polymer1-150424024932-conversion-gate02.pptx
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This document discusses different types of polymers including natural polymers like DNA, homopolymers made from a single monomer, and copolymers made from two or more monomers. Polymers are classified based on their origin, structure, and mode of polymerization. They have characteristics like low density and poor tensile strength. Polymers have a wide range of applications in medicine, consumer products, industry, and sports.
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polymer1-150424024932-conversion-gate02.pdf
This document provides an overview of polymers including their types, classifications, characteristics, and applications. It defines polymers as large molecules formed from monomers linking together in chains. Polymers are classified based on their origin, structure, and mode of polymerization. Some key types discussed are natural, homo, co, thermoset, and thermoplastic polymers. Common characteristics include low density, moldability and poor strength. Finally, applications highlighted are in medicine, consumer products, industry, and sports equipment.
POLYMERS
This document provides an overview of polymers including their types, classifications, characteristics, and applications. It defines polymers as large molecules formed from monomers linking together in chains. Polymers are classified based on their origin, structure, and mode of polymerization. Some key types discussed are natural, homo, co, thermoset, and thermoplastic polymers. Common characteristics include low density, corrosion resistance, and moldability. Finally, applications highlighted are in medicine, consumer products, industry, and sports equipment.
Polymer ppt M pharm
This document provides an overview of polymers including their types, classifications, characteristics, and applications. It defines polymers as large molecules formed from monomers linking together in chains. Polymers are classified as natural, synthetic, or semisynthetic and characterized by their structure, including linear, branched, cross-linked, and network forms. Common polymers are used in medicine, consumer products, industry, and sports due to their light weight, low cost, and moldability.
Polymers
This document discusses polymers, including their classification, characteristics, applications, and advantages/disadvantages. Polymers are large molecules formed by joining hundreds of monomers together in chains. They can be classified based on their origin (natural, synthetic, semi-synthetic), solubility, structure (linear, branched, cross-linked), polymerization method (additional, condensation), and degradability (biodegradable, non-biodegradable). Polymers have applications in drug delivery, tissue engineering, biomaterials, coatings, and more due to their properties like low density, mechanical strength, and compatibility. They provide advantages for drug delivery such as localized and sustained release while disadvantages include dose dumping and low
Synthetic polymers - a content written by Dr.Lali Thomas Kotturan about man ...
A polymer is a giant molecule made from small identical repeating molecules called monomers joined together by covalent bonds. The process of interlinking the monomers to form a polymer is called polymerization. The Classification of Polymers is possible based on different parameters. Origin, thermal processing Behavior, Mechanism of polymerization, line structure, physical property, Crystallinity, and Degradability are such parameters. The spatial arrangements of substituents like alkyl, phenyl, chloro groups on the carbon chain of polymer are called tacticity. Based on tacticity polymers are classified into isotactic, syndiotactic, and atactic polymers. Tacticity depends on the temperature of formation and solvent used. Steps involved in addition polymerization or chain-growth polymerization are initiation, propagation, and termination. Polythene is an addition polymer that exists as LDPE or HDPE.LDPE is formed from ethylene at a high pressure of 1500-3000 atmosphere at a temperature range of175-250oC in presence of some oxygen, peroxide, or azