The document discusses various trends in production and operations management including automation, robotics, CAD/CAM, plant layouts, sustainability practices, and digital transformation. Automation can increase efficiency but requires initial investment, and there are three types: fixed, programmable, and flexible. Robotics is used to perform dangerous, difficult, or repetitive tasks. CAD is used for design and CAM translates designs into manufacturing instructions. Recent changes in plant layouts focus on flexibility, sustainability, and digital tools. Sustainable practices aim to reduce waste and environmental impact. Digital transformation incorporates technologies like IoT, AI, and data analytics to optimize smart factories.

1. UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT
KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY, KURUKSHETRA

2. Introduction to
Production and
Operations
Management Trends
Exploring the latest trends shaping production and operations
management. From automation to sustainability, dive into the dynamic
landscape of modern industrial practices.

3. AGENDA
1. AUTOMATION
2. TYPES OF AUTOMATION
3. ROBOTICS
4. TYPES OF ROBOTICS
5. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ROBOTICS
6. CAD
7. CAM
8. RECENT CHANGES IN PLANT LAYOUT
9. SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES IN POM
10. DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION AND INDUSTRY 4.0
11. LEAN AND AGILE METHODOLOGIES
12. DATA ANALYTICS AND PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE
13. FUTURE OUTLOOK AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES

4. AUTOMATION IN POM:
Automation is essentially the use of automated
technology and machinery for processes such as
manufacturing, eliminating the need of extra labour.
The advantages of automation are:
•Reduced human labour required
•Consistency in quality
•Fewer risks of human error
•Improved health & safety
•Improved efficiency
However, using automation can:
•Be a costly initial investment
•Require some manual labour: observation and
programming, for example
•Failures could lead to temporary downtime in
production

5. AUTOMATION SYSTEMS ARE CLASSED INTO THREE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF AUTOMATION:

6. Fixed automation is a type of automation where the process
of manufacturing stays fixed by the way it is configured,
following a fixed sequence of automated processes. An
example of this is flow production, where products are
continuously being made. This is often also known as “hard
automation”.
Fixed automation can be expensive to set up initially due to
the equipment required, but in return, it provides high
production rates. However, it is relatively inflexible when it
comes to making changes to the product.
This is relatively useful for many companies who use
automation to create food products of one type and
variant. It allows them to effectively produce that item and
package it in bulk.
Foods that require chemical processes, for example, may
use this to ensure the consistency of the chemical
processes.
1. Fixed Automation

7. ADVANTAGES OF FIXED AUTOMATION
• High levels of production
• Consistent quality in production
• Low cost per unit produced
DISADVANTAGES OF FIXED AUTOMATION
• High initial cost
• Difficult to accommodate changes
This type of automation is best suited for: High
demand and generic products that require no change.
Coca Cola continues to use this automation in their
factories. As seen above, this allows for the production of
large quantities of the soft drink, allowing Coca Cola to
meet the high demands of their classic soft drink.

8. Programmable automation allows the production
equipment and automation to be altered to changing
needs. This is done by controlling the automation through a
program, which can be coded in certain ways for the
automation to change the sequence of automation.
It’s used more commonly in low to medium levels of
production, often being most suitable for batch production.
Programmable automation will often be used by factories
who make different variants of foods. This allows them to
make batches, from a few dozen to potentially thousands at
a time, of one product. If the product needs changing, it
simply needs to be reprogrammed.
2. Programmable Automation

9. Advantages include:
•Flexibility to change products if needed
•Suitable if batch production is required
Disadvantages include:
•Expensive for equipment
•Lower production levels
•Often time-consuming to change products
This type of automation is well suited for: Low/Medium
demand and occasional changes in products.

10. Flexible automation, also known as “soft automation”, is
similar to programmable automation, although a little more
complicated. Essentially, flexible automation enables the
production of different types of products without losing
time when reprogramming.
A flexible automation system can produce various
combinations of products efficiently without having to
separate them into different batches, as required in batch
production. This type of automation tends to have medium
levels of production.
3. Flexible Automation

11. Advantages include:
•Flexibility of products
•No time lost with new changes to production
Disadvantages include:
•High custom machinery/automation cost
•Higher cost per unit
There are essential differences in establishing flexible
automation from programmable automation. A flexible
automation system will be able to change the physical setup
as well as programs, with no loss in time and productivity.
Altering the part programme is usually done by coding the
program offline on a computer and then transferring it to the
automated system.
This type of automation is best suited for: Medium demand
and constant changes/large variety in products.

13. ROBOTICS ?
Robotics is a branch of engineering and computer science
that involves the conception, design, manufacture and
operation of robots. The objective of the robotics field is to
create intelligent machines that can assist humans in a
variety of ways.
WHY ROBOTICS IS NEEDED ?
It is used to create and perform tasks that are difficult or
impossible for humans to do. They can be used in a variety
of industries, including manufacturing, healthcare, and
transportation. One of the most common uses of robotics
and automation is in manufacturing.
- Speed
- Can work in dangerous temperature
- Can do with accuracy
- Can do repetitive task

14. The most common types of robots are :

15. MOBILE ROBOTS :
ROLLING ROBOTS :
Rolling robots have wheels to move around. They can quickly and
easily search. However they are only useful in flat areas.
WALKING ROBOTS :
Robots on legs are usually brought inn when the terrain is rocky.
Most robots have at least 4 legs , usually they have 6 or more.

