomycetes, and Sclerotinia. They cause diseases such as ear rot, soft rot, purple stain, and white mold. Proper post-harvest handling and storage is important to reduce losses from these diseases.
Postharvest Handling of Fruits and VegetablesGardening
This document discusses best practices for postharvest handling of fruits and vegetables to maintain quality from field to table. It emphasizes that production practices, careful harvesting, and proper packaging, storage and transport are all important. Specific recommendations include gently harvesting produce at its peak maturity to avoid damage, promptly pre-cooling crops to remove field heat, and storing most produce within optimal refrigeration temperature ranges to reduce spoilage and extend shelf life. The goal is to prevent quality declines through the supply chain so customers enjoy healthy, fresh produce.
Principles of plant disease managementRanjan Kumar
This document discusses principles of plant disease management. It explains that a plant disease is caused by the impairment of a plant's normal physiological functioning due to irritation from pathogens. Disease management aims to prevent disease incidence, reduce pathogen inoculum, and minimize crop losses. It does this by eliminating interactions between susceptible hosts, virulent pathogens, and suitable environments. The key principles of disease management are avoidance, exclusion, eradication, protection, use of resistant varieties, and therapy. Each principle is described in detail with examples.
The document discusses various post-harvest handling techniques for fresh horticultural crops including precooling methods. It describes harvesting based on physiological and horticultural maturity. Key post-harvest steps discussed are sorting, grading, packaging, and different precooling techniques like room cooling, forced air cooling, hydrocooling, vacuum cooling and package icing. Maintaining quality during post-harvest handling is important to reduce losses between harvest and consumption.
This document discusses various methods for controlling plant diseases. The major methods discussed are cultural control methods, biological control methods, and chemical control methods. Cultural control methods include avoiding contact between the pathogen and host plant through proper field selection, resistant varieties, and modifying cultural practices. Biological control uses other organisms like fungi, bacteria, and mycorrhizal fungi to control pathogens. Chemical control involves the use of fungicides, bactericides, and other chemical treatments to directly kill or inhibit pathogens.
This document summarizes a presentation given at the African Dairy Conference by Alain Réocreux on applications of nanotechnology in dairy production. The presentation covered three main topics:
1) How nanotechnology products like Mistral, M TX+, and M Feed can help increase milk production and quality at the farm level through better feed management and digestion.
2) How somatic cell counts impact milk quality from the farm to the processing plant, affecting yields, shelf life, and the consumer. Reducing mastitis is key to high quality dairy products.
3) The importance of calf rearing practices like feeding, rumen development, and gut health to support the future dairy cow from calf to cow. My
In nature, insects use organic compounds called pheromones to communicate with each other, sending signals to help them attract a mate, send alarm signals or otherwise affect behaviour.
Insect Science's focus is on developing responsible pest-management solutions for the monitoring and control of insects that cause damage to commercial crops, stored food such as grains, and pests found in the home and garden.
We have spent over two decades researching insects and their behaviour in order to develop innovative products that imitate natural processes. As such, we are a leader in the development and manufacture of semiochemical* based products – an important building block of sustainable responsible pest management (RPM) strategies that form part of a broader integrated pest management (IPM) strategy.
With the help of our targeted pest-management solutions, farmers and homeowners can produce environmentally safe crops and plants with zero harmful residues.
Who is Insect Science?
Insect Science® is a semiochemical company in South Africa where a young innovative team pursues responsible solutions to pest management.
Seminar Trichogramma :a living insecticide?prajshi123
Trichogramma wasps are tiny parasitic wasps that lay their eggs within the eggs of other insect hosts. Several Trichogramma species have been used as biological control agents against important agricultural pests around the world. This document discusses Trichogramma brassicae, T. japonicum, and T. chilonis which have been used to control lepidopteran rice and vegetable pests in India. It also describes studies on the use of T. evanescens against olive moth in Egypt, T. ostriniae against European corn borer in North America, and various Trichogramma species against cotton and tobacco pests.
Presentation during IITA R4D week 2015 (23 - 27 Nov. 2015). By: S. Meseka, A. Menkir, B. Badu-Apraku, S. Ajala, W.
Mengesha, O. Bossey, A. Adepoju, & O. Azeez
This document summarizes research on developing a micropropagation protocol for apio (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft), a starchy crop in Puerto Rico. The researchers tested different culture media for shoot multiplication and rooting. They were able to establish a contamination-free culture, achieve a 3.5-4x multiplication rate, and 95% rooting success. The protocol provides a way to produce disease-free propagation material for apio farmers. Further work is still needed to optimize the hardening and survival of plantlets in the greenhouse.
ABSTRACT- The present study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of thermotherapy to inactivate Potato leaf
roll virus (PLRV) from the potato tubers. For this purpose an experiment was carried out at Newly Developmental Farms
(NDF) of the University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan. Potato tubers infected with PLRV were collected from
farmer’s fields. The potato tubers were than treated with hot water at average 370C for various intervals of time.
Afterwards these heat treated tubers were shifted to fields for sowing. In field condition minimum % incidence (16.66%)
of PLRV was observed from the treatments T3 (2 hours hot water treatment), T4 (2 ½ hours hot water treatment) and T5
(3 hours hot water treatment) respectively while in control 53.33 % incidence of PLRV was recorded. Therefore it can be
concluded that thermotherapy at 370C for 2 hours, 2 ½ hours and 3 hours in case of hot water treatment were effective in
fully or partially elimination of PLRV from potato tubers. Further combine effect of thermotherapy, confidor and neem
extract was evaluated against PLRV. It was observed that in T6 (hot water treatment for 2 ½ hours, insecticide and
biocide) % incidence of PLRV was 13.2% with maximum vegetative parameters such as % germination, height (cm),
tuber size (cm) and yield (kg) recorded followed by T4 (Confidor + 2½ hours hot water treatment) and T1 (2 ½ hours hot
water treatment) where % incidence of PLRV was 16.66% and 20% respectively. Moreover the treatment T2 (Confidor)
when applied individually was found to more effective against PLRV as compared to T3 (Neem extract) with % incidence
value 26.66% and 33.33% respectively.
Key words- PLRV, Thermotherapy, Hot water treatment, Confidor, Neem extract
Twice repeated experiment was carried out under laboratory conditions to investigate the allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of Parthenium hysterophorus L. shoot (stem + branch) and leaf, at 0, 5, 10 and 15 g L-1 (w/v) concentrations on maize (Zea mays L.) seed germination, seedling growth (shoot and root length) and biomass production. The treatments were laid out in completely randomized design with the factorial arrangement in four replications. Result indicated that the highest germination percentage (98.75%) was recorded from control whereas the lowest (43.75 %) was from stem extract at15 g L-1 concentration level. Similar trend was also observed by leaf extract. Root and shoot length of maize crop was reduced by 91.4 % and 70.8% by 85.6 and 35.8% leaf extracts and stem extracts respectively hence the roots were more sensitive to allelopathic effect than shoot. Extract of both leaf and stem at 15 g L-1 strongly reduced fresh and dry biomass of the maize seedling. The highest (100,100 %) tolerance index was recorded from control whereas, the lowest (8.62, 14.74%) was recorded from leaf and stem extract at 15 g L-1 concentration level respectively. Leaf aqueous extract showed more phytotoxic effect (91.37 %) than stem extracts (85.25) at 15 g L-1 whereas was the minimum recorded in control (0.0%). 15 g L-1 minimum value of vigor index (200, 539.2) and higher inhibition potentials (62.5 and 55.78%) were recorded from leaf and stem respectively. therefore allelopathic effect by the parthenium extracts is concentration-dependent manner. Leaf extract had shown highest inhibition potential followed by the stem.
Collaborative Research Programme on Varietal Improvement of Potential Floric...chandanahewa
I began my career as a Researcher in the Green Farms Ltd, Marawilla in Sri lanka a pioneer exporter of floriculture products to Europe & Far East in Sri Lanka. During my period with Green Farms Ltd, I also contributed my knowledge and expertise as in the capacity of the Principal Investigator for 4 years Collaborative R&D programme of Green Farms Ltd with Horticultural Crops Research & Development Institute (HORDI) of Department of Agriculture. This private & public sector research collaboration (1998-2002) successfully completed with the funds made available by the Council for Agricultural Research Policy (CARP/12/430/321) and this research programme was rated as “Excellent “by the National Committee on Contract Research Programmes and Projects in 2003. This presentation is based on my major findings of this Collaborative Research Programme leading to my M.phill Degree I Completed in 2003.
Healthy people, animals and ecosystems: The role of CGIAR researchILRI
Keynote presentation by Bernard Bett and Jimmy Smith at the Regional Conference on Zoonotic Diseases in Eastern Africa, Naivasha, Kenya, 9–12 March 2015.
This document summarizes sustainable control methods for thrips in greenhouses, which are difficult to control due to their small size and feeding habits. It discusses monitoring techniques, cultural controls like sanitation and screening, and biological controls using beneficial organisms. It also explores the use of biorational pesticides when needed to supplement other non-chemical control methods.
This document summarizes sustainable control methods for thrips in greenhouses, which are difficult to control due to their small size and feeding habits. It discusses monitoring techniques, cultural controls like sanitation and screening, and biological controls using beneficial organisms. It also explores the use of biorational pesticides when needed to supplement other techniques for thrips management.
This document provides information on sustainable thrips control in greenhouses. It discusses monitoring techniques like crop scouting and sticky traps to detect thrips early. Biological controls like beneficial insects and biorational pesticides are emphasized. Maintaining good sanitation is also important to control thrips, which can rapidly reproduce and vector damaging viruses in greenhouse crops.
Presentation 3: Government actions on EMS/AHPND in Thailand (Dr Putt Songsang...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/28b6bd62-5433-4fad-b5a1-8ac61eb671b1/
International Technical Seminar/Workshops on Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND)
Effect of Climate Change on Bees & Mitigation .pdfKaran Chhabra
Role and Importance of Bees in Agriculture
• Climate Change?
• Impact of Climate Change on Bee health and Crop Pollination effect of Temperature on Bees
effect of elevated CO2 on Bee Health
effect of Rainfall on Plant pollinator interaction
effect of Electromagnetic Wave on the Life cycle of Honey Bees shift in Species Distribution Range
Impact of Relative Humidity
Future Challenges
• Adaption Measures/Mitigation for save of bee’s against climate
changes
• Conclusion
Ranajit Bandyopadhyay discusses the impacts and management of aflatoxins. Aflatoxins are highly toxic metabolites produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus that commonly infect and contaminate staple crops in developing countries in Africa. They pose serious health risks, causing liver cancer and stunting growth in children. Management strategies include developing resistant crop varieties, controlling fungus growth pre- and post-harvest through practices like drying and storage, and using biocontrol methods like applying non-toxic strains of the fungus to compete with and exclude the toxic strains. Aflasafe, a biocontrol product developed by IITA, has shown success in reducing aflatoxin levels in fields in Africa based
Biological control agents can be applied using three main techniques: introduction, augmentation, and conservation. Introduction involves deliberately introducing natural enemies into areas where they are not native. Augmentation involves mass rearing and releasing natural enemies to supplement existing populations. Conservation preserves and increases natural enemies through environmental manipulation. Specific application methods depend on the type of agent. For insects, techniques include seed treatment, soil application, and foliar application. Release methods aim to maximize agent effectiveness against target pests.
CIMMYT breeding strategies and methodologies to breed high yielding, yellow r...ICARDA
CIMMYT has developed high-yielding, rust-resistant bread wheat germplasm through strategies that focus on durable resistance. Breeding efforts utilize race-nonspecific adult plant resistance conferred by combinations of minor genes with additive effects. A recent 5-year cycle developed lines with 12% higher yields and improved resistance to yellow rust. Of 728 advanced lines tested, over 40% had high yields and immunity/resistance to yellow rust. Testing also found that over 40% of lines had good resistance to stem rust race Ug99. CIMMYT's strategy is to deploy varieties with near-immune, durable resistance to provide long-term genetic control of rust diseases.
This document provides information on the insecticide product Ecolyzer, which contains the active ingredients alpha-cypermethrin and flufenoxuron. It discusses the product's composition, modes of action, laboratory and field test results on various pests, and recommendations. Ecolyzer is shown to provide broad-spectrum and long-lasting control of insects like cockroaches, fleas, and bed bugs through the synergistic combination of a pyrethroid and an insect growth regulator. Its active ingredients and odorless liquid suspension formulation give it advantages over other products for resistance management and use against difficult-to-control pests.
For effect of temperature on microbial growth exercise 28 w.pdfrchopra4
For effect of temperature on microbial growth exercise 28, what results would you be looking for?
what are indicators?Effect of Physical and Chemical Environmental Factors on Microbial Growth
Bacteria and other miciobes hove limined control over theirmsemslemironments. Whereas many
eukaryotes have evoived woghisticated intemal control mechanisms, micobees ate alnot
completely dependent on externil factos to provide condations suinable for their eibtence
Ningrenironmenol changes can dramatically change a microorganisms ability to tranaport
materials a coss the membrone, perf fom complex entymatic rextions, and maintain critical
cytoplasmic pressure. One way to observe microbiat responses to emvironmenteal changes is to
art incilly macipulate an edemal factor and measure its effect on growh rite, thatis cell density atter
a given incubation time In this seties of laboratory eeercises you will eamine the effects of
temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure on growth eate. When appropriate you wil antempt 10
classily organians based on your results The Effect of Temperature on Microbial Growth Theory
Bacteria and Archaca have been divcovered living in above 80 C. Figure 2.41 illustrates typical
temperature habitats ranging from 10C to more than 110C. ranges and classifitations of Bacteria
and Archaca. The temperature range of any single specic, howeves, is a small portion of this
overall range. As such, each species is chancterized by a minimum, maximum, and optimum
temperature-collectively known as its cardinal temperatures (Fig. 2.40). Minimum and maximum
temperarures are, simply, the temperatures below and above which the organism will not survive.
Optimum temperature is the temperature at which an organism grows the fastest-its highest
growth rate. Organisms that only grow below 20C are called psychrophiles. These are common in
ocean, Arctic, and Antarctic habitats where the temperature remains permanently cold with little or
no fluctuation. Organisms adapted to cold habitats that fluctuate from about 0C 2.40 Typical
Growth Range of a Mesophile a The Trinimum? to above 30C are called psychrotropts. Bacteria
and "maxiticn' yesur peratures be, ond which no growtitakes pl: adapted to temperatures between
15C and 45C are known as mesophiles. Most bacterial residents in the human body, as well as
numeroos human pathogens, are mesophiles. Thermophiles are organisms adapted to
temperatures above 40C. Thermophiles that will not grow at temperarures below 40C are called
obligate thermophiles; those that will grow below 40C are known as facultative thermophiles.
Environments in which thermophilic Bacteria and Archaea are found include composting organic
material, soil surfaces subjected to direct sumlight, and silage. Bacteria and Archaca isolated from
ocean floor hydrothermal vents and other geothermal sites (Fig. 2.1) 2.41 Thermal Classifications
of aacteria = These are gened are called extreme thermophiles because they can survive cardinal
temperature g.
IntensAquatica Shrimp RAS - Aug 2022 v4.0.pdffaridmnlabs
IntensAquatica developed a recirculatory aquaculture system (RAS) for intensive shrimp farming that can produce 100 tons of shrimp per acre compared to 3 tons for traditional farming. Their RAS filters and recycles water multiple times per day to maintain disease-free conditions while removing waste. IntensAquatica claims they will be the world's first to commercially deploy a shrimp RAS if no other companies announce successful commercial use by December 2022. Their RAS design, equipment, and culture protocols are patented and aim to overcome challenges of disease, contamination, and poor water quality in traditional shrimp farms.
Impact of climate change on agriculture & allied sectorsPradipa Chinnasamy
Climate change will significantly impact agriculture and food security in India. Rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events will affect crop yields, livestock, and fisheries. Higher temperatures can reduce yields of major crops like rice, wheat and soybean. Pests, diseases and weeds will also spread to new areas, posing additional threats. Livestock will face heat stress and lower milk production. Fisheries may see increased catches but ocean acidification could damage shells of shellfish. To ensure food security, India needs strategies like switching crops, establishing food reserves, and developing climate-resilient varieties.
Craig Maddox - Lace bug research and the future of lace bug managementMacadamiaSociety
This document summarizes research on lace bugs affecting macadamia crops. It discusses the history of lace bug problems, reasons for increased issues in recent years, current management practices, and future directions. Key points include improved monitoring allowing earlier detection, developing spray thresholds before 10% flower damage, testing new chemicals for integration with other pest control, and continuing searches for biological control agents. The future aims to balance lace bug control with sustainable management of other pests through integrated approaches.
(1) IITA is the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, established in 1967 and headquartered in Ibadan, Nigeria with 21 stations in 30 countries. (2) IITA adopted DataCite DOIs in 2017 through the British Library Consortium to create a trusted institutional data repository meeting FAIR data principles. (3) IITA mints DOIs through an automatic Python script integrating with its Cassavabase database, and manually through its Fabrica portal, to increase data visibility, citation, and improve data management practices.
This document summarizes Samwel Muiruri Kariuki's research at IITA Kenya on inducing early flowering in cassava. The document discusses two methods: using LED light supplementation to induce flowering within 4 months, compared to 10 months without light; and developing a CMV-inducible CRISPR-Cas9 system to edit cassava genes in a virus-activated manner. Preliminary results show light supplementation significantly increased the number of flowering plants compared to the control. The researcher is working to assemble constructs using a CMV promoter to drive Cas9 expression and test them in Nicotiana benthamiana transformations. The goal is to create a virus-inducible gene editing system for cassava.
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Presentation during IITA R4D week 2015 (23 - 27 Nov. 2015). By: S. Meseka, A. Menkir, B. Badu-Apraku, S. Ajala, W.
Mengesha, O. Bossey, A. Adepoju, & O. Azeez
This document summarizes research on developing a micropropagation protocol for apio (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft), a starchy crop in Puerto Rico. The researchers tested different culture media for shoot multiplication and rooting. They were able to establish a contamination-free culture, achieve a 3.5-4x multiplication rate, and 95% rooting success. The protocol provides a way to produce disease-free propagation material for apio farmers. Further work is still needed to optimize the hardening and survival of plantlets in the greenhouse.
ABSTRACT- The present study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of thermotherapy to inactivate Potato leaf
roll virus (PLRV) from the potato tubers. For this purpose an experiment was carried out at Newly Developmental Farms
(NDF) of the University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan. Potato tubers infected with PLRV were collected from
farmer’s fields. The potato tubers were than treated with hot water at average 370C for various intervals of time.
Afterwards these heat treated tubers were shifted to fields for sowing. In field condition minimum % incidence (16.66%)
of PLRV was observed from the treatments T3 (2 hours hot water treatment), T4 (2 ½ hours hot water treatment) and T5
(3 hours hot water treatment) respectively while in control 53.33 % incidence of PLRV was recorded. Therefore it can be
concluded that thermotherapy at 370C for 2 hours, 2 ½ hours and 3 hours in case of hot water treatment were effective in
fully or partially elimination of PLRV from potato tubers. Further combine effect of thermotherapy, confidor and neem
extract was evaluated against PLRV. It was observed that in T6 (hot water treatment for 2 ½ hours, insecticide and
biocide) % incidence of PLRV was 13.2% with maximum vegetative parameters such as % germination, height (cm),
tuber size (cm) and yield (kg) recorded followed by T4 (Confidor + 2½ hours hot water treatment) and T1 (2 ½ hours hot
water treatment) where % incidence of PLRV was 16.66% and 20% respectively. Moreover the treatment T2 (Confidor)
when applied individually was found to more effective against PLRV as compared to T3 (Neem extract) with % incidence
value 26.66% and 33.33% respectively.
