Population Dynamics. Causes & Consequences of Population Explosion & its Control . Declining Sex Ratio and its Implications

1. Population Dynamics of India
Causes & Consequences of
Population Explosion & its Control
Declining Sex Ratio and its
Implications
Dr. Anuj Singh
Asst. Professor
Community Medicine Dept.
UIMS, Prayagraj
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5. •Total Fertility Rate
(TFR)

7. Replacement-level fertility
• about 2.1 children per woman
• Replacement-level fertility: Total fertility levels
of about 2.1 children per woman. This value
represents the average number of children a
woman would need to have to reproduce
herself by bearing a daughter who survives to
childbearing age.

11. Relation between :
Population
Literacy

14. • Population dynamics of
India-

15. Population dynamics of India-
• India, the country with largest population in the world.As of
2024,
• India's population is around 1.43 billion
• Understanding India's population dynamics is crucial for-
economic planning,
resource allocation,
social policies

16. India’s Population Growth
• India's population grew rapidly after independence in
1947
• High fertility rates and declining mortality rates led to
rapid growth
• Growth rate peaked at 2.2% per year in the 1970s
• Current growth rate is around 1% per year

17. India’s Demographic Transition
• India is in the midst of a demographic transition
• Transition from high birth and death rates to low birth
and death rates
• As life expectancy improves and fertility declines, the
population ages

18. Age Structure-
Dynamics of India’s population cont..
• India has a young population currently
• Around 27% under age 15
• Only 6% elderly (aged 65+)
• Demographic dividend with large working-age population

19. Urbanization-
Dynamics of India’s population cont..
• India's urban population is growing rapidly
• Currently around 35% live in urban areas
• Urbanization rate of over 2% per year
• Straining resources and infrastructure of the country

20. Regional Variation-
Dynamics of India’s population cont..
• Significant regional variation in growth rates and
demographics
• Higher growth in northern states like Uttar Pradesh and
Bihar
• Lower growth in southern states like Kerala and Tamil
Nadu

21. Policy Challenges
Dynamics of India’s population cont..
• Managing population growth while achieving
development goals
• Investing in education, healthcare and job creation
• Empowering women and promoting family planning
• Managing aging population and urbanization

22. • Population dynamics are a critical challenge
for India
• Achieving a balanced demographic transition
is key Policies must address regional variation
• Population dynamics impact all development
goals

23. India-
Population
Explosion

25. 25
Population Explosion in India
• Population explosion is defined as a massive increase in the
population of a country in a short span of time
• Causes of population explosion are:
– Younger age at marriage of females; it has been
estimated that increasing the age at marriage of females
from 18 to 21 years can significantly decrease the TFR
– Universality of marriage
– Desire to have a male child

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Causes of population explosion –cont..
– Illiteracy and Ignorance
– Poverty
– Poor access or low availability of contraceptive
services, (h) Use of force on the community to adopt
contraceptive services, causing aversion to the family
welfare programme
– lack of women’s empowerment in the society and not
involving them in the decision making about family
size

27. • Consequences of population
explosion are:

28. 28
Consequences of population explosion are:
1. Increase in poverty in individual families since they have
to feed more mouths
2. Unemployment
3. Increasing load and strain on health care services
4. Increasing load on socio-developmental services as
education
5. Increasing load on infrastructure as housing, roads, water
supply, solid waste and excreta disposal services
6. Increasing load on natural resources as water
7. On a national level, increase in ill-health, poverty,
unemployment and illiteracy

29. Population Control
•Family Planning
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30. Definition of Family Planning
• Family Planning has been defined as
a way of thinking and living that is adopted voluntarily, on
the basis of knowledge, attitudes, and responsible
decisions, by individuals and couples, in order to promote
the health and welfare of the family group, thus contributing
effectively to the social development of a country.
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31. Definition of Family Planning
• Another definition of family planning is that family
planning refers to practices that help individuals and
couples to attain the following objectives:
i. avoid unwanted births
ii. bring about wanted births
iii. regulate the interval between pregnancies
iv. control the time at which birth occurs in relation to the
ages of the parents
v. determine the number of children in the family
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32. • National Population Policy
2000 (NPP)

