This document discusses positioning and how it relates to consumers' perceptions of brands in crowded marketplaces. It defines positioning as how a product is defined in consumers' minds relative to competitors based on important attributes. The document likens the mind to a computer with "slots" for information, and says the mind only accepts new information that matches its current state of mind. It notes people simplify complexity by ranking brands on "ladders" in their minds for different product categories. Effective positioning strategies either displace higher brands or relate a brand to competitors' positions. The document stresses the importance of understanding what made brands successful originally.