Key words- PLRV, Thermotherapy, Hot water treatment, Confidor, Neem extract
Twice repeated experiment was carried out under laboratory conditions to investigate the allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of Parthenium hysterophorus L. shoot (stem + branch) and leaf, at 0, 5, 10 and 15 g L-1 (w/v) concentrations on maize (Zea mays L.) seed germination, seedling growth (shoot and root length) and biomass production. The treatments were laid out in completely randomized design with the factorial arrangement in four replications. Result indicated that the highest germination percentage (98.75%) was recorded from control whereas the lowest (43.75 %) was from stem extract at15 g L-1 concentration level. Similar trend was also observed by leaf extract. Root and shoot length of maize crop was reduced by 91.4 % and 70.8% by 85.6 and 35.8% leaf extracts and stem extracts respectively hence the roots were more sensitive to allelopathic effect than shoot. Extract of both leaf and stem at 15 g L-1 strongly reduced fresh and dry biomass of the maize seedling. The highest (100,100 %) tolerance index was recorded from control whereas, the lowest (8.62, 14.74%) was recorded from leaf and stem extract at 15 g L-1 concentration level respectively. Leaf aqueous extract showed more phytotoxic effect (91.37 %) than stem extracts (85.25) at 15 g L-1 whereas was the minimum recorded in control (0.0%). 15 g L-1 minimum value of vigor index (200, 539.2) and higher inhibition potentials (62.5 and 55.78%) were recorded from leaf and stem respectively. therefore allelopathic effect by the parthenium extracts is concentration-dependent manner. Leaf extract had shown highest inhibition potential followed by the stem.
Collaborative Research Programme on Varietal Improvement of Potential Floric...chandanahewa
I began my career as a Researcher in the Green Farms Ltd, Marawilla in Sri lanka a pioneer exporter of floriculture products to Europe & Far East in Sri Lanka. During my period with Green Farms Ltd, I also contributed my knowledge and expertise as in the capacity of the Principal Investigator for 4 years Collaborative R&D programme of Green Farms Ltd with Horticultural Crops Research & Development Institute (HORDI) of Department of Agriculture. This private & public sector research collaboration (1998-2002) successfully completed with the funds made available by the Council for Agricultural Research Policy (CARP/12/430/321) and this research programme was rated as “Excellent “by the National Committee on Contract Research Programmes and Projects in 2003. This presentation is based on my major findings of this Collaborative Research Programme leading to my M.phill Degree I Completed in 2003.
Healthy people, animals and ecosystems: The role of CGIAR researchILRI
Keynote presentation by Bernard Bett and Jimmy Smith at the Regional Conference on Zoonotic Diseases in Eastern Africa, Naivasha, Kenya, 9–12 March 2015.
This document summarizes sustainable control methods for thrips in greenhouses, which are difficult to control due to their small size and feeding habits. It discusses monitoring techniques, cultural controls like sanitation and screening, and biological controls using beneficial organisms. It also explores the use of biorational pesticides when needed to supplement other non-chemical control methods.
This document summarizes sustainable control methods for thrips in greenhouses, which are difficult to control due to their small size and feeding habits. It discusses monitoring techniques, cultural controls like sanitation and screening, and biological controls using beneficial organisms. It also explores the use of biorational pesticides when needed to supplement other techniques for thrips management.
This document provides information on sustainable thrips control in greenhouses. It discusses monitoring techniques like crop scouting and sticky traps to detect thrips early. Biological controls like beneficial insects and biorational pesticides are emphasized. Maintaining good sanitation is also important to control thrips, which can rapidly reproduce and vector damaging viruses in greenhouse crops.
Presentation 3: Government actions on EMS/AHPND in Thailand (Dr Putt Songsang...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/28b6bd62-5433-4fad-b5a1-8ac61eb671b1/
International Technical Seminar/Workshops on Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND)
Effect of Climate Change on Bees & Mitigation .pdfKaran Chhabra
Role and Importance of Bees in Agriculture
• Climate Change?
• Impact of Climate Change on Bee health and Crop Pollination effect of Temperature on Bees
effect of elevated CO2 on Bee Health
effect of Rainfall on Plant pollinator interaction
effect of Electromagnetic Wave on the Life cycle of Honey Bees shift in Species Distribution Range
Impact of Relative Humidity
Future Challenges
• Adaption Measures/Mitigation for save of bee’s against climate
changes
• Conclusion
Ranajit Bandyopadhyay discusses the impacts and management of aflatoxins. Aflatoxins are highly toxic metabolites produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus that commonly infect and contaminate staple crops in developing countries in Africa. They pose serious health risks, causing liver cancer and stunting growth in children. Management strategies include developing resistant crop varieties, controlling fungus growth pre- and post-harvest through practices like drying and storage, and using biocontrol methods like applying non-toxic strains of the fungus to compete with and exclude the toxic strains. Aflasafe, a biocontrol product developed by IITA, has shown success in reducing aflatoxin levels in fields in Africa based
Biological control agents can be applied using three main techniques: introduction, augmentation, and conservation. Introduction involves deliberately introducing natural enemies into areas where they are not native. Augmentation involves mass rearing and releasing natural enemies to supplement existing populations. Conservation preserves and increases natural enemies through environmental manipulation. Specific application methods depend on the type of agent. For insects, techniques include seed treatment, soil application, and foliar application. Release methods aim to maximize agent effectiveness against target pests.
CIMMYT breeding strategies and methodologies to breed high yielding, yellow r...ICARDA
CIMMYT has developed high-yielding, rust-resistant bread wheat germplasm through strategies that focus on durable resistance. Breeding efforts utilize race-nonspecific adult plant resistance conferred by combinations of minor genes with additive effects. A recent 5-year cycle developed lines with 12% higher yields and improved resistance to yellow rust. Of 728 advanced lines tested, over 40% had high yields and immunity/resistance to yellow rust. Testing also found that over 40% of lines had good resistance to stem rust race Ug99. CIMMYT's strategy is to deploy varieties with near-immune, durable resistance to provide long-term genetic control of rust diseases.
This document provides information on the insecticide product Ecolyzer, which contains the active ingredients alpha-cypermethrin and flufenoxuron. It discusses the product's composition, modes of action, laboratory and field test results on various pests, and recommendations. Ecolyzer is shown to provide broad-spectrum and long-lasting control of insects like cockroaches, fleas, and bed bugs through the synergistic combination of a pyrethroid and an insect growth regulator. Its active ingredients and odorless liquid suspension formulation give it advantages over other products for resistance management and use against difficult-to-control pests.