33. National Population Policy 2000 (NPP)
– The objectives of NPP are as follows:
• Immediate objectives: To address the need of
unmet contraception and deficiencies in healthcare
infrastructure and health manpower
• Medium term: To bring total fertility rate (TFR) to
the replacement level by 2010
• Long term: To achieve stable population by 2045
at a level consistent with sustained economic
growth and social development
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34. National Population Policy 2000 (NPP)
Twelve strategic actions to achieve objectives
of NPP are:
1. De-centralized planning and program implementation
2. Convergence of service delivery at the village level
3. Empowering women for improved health and nutrition
4. Focus on child health and survival
5. Meeting the unmet needs of family welfare services
6. Increased participation of men in planned parenthood
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35. National Population Policy 2000 (NPP)
7. To achieve a diverse system of healthcare providers by
involving licentiate medical practitioners
8. Achieve collaboration with (and commitment from)
NGOs and private (profit and non-profit) organizations
9. Mainstreaming Indian Systems of Medicine (ISM) and
Homeopathy into family welfare activities
10. Improved contraceptive technology and research on
reproductive and child health issues
11. Providing health for elderly population
12. Emphasis on (IEC) 35

36. • National Family Welfare
Programme

37. National Family Welfare Programme
– Includes a package of closely inter-related programs
and services
i. RCH program addressing health of women of
reproductive age group, mothers, children, and
adolescents
ii. family planning program focusing on population
stabilization
– Population stabilization and small family norm cannot
be seen in isolation but have to be coordinated with
good maternal, child, and adolescent health services
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38. National Family Welfare Programme
– Objectives and Targets
• To reduce the MMR to 100 per lakh live births
• To reduce the IMR to 30 per 1000 live births
• To bring down the TFR to 2.1
• To stabilize the population of India at 1400 million in
2026
• To bring the age of first conception to at least 18 years
• To have a zero level of “unmet needs of family planning”
(currently it is 12.9%)
• To have 100% spacing of 3 years between two
successive births (presently it is approximately 50.3%)
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39. Approach and Implementation
– The delivery is through all governmental healthcare
agencies, including ASHA, Anganwadi, ANMs, LHVs,
PHCs and further higher health facilities.
– Coercion, force, or any undue gratification has NO
place in the program.
– A “basket of choices” is available under the program.
This includes the permanent methods and the
temporary methods.
– Permanent methods that are available are:
• Tubectomy—both Minilap and laparoscopic.
• Vasectomy—both conventional and no scalpel
vasectomy (NSV).
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40. Approach and Implementation
– Temporary (spacing) methods include:
• Injectable contraceptives: DMPA under the
“Antara” program.
• Oral contraceptive pills: Mala N and Centchroman
(Chhaya).
• Condoms.
• IUCD of two varieties: (i) Cu T 380 A (10 years)
and (ii) Cu T 375 (5 years).
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41. • Mission Parivar Vikas

42. Mission Parivar Vikas
– Mission Parivar Vikas (MPV) was launched in 2016
for substantially increasing access to contraceptive
and family planning services in districts with high
fertility.
– Districts of seven high focus states (Bihar, Uttar
Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,
Jharkhand and Assam) with TFR 3 and above have
been included.
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43. Current Status
• Contraceptive usage: As per NFHS-5, the
contraceptive use for India is 66.7%
• Unmet need of family planning: This means-
“ a married women, who wish to stop child bearing or
wait for next 2 or more years for the next child birth, but
not using any contraceptive method. Total unmet need of
family planning is 9.4% (NFHS-5)”
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44. Contraceptive Practice
• Contraception is defined “as a method which allow
people to attain their desired number of children, if
any, and to determine the spacing of their
pregnancies, while fulfilling the natural process of
sexual union”
• As per the National Population Policy 2000 and the RCH
program in our country, couples should be given a choice
of contraceptive methods
• Promotion of contraception purely on a voluntary basis,
without any coercion, with provision of adequate
information about the various contraceptive alternatives is
the central ethos of our national family welfare program
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45. • Efficacy of the Contraceptive
Method

