The document defines a polynomial function as a function where the variable has only non-negative integer exponents and is not in the denominator or inside a radical symbol. It gives the standard form of a polynomial function as P(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + ... + a1x + a0, where n is a non-negative integer, the ai values are coefficients, anxn is the leading term, an is the leading coefficient, and a0 is the constant term. It also discusses rewriting polynomial functions between standard and factored forms.