For effect of temperature on microbial growth exercise 28 w.pdfrchopra4
For effect of temperature on microbial growth exercise 28, what results would you be looking for?
what are indicators?Effect of Physical and Chemical Environmental Factors on Microbial Growth
Bacteria and other miciobes hove limined control over theirmsemslemironments. Whereas many
eukaryotes have evoived woghisticated intemal control mechanisms, micobees ate alnot
completely dependent on externil factos to provide condations suinable for their eibtence
Ningrenironmenol changes can dramatically change a microorganisms ability to tranaport
materials a coss the membrone, perf fom complex entymatic rextions, and maintain critical
cytoplasmic pressure. One way to observe microbiat responses to emvironmenteal changes is to
art incilly macipulate an edemal factor and measure its effect on growh rite, thatis cell density atter
a given incubation time In this seties of laboratory eeercises you will eamine the effects of
temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure on growth eate. When appropriate you wil antempt 10
classily organians based on your results The Effect of Temperature on Microbial Growth Theory
Bacteria and Archaca have been divcovered living in above 80 C. Figure 2.41 illustrates typical
temperature habitats ranging from 10C to more than 110C. ranges and classifitations of Bacteria
and Archaca. The temperature range of any single specic, howeves, is a small portion of this
overall range. As such, each species is chancterized by a minimum, maximum, and optimum
temperature-collectively known as its cardinal temperatures (Fig. 2.40). Minimum and maximum
temperarures are, simply, the temperatures below and above which the organism will not survive.
Optimum temperature is the temperature at which an organism grows the fastest-its highest
growth rate. Organisms that only grow below 20C are called psychrophiles. These are common in
ocean, Arctic, and Antarctic habitats where the temperature remains permanently cold with little or
no fluctuation. Organisms adapted to cold habitats that fluctuate from about 0C 2.40 Typical
Growth Range of a Mesophile a The Trinimum? to above 30C are called psychrotropts. Bacteria
and "maxiticn' yesur peratures be, ond which no growtitakes pl: adapted to temperatures between
15C and 45C are known as mesophiles. Most bacterial residents in the human body, as well as
numeroos human pathogens, are mesophiles. Thermophiles are organisms adapted to
temperatures above 40C. Thermophiles that will not grow at temperarures below 40C are called
obligate thermophiles; those that will grow below 40C are known as facultative thermophiles.
Environments in which thermophilic Bacteria and Archaea are found include composting organic
material, soil surfaces subjected to direct sumlight, and silage. Bacteria and Archaca isolated from
ocean floor hydrothermal vents and other geothermal sites (Fig. 2.1) 2.41 Thermal Classifications
of aacteria = These are gened are called extreme thermophiles because they can survive cardinal
temperature g.
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Postharvest and Food Safety Management for Improved Health and Income
1. Postharvest and
Food Safety
Management for
Improved Health
and Income
Kerstin Hell
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
2. Outline
Introduction
Factors that influence post harvest quality
Research to address post harvest
constraints
- post harvest systems analysis
- control of pests
- diffusion and adoption of new
technologies
Mycotoxin research
Future needs
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
3. Food Systems
Large Scale and Regulated
– Developed countries
– Trade based
– Advanced infrastructure
– Capital intensive
Small Scale and Unregulated
– Developing countries
– Informal markets
– Subsistence
– High food insecurity Tim Williams, Peanut CRSP
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
4. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
5. Post harvest systems in Africa - constraints
• Almost all operations are manual – leading to high
losses and poor quality
• Potential for rapid drying low – high moisture and
increased fungal development
• Storage structures open and often poorly ventilated -
increased losses due to pest and diseases
• Long holding periods in open stores – leading to
theft, infection with pests and diseases
• Poor to no access to storage insecticides
• Poor marketing system - leading to increased losses
and low prices low incentive for increased production
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
6. Evaluation of post harvest system
• Development of post harvest insects and fungi in three different
traditional storage structures in Benin
• Vegetable material stores (VMS)
• Mud silo store (MSS)
• Polyethylene bag storage (PBS)
• 4 sites in different agroecological zones, monitored monthly for 7
months
• Serious levels of Sitophilus zeamais (highest in the south and in the
VMS) and Prostephanus truncatus (high levels in the VMS and later
in the season in the PBS)
• Highest moisture content in the coastal zone decreasing towards the
north (16,5% south to 9,9% north)
• Most prevalent fungi were Fusarium spp. highest levels observed in
Aplahoué (south), whereas Penicillium and Aspergillus spp. were
found mostly in Ouessè (middle)
Hell et al. 2008 submitted to Journal of Applied Entomology
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
7. Effects of four temperatures (20, 25, 30 and 35 C) and two
relative humidity levels (44 and 80% RH) on development time,
survivorship, age-specific fecundity, sex ratio and intrinsic rate
of natural increase (rm) of S. cerealella
• Minimum development
time occurred close to
32 C and 80% RH for
both males and females. 0,03
High RH
• Development time of
females was significantly 0,02
shorter than that of develop
males. ment 0,01
rate
• Immature survivorship (day-1)
0
was highest between 25- 15 20 25 30 35 40
30 C and 80% RH and
lowest at 35 C. 0,03
females
• The greatest fecundity Low RH
males
(124 eggs per female) 0,02
occurred at 20ºC, 80%
RH. The maximum rm - 0,01
value was 0.086 d-1 at
30 C and 80% RH, but 0
the growth rate declined 15 20 25 30 35 40
ºC
dramatically at 35 C.
L. Stengård Hansen et al. 2004 Journal of Economic Entomology
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
8. Prostephanus truncatus
Prostephanus truncatus serious
pest of stored maize and dried
cassava roots
Quarantine pest affects
international trade
Maize losses after 6 months
from 11% before the
introduction of P. truncatus to
more than 35% afterwards
IITA had projects from 1990 till
2003 (estimated more than 10
mill $ were spent)
Predator released for the
control
Impact of this effort was not
evaluated
Teretrius nigrescens G.Goergen
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
9. Augmented release
Cassava chips stored for 5
months in mud silos and 50
adults of T. nigrescens added
Chip weight and number of NoTn PlusTn
holes on chips differed
between treatments from 2 50
50
months of storage 43 41
45
After 3 months of storage, 40
losses reached 40 to 50% 35 31
without predator and 30 to
Losses (Kg)
30 25
40% with T. nigrescens. 25
A farmer can increase his 20 18 18
profit by 1437 fcfa/100kg and 15
12
11
losses are reduced by 11% 10 7
Twice as many P. truncatus 5 0 0
and holes on chips in stores 0
0 1 2 3 4 5
where T. nigrescens was not
released Month of storage
Farmers were able to prolong
storage period by 2 months.
Hell et al. 2006 Journal of Stored Products Research
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
10. Bruchid control
• Twelve indigenous and exotic isolates of
Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae
were evaluated
• Indigenous isolates from C. maculatus were
more virulent in laboratory bioassays than
exotic isolates from other insects.