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Efficacy of the Contraceptive Method
Examples-
Calendar method: 9/100 HWY (9%)
Basal Body Temperature (BBT) method: 1–2/100 HWY (1–2%)
Cervical mucus method: 3/100 HWY (3%)
Symptothermal method: 2/100 HWY (2%)
Condom: 12-14/100 HWY (12-14%)
IUCD: 1-2/100 HWY (1-2%)
DMPA: 0.1–0.4 /100 HWY (0.1–0.4%)

47. Methods of Contraception

48. Sex Ratio

49. 49
Sex Ratio
• It is defined as number of females per 1,000
males
• In India, the sex ratio, as per 2011 Census, was
found to be 940 females per 1,000 males

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Child Sex Ratio
• It is defined as “number of female children in the age
group of 0–6 years, per 1000 male children of the same
age group (0–6 years).”
• Compared to overall sex ratio, the child sex ratio gives
a more clear picture of the recent practices in the society
regarding selective elimination of female children, by
way of pre-conceptional and pre-natal sex determination,
or less care of female children after birth.
• As per the Census, 2011, the child sex ratio (0–6 years)
is 919.

51. Sex Ratio at Birth
• It is defined as number of female children born per 1000
male children, in a calendar year
• By natural laws, it should be 1000 (female newborns for
1000 male newborns)
• A low sex ratio at birth gives- a very reliable measure
of the current practices (over the immediate past 1 year)
of gender discrimination and selective abortion of female
fetuses
• As per NFHS-5 data, low sex ratio at birth was seen in
for Chandigarh (838), Tamil Nadu (878), Rajasthan
(891), Haryana (893), Odisha (894), and Jharkhand
(899)
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52. Causes of Low Sex Ratio
• Exorbitant dowry demand
• Other socio-economic reasons for low sex ratio are:
– Male children are seen as “working hands” for a
family
– Male children are considered necessary to carry on
the genetic tree whereas girls are considered as
“other family’s property”
– Female children need more protection, being
susceptible to sexual and physical violence and such
acts may bring shame to the family of the girl
– Widely available diagnostics to detect the sex of
foetus while in utero and termination of pregnancy in
case of a female foetus
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53. Causes of Low Sex Ratio
• Beliefs of community:
– Only the son who can perform the last rites
– Lineage and inheritance runs through the male line
– Sons will look after parents in old age
– Men are the breadwinners
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54. • Implications of Low Sex Ratio

55. Implications of Low Sex Ratio
• Socio-Ecological “Imbalance” if females are very less,
since nature requires one female for every male in the
long run
• Low social status of females in the society
• Low “decision-making power” of family in family affairs
• Low literacy rate among women
• Violence against women, both in the homes and in the
society
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56. Preventive Measures
1. Education of the society using mass media and various
social and religious platforms
2. Role modeling, with depiction of the facts that girls and
women can contribute much more than men, in every
walk of life
3. Social welfare schemes, for example, “Beti Bachao,
Beti Padhao” program
4. Improving the status of women in the society, by
increasing their educational levels and creating more
job opportunities for them
5. Legal actions, for example, the PC-PNDT Act which
places severe deterrence on pre-conceptional and pre-
natal sex determination
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57. Preventive Measures
6. Strict implementation of Anti-Dowry Act and rules
7. Increasing the status of women in the society
8. Free education and reservations in educational
seats for females in various general educational and
professional educational courses
9. Reservations for women in employment, both
government and private
10. Improved health care for women and children
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