16. STATIONARY ROBOTS:
Robots are not only used to explore areas or imitate a
human being. Most robots are perform repeating
tasks without ever moving an inch. Most robots are
working in industry settings and are stationary.
AUTONOMOUS ROBOTS:
Autonomous robots are self supporting or in other
words self contained. In a way they rely on their own
‘brains’.

17. Remote control robots:
A person can guide a robot by remote control. A person can
perform difficult and usually dangerous tasks without being at
the spot where the tasks are performed.
virtual robots:
Virtual robots don’t exits in real life. Virtual robots are just
programs, buildings blocks of software inside a computer.

19. Automation and Robotics in
Manufacturing
Increased Efficiency
Robotic automation
streamlines processes,
leading to higher productivity
and precision.
Human-Machine
Collaboration
The integration of robots
allows for a seamless
collaboration between
human workers and
machines.
Reduced Costs
Automation minimizes labor
costs and enhances overall
cost-efficiency in
manufacturing.

20. COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN:
CAD (computer-aided design) is the use of computer-based
software to aid in design processes. CAD software is
frequently used by different types of engineers and
designers. CAD software can be used to create two-
dimensional (2-D) drawings or three-dimensional (3-D)
models.

21. Who uses CAD?
Computer-aided design is used in a wide variety of professions. CAD software is used heavily
within various architecture, arts and engineering projects. CAD use cases are specific to industry
and job functions. Professions that use CAD tools include, but are not limited to:
•Architects
•Engineers
•City planners
•Graphic designers
•Animation illustrators
•Drafters
•Fashion designers
•Interior designers
•Exterior designers

22. COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTRING
In general, computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) refers
to "the use of computer systems to plan, manage, and
control the operations of a manufacturing plant through
either direct or indirect computer interface with the
plant's production resources."1 Computer-aided
manufacturing (CAM) often refers to software that takes
the geometric design authored with CAD software as
input and outputs manufacturing instructions that are
downloaded to automated equipment such as a
computer numerically controlled (CNC) machine tool. Is
also referred to as computer-assisted manufacturing

23. :
 Textile Machineries
 Computers
 Printing Presses
 Food Processing Machines
 Internal Combustion Engines And
 Countless Other Automatic Machines,
Control Systems And Devices.

24. RECENT CHANGES IN PLANT LAYOUT
Recent changes in plant layout reflect the evolving needs
of businesses towards flexibility, efficiency, and
sustainability. Agile manufacturing principles promote
adaptable layouts that can quickly accommodate
changes in production demands and technology
advancements. Modular designs allow for easy
reconfiguration of production lines, optimizing space and
resources. Additionally, there's a growing emphasis on
sustainability, with layouts incorporating green
technologies and practices to minimize environmental
impact. Digital technologies like virtual reality are also
revolutionizing plant layout planning, enabling virtual
simulations for optimal arrangement before physical
implementation. Overall, recent changes in plant layout
prioritize flexibility, sustainability, and digital innovation
to meet the demands of modern manufacturing.

25. Sustainable Practices in
Production and Operations
Management
1 Environmental
Stewardship
Implementing eco-friendly
processes and renewable energy
sources for sustainable production.
2 Waste Reduction
Efforts to minimize waste and
promote recycling within production
facilities.
3 Green Supply Chain
Embracing sustainable sourcing and distribution practices to reduce
environmental impact.

26. Digital Transformation and
Industry 4.0
Smart Factories
Integration of IoT and AI technologies
in manufacturing for enhanced
connectivity and automation.
Data-Driven Decision Making
Utilizing big data analytics to drive
informed strategic decisions in
operations management.
Innovation Adoption
Embracing emerging digital technologies to optimize production processes and
enhance efficiency.

27. Supply Chain Resilience and Risk
Management
1 Risk Assessment
Identifying potential risks and vulnerabilities within the supply chain
infrastructure.
2 Adaptive Strategies
Developing agile strategies to mitigate disruptions and maintain
operational resilience.
3 Collaborative Partnerships
Strengthening collaborative ties with suppliers for optimized supply chain
management.

28. Lean and Agile Methodologies
1
Waste Minimization
Utilizing lean principles to reduce waste and optimize resource utilization.
2
Flexibility and Adaptability
Implementing agile methodologies to swiftly respond to changing market
demands.
3
Continuous Improvement
Embracing a culture of ongoing improvement and innovation in operational
processes.

29. Data Analytics and Predictive
Maintenance
Advanced Analytics
Utilizing sophisticated data
tools for comprehensive
insights into operations and
performance.
Predictive
Maintenance
Implementing predictive
maintenance strategies for
proactive equipment upkeep.
Operational Efficiency
Enhancing operational
efficiency through data-driven
decision-making processes.

30. Future Outlook and Emerging
Technologies
Additive Manufacturing
Exploring the potential of 3D
printing and additive
manufacturing for disruptive
innovation.
Autonomous Systems
Adoption of autonomous
technologies for efficient and
autonomous material
handling.
Smart Logistics
Integration of robotics and AI
in logistics for optimized
warehousing and distribution.