• B. bassiana 0362 at both 1x107 and 1x108
conidia g-1 grain led to significant adult mortality
and reduced F1 emergence relative to Most serious pest of cowpea
untreated and beans in Africa
• Effect of the fungus persisted into the F1
generation. The net reproductive rates, R0, The development of a single
measured 26 days after insects were released larva in a kernel can lead to
were 5.16 and 7.32 for the high and low doses weight losses of 8–22%
compared to 9.52 for the untreated control.
• No evidence that cadavers were sporulating in Significant impact on
stored grain need for persistence would depend commercial value – price
on initial inoculum reduced by 40%
Cherry et al. 2005 Journal of Stored Products Research & Cherry et al. 2007 Annals of Applied Biology
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
11. Adoption of Improved Mud Silo
Impact of farmers’ socio- 210 Courbe de diffusion du grenier fermé en terre amélioré
economic factors, 200 Yt=199/(1+ e
-666,99691-0,33281*t
)
technology characteristics 190
180
and farm specific factors, 170
on the adoption of
Nombre de paysans ayant adopté le grenier
160
improved mud silo 150
140
130
120
Farmers’ socio-economic 110
factors such as the years 100
90
of farming experience, 80
access to extension 70
service, were positively 60
50
correlated with adoption. 40
30
20
Technology 10
characteristics like cost 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
0
affected adoption Année d'adoption
negatively and perceived
durability of the store
affected adoption
Hell et al. 2008 Submitted to Int. Journal of Postharvest Technology & Innovation
positively
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
12. Adoption of cassava chipping equipment
Variables β Coefficient Standard Error Probability
Gender 0.291 0.769 0.705*
Sale -0.144 0.673 0.831
Education -1.246 0.827 0.132
Processing experience -0.049 0.028 0.079*
Non-tuber incomes -1.945 1.108 0.079*
Contact 1.814 0.748 0.015**
Group Membership 4.274 0.886 0.000***
Agro-Ecological zone -1.355 0.648 0.037**
Average Income -1.221 0.798 0.126
Constant 0.439 1.742 0.801
Pourcentage de prédictions correctes : 89.6 % ; Constante = 0.46217 ; N=212
Ratio de maximum de vraisemblance = 69.218; Chi carré = 72.100***.
(***) : significatif à 1 % ; (**) : significatif à 5 %.
Allogni et al. 2008 Submitted to Bulletin de la Recherche Agronomique.
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
13. Mycotoxin R-4-D at IITA
Aspergillus and Fusarium species diversity and
mycotoxin profile in food baskets (USAID, BMZ, IFAR)
Breeding for resistance (US-FAS)
Biocontrol of aflatoxin (BMZ)
Low-cost detection of mycotoxin
Development and dissemination of mycotoxin
management strategies (BMZ, ADA)
Intervention study for the reduction of aflatoxin and
impact on nutritional situation (BMZ)
Awareness campaign (Rotary International)
Training & information exchange (USAID, BMZ, EU)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
14. Major classes of mycotoxins
• Aflatoxins: Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus
• Trichothecenes: Fusarium spp, Stachybotrys
• Fumonisins: F. verticillioides etc.
• Zearalenone: F. graminearum
• Ochratoxins: Penicillium verrucosum,
A. ochraceous
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
15. Prevalence of Aflatoxins in Food
• Aflatoxins are toxic substances produced by highly prevalent
Aspergillus fungi
• High levels from Kenya, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Gambia,
Ghana, Guinea, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa,
Zambia…….
• Frequency of occurrence high
– >30% maize in stores with >20 ppb aflatoxin
– ~90% stores are contaminated with Afla fungi
– Up to 50% grain in households with aflatoxin
• Several African staple commodities affected – maize, groundnut,
cassava, sorghum, yam, rice, cashews
• Environmental conditions, traditional farming methods and
improper grain drying and storage practices
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
16. Aflatoxin and Fumonisin in W. Africa
Primary products Food products
Maize beverage:
Maize: aflatoxin – 2-560 ppb
• aflatoxin <2ppb
fumonisin – 0-12 ppm
• fumonisin <2ppm
Cassava chips: 0,3-13 ppb Cassava flour: 0,3-4.4ppb
Cowpea: 0.9-18.6ppb
Cashew: 3.0-56 ppb
Egussi: 4.6-32 ppb
Dried vegetables – 3.2-6 ppb
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
17. Aspergillus flavus prevalence in
maize in Benin
Aspergillus flavus
prevalence 160000
differs between 140000
120000
zone and season
100000
cfu
80000 AFT
High risk zone
60000
has been 40000
identified 20000
0
SS NGS SGS CS
Ecozones
Tedihoue et al. 2008 Submitted to Plant Disease
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
18. Aflatoxin in maize in different
agroecological zones in Benin
High and low risk
1600.0
zones have been
1400.0
identified
1200.0
1000.0
Results vary
ppb 800.0 Aflatoxines
between season 600.0
and years 400.0
200.0
0.0
SS NGS SGS CS
Ecozones
Tedihoue et al. 2008 Submitted to Plant Disease
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
19. Mycotoxin risk in different agroecological
zones in Africa
High aflatoxin risk
zones: moist
savannas (with
bimodal rainfall
patterns) and hot dry
savannas
Fusarium toxin risk
zones: humid forest
and mid-altitudes
Drier savanna
Aflatoxin Moist savanna
Humid forest
contamination Moist midaltitude
Drier midaltitude
High altitude
increase with storage
time especially in
drier savanna
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
20. Factors that influence mycotoxins
• Climatic (rain, relative humidity, temperature)
• Biotic (insects, damage, incomplete huskcover)
• Abiotic (stress, irrigation, rotation, variety, planting date,
harvest, storage conditions)
Trt Aspergillus spp. Fusarium spp.
Non-protected 3.95 0.82 a 36.05 3.38 a
Protected 2.33 0.62 b 16.62 1.47 b
P 0.0067 <.0001
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
21. Climate Change and
Aflatoxin in Kenya
The 2004 Aflatoxin
outbreak.
