1. Position & Punctuation, Stylistic Matters,
and Possible Meanings of Participial
Phrases: Restrictive & Non-restrictive
Participial phrases are
alternate constructions for
adjective clauses usually
appear after the noun they
modify
2. Con’t…
• A student hoping to finish
college in three years
must work very hard.
Restrictive
• Robert, hoping to finish
college in three years,
worked very hard.
Non-
restrictive
For such participial phrase, the punctuation is
the same as for adj. clause—commas cut off
only non-restrictive phrases.
3. Non-restrictive phrases referring to the subject of the main
verb are moveable and may be found in the following
position:
Beginning of sentence Hoping to finish
college in three years, Robert worked very
hard.
When a participial phrase occurs in initial
position, the ‘subject’ appear after it as the
subject of the main verb Looking out of the
window, she saw a breath-taking view.
The end of sentence Robert worked very
hard, hoping to finish college in three years.
4. Stylistic Matters related to
Participial Phrase
By providing an alternate construction
Perilaku
Stereotip budaya
Nilai-nilai budaya
Perubahan peranan
Pengalaman pribadi
5. TAHAPAN & TUGAS
PERKEMBANGAN
Masa bayi dan awal kanak-kanak
Akhir masa kanak-kanak/masa anak-
anak
Masa remaja
Masa dewasa
Masa usia pertengahan/paruh baya
Masa tua/usia lanjut
10. TAHAP PERKEMBANGAN
MORAL VERSI PIAGET
Realisme moral (pra-operasional) 4-7
tahun
Masa transisi (konkret-operasional) 7-10
tahun
Otonomi moral, realisme, dan resiprositas
(formal-operasional) 11 tahun ke atas
11. TAHAP PERKEMBANGAN
MORAL VERSI KOHL BERG
Moralitas prakonvensional (usia 4-10 tahun)
Moralitas konvensional (10-13 tahun)
Moralitas pascakonvensional (13 tahun ke
atas)
12. KAIDAH PERKEMBANGAN
Hukum konvergensi
Hukum perkembangan dan
pengembangan diri
Hukum masa peka
Hukum keperluan belajar
Hukum kesatuan anggota badan
Hukum tempo perkembangan
Hukum irama perkembangan