INCREASING RISK OF Increasing aflatoxin
AFLATOXIN OUTBREAKS IN in market maize in
MAKUENI AND MACHAKOS brown. Blue circles
– aflatoxin deaths
Drought, high temperature stress
and unseasonal rains increase
aflatoxin in maize and groundnuts
>125 people died of aflatoxin
poisoning in 2004, a drought year
Increase in duration and area
under drought would further
accentuate aflatoxin problem
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
22. Associated insect species
• Insects play a big role in the
propagation and distribution of Correlation between mean number of insects and toxigenic
fungal species on maize
the fungal spores
• High correlation between certain A. flavus A. parasiticus F.verticillioides
insect species and fungi Prostephanus 0.36* 0.12 0.23
• Pest pressure was low Sitophilus -0.21 0.39* -0.17
Cathartus 0.32* 0.18 -0.31*
• To protect cobs from fungal Carpophilus 0.21 0.13 0.08
infestation a reduction of 40% Tribolium 0.33* 0.48** 0.08
Palorus 0.23 0.42** -0.03
aflatoxin Cryptolestes -0.08 0.40** 0.09
• Cobs with more than 10% of Gnathocerus 0.23 0.24 0.04
damage by insects had aflatoxin * Significant at P = 0.05 and ** P = 0.01
contamination of 388 - 515 ppb
Hell et al. 2000 al., 2004
Hell et African Entomology
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
23. Effect of maize variety, and cowpea intercropping
on aflatoxin production during storage
Local variety 1.0E+03
Gbogbe had 8.0E+02
much lower toxin AFB1
Aflatoxin (ppb) 6.0E+02 AFB2
levels than
TZSR-W 4.0E+02
2.0E+02
No effect of
intercropping 0.0E+00
with cowpea
0
1
0
1
P0
P1
P0
P1
LV
LV
IV
IV
C
C
C
C
LV
LV
IV
IV
Tedihoue et al. 2008 Manuscript in preparation
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
24. Beninese maize and F. verticilliodes infection
80 80
a a a a a
a A
Stem infection (%)
Inoculation B
60 b 60 Control
b a
a a a a
ab ab ab ab ab ab
40 40 b
* * * * * *
20 * 20
* **
* * * * * * * * * *
0 0
Keb-EMY
DMRY
DMRW
QPM
TZESRW
TZESRW
HPG97
DTSR
TZPB-SR
TZPB-SR
N'gakoutou
DMRW
DMRY
ACR20
ACR94
Keb-EMY
QPM
Gbogboue
Kamboinse
Kamboinse
80
Kernels infection (%)
80
C D
60
60
a
40 * ab
* * * ab ab
40 ab a ab ab ab ab
ab ab bc ab
* * abc abc abc
20 abc c b abc * bc
bc * c * *
20 * *
*
0
TZPB-SR
TZESRW
DMRY
Keb-EMY
QPM
DMRW
Kamboinse
N'gakoutou
0
TZESRW
HPG97
DTSR
TZPB-SR
DMRW
DMRY
ACR20
ACR94
Keb-EMY
QPM
Gbogboue
Kamboinse
A & C 2003 B & D 2004
Dewaminou et al. 2008 submitted to Journal of Phytopathology
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
25. Aflatoxin Resistance in Maize Inbreds
1800
Field-03 Field-04 KSA
1600
1400
1200
Aflatoxin (ppb)
1000
800
600
400
200
0
TZMI102
TZMI502
TZM104
1368
1823
Inbred Lines
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
26. Mycotoxin Monitoring Tools
• Simple and low-cost diagnostic tool (ELISA)
• Polyclonal antibodies for aflatoxin
– Low-cost (US$ 1-2 per sample analysis)
– Simple procedure, qualitative and
quantitative
– Results comparable to HPLC
– High throughput analysis possible
(100-400 samples/day)
– Less dependency on commercial
equipment
– Ideal test for aflatoxin estimation in
developing countries
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
27. Aflatoxin Tested Pet Food
in Nairobi
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
28. Mycotoxin Management
Strategies
• Awareness
• Host plant resistance
• Biological control
• Time of harvest
• Grain drying method
• Storage structure
• Storage form
• Sorting and processing
• Insect control
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
29. Insect control
• Cobs were protected with mosquito netting, natural or artificial infestation
In protected cobs Pt levels were low rising to means of 1.8 under natural and
14.2 under artificial infestation
Aspergillus and Penicillium incidence was highest on Mussidia nigrivenella,
Carpophilus sp., Prostephanus truncatus and Sitophilus sp. While Fusarium spp.
was mainly associated with the field pests Eldana saccharina and Sesamia
calamistis
Low aflatoxin 0.21 0.16 ppb in T0, whereas insect infestation resulted in 22.74
p 6.99 ppb aflatoxin in T1, and 27.37 7.83 ppb in T2.
Treatment A. flavus A. Insect. Grain Fungal Fungal Total
parasiticus damage losses damage losses aflatoxin
Cobs 8.17±0.86a 0.22±0.14a 10.48±1.4a 4.68±1.03a 6.43±0.44a 0.92±0.24a 0.22±0.16a
protected(T0)
Natural 37.11±1.44b 0.11±0.00a 41.01±2.6b 19.65±1.9b 10.56±0.7a 1.57±0.69a 22.74±6.99b
infestation(T1)
Artificial 47.60±1.50c 0.33±0.14a 50.34±2.9c 27.47±2.4c 9.72±0.67a 1.12±0.49a 27.37±7.83b
infestation(T2)
p 0.0001 0.42 0.0001 0.0001 0.99 0.98 0.002
Mihinto & Hell 2008 Manuscript in preparation
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
30. Aflatoxin management
Occurrence (%) of various toxigenic fungal species in maize grains after a 7-day
drying period using different drying methods
Drying method Aspergillus Fusarium Penicillium Others
Cobs on stalk in the field 4.7ab1 98.3a 1.7a 5.3a
Sun drying cobs dried on the ground 21.0a 95.3a 43.7a 10.0a
Sun drying cobs dried on a platform 2.0b 86.3b 4.7b 2.7a
Sun drying cobs dried on a plastic sheets 18.3a 33.3c 9.7b 0.7a
1
Means within a column followed by the same letter do not differ significantly from each other (P < 0.05)
Hell et al. 2008 Mycotoxin Book
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
31. Mycotoxin management
• Four storage systems of maize commonly
used by farmers in Benin, West Africa,
were tested to determine their impact on
infection of maize by Fusarium and
fumonisins.
• Fusarium incidence was significantly
higher when maize was stored on a
cemented floor in a house, a non
ventilated facility (40.3 17.4%), than in
the other tested systems (p < 0.05).
• The lowest Fusarium incidence was
recorded when maize was stored in a
bamboo granary (25.5 13.5%) (p <
0.05).
• All maize samples from the tested storage
systems were found to be fumonisin-
positive, with levels ranging from 0.6 to
2.4 mg/kg.
Fandohan et al. 2006 African Journal of Biotechnology
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
32. Mycotoxin management
Oils from Cymbopogon citratus,
Ocimum basilicum, and Ocimum
gratissimum were the most 1.6
effective in vitro, completely
inhibiting the growth of F.
Mean total fumonisin level (ug/g)
1.4
verticillioides at lower
concentrations over 21 days of
1.2
incubation
1.0
These oils reduced the incidence
of F. verticillioides in corn and .8
totally inhibited fungal growth at
Storage conditions
concentrations of 8, 6.4, and 4.8
.6
ųL/g, respectively, over 21 days. Clos ed
.4 Open
C. citratus O. gratis simum
Further studies are in progress to
O. bas ilicum Control (no oil)
evaluate the toxicological effects
of these plant substances. Treatments
Fandohan et al. 2004 Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
33. Simple management practices during
processing
• Sorting followed by winnowing of naturally Infected Healthy
contaminated maize grains resulted in a mean
reduction of 59% and 69% in aflatoxin and
fumonisin levels, respectively (Fandohan et al.,
2005).
• Similar losses of aflatoxins (37%) and
fumonisins (51%) to wash water have been
reported when maize was processed into
derived products in Benin (Fandohan et al.,
2008)
• Small reductions in mycotoxin levels (18% for
aflatoxins and 13% for fumonisins) also have
been observed following lactic fermentation
when preparing ogi (fermented maize dough)
(Fandohan et al., 2005).
• A reduction of mycotoxin levels was observed
during the preparation of adoyo (86 % of
aflatoxins and 65 % of fumonisins). (Fandohan
in preparation)
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
34. Poverty reduction through a better
post harvest management of maize
aflatoxin levels in
100000
Maize sorting before
ppb
50000
storage resulted in
an important 0
Maize sorted Maize no-sorted
reduction of aflatoxin
level from 45461.22 experim ented technologies
ppb to 1811.775 ppb. Aflatoxin levels after six months
Calculated financial
losses were 40.75
FCFA for maize
sorted before
storage and 52.52
FCFA for non-sorted
maize.
Losses after six months
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
35. Atoxigenic Strain Identification
Toxin assay -
Unknown
Strain characterization cnx nia-D
VCG
Field Field release
Unknown
Competition assays
cnx
nia-D
Lab +
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
36. How does Biocontrol Work?
Soil
Sporulation on wet soil
colonization
3-20
days
Insects
Wind
Spores
Broadcast Inoculum on
@ 10kg/ha 20-30 sorghum grain carrier
days after sowing International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
37. Steps in Aflatoxin Biocontrol R-4-D
• Collection and identification of isolates
• Characterisation of isolates
• Identification of atoxigenic strains
• Determination of genetic and molecular diversity in the
atoxigenic strains
• Ensuring biosafety of the atoxigenics
• Developing methods for mass multiplication of
inoculum for field application
• Testing efficacy of atoxigenics in field trials
• Sensitisation of growers, consumers and regulatory
agencies about potential of biocontrol
• Registration of the atoxigenic strains as biopesticides
• Upscaling and outscaling to wider areas
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
38. Awareness campaign & capacity building
More than 10 million
people in Benin, Togo
and Ghana are now
aware of the dangers of
aflatoxin-contaminated
feed/foods.
Per year:
About 10 students
1 training course on
post-harvest pests and
diseases
Individual training
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
39. Africa Conference
13-16 Sept 2005
Accra Ghana
109 participants, 28 countries in Africa (15), Europe, Asia, North
America and South America
Participants: Scientists, parliamentarians, heads of institutions,
policymakers, trade and health specialists
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
40. Impact of awareness campaign
Aflatoxin awareness amongst target groups before (Pre-C) and after (Post-C) awareness campaign in Benin, Ghana and Togo
Respondents aware of aflatoxin (%)
Awareness
Farmers Traders Consumers Poultry farmers
†
indicator
% % % %
Pre-C Post-C Pre-C Post-C Pre-C Post-C Pre-C Post-C
change change change change
Informed 20.8 53.2 32.4*** 26.7 56.9 30.2*** 25.2 63.5 38.3*** 60.0 60.9 0.9 ns
Believed 54.6 76.9 22.3*** 58.5 78.1 19.6*** 60.0 84.3 24.3*** 83.0 91.2 8.2 **
Adopts 51.1 75.7 24.6*** 55.4 91.8 36.3*** 81.3 84.5 3.2 ns 48.9 68.8 19.9***
James et al. 2007 Food Additives & Contaminants
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
41. Trade Losses due to Aflatoxins
• Export compliance with food safety Maize
and quality standards.
• Some countries active to meet Cocoa
standards by putting in place relevant
institutions
• Best quality exported; poorer quality
Coffee
consumed domestically.
• Need to evaluate the economic impact
of aflatoxin on health and trade, and the
economic benefit the deployment of
aflatoxin management can have.
Peanut
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
42. Nutritional status of children aged 18-36 month
in four agro-ecological Zones in Benin
Zone 1 (N=45)
Zone 2 (N=113)
38.56
% of undernourished children
37.01
45 Zone 3 (N=76)
32.18
31.58
30.13
40 Zone 4 (N=88)
28.12
27.44
27.6
35
30
25
20
15
4.41
3.93
10
7
5
0
0
Stunting Underweight Wasting
Figure 1: Prevalence (%) of malnutrition by agro-ecological zone
Honfo et al. to be submitted to International Journal of Food Safety, Nutrition and Public Health
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
43. Nutritional status of children aged 18-36 month
in four agro-ecological Zones in Benin
Zone 1(N=45)
100
78.2
Zone 2 (N=113)
71.9
64.3
62.3
61.9
60.5
80 Zone 3 (N=76)
55 .6
48 .9
52.5
51.3
Proportion
60 Zone 4 (N=88)
37 .8
36.8
40
20
0
Energy Proteins Iron
Figure 2: Proportion of children covering at least 100% of the nutritional
needs
Honfo et al. to be submitted to International Journal of Food Safety, Nutrition and Public Health
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
44. Summary
• Food supplies in Africa are precarious
• High losses of foods both in Quality
(mycotoxins, chemical residues,
hygiene) and in Quantity (mostly due
to pest)
• Need for improved storage structures
and methods to reduce these losses
(up to 30%)
• Need improved access to markets
• Need improved processing and
packaging methods to maintain quality
It’s not possible that people go hungry
and we have more than 30% of the
children showing signs of malnutrition
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org
45. New research opportunities
• Quality in horticultural food chains (risk
assessment, technology options)
• Scaling up and out of mycotoxin management
using different partnership models
• Economic impact of mycotoxin management on
improved health and income
• Study other mycotoxins eg. Fumonisin,
OchratoxinA (diagnostic capacity has to be
established)
• Mycotoxins and climate change
• Monitoring and testing of product quality at
different steps in commodity chain using
appropriate analytical tools (mycotoxins,
pesticide residues, other microbes)
• Development of options for quality approaches &
Market Access (Technologies, Methodologies,
Training)
• Food/nutrition/health especially focusing on child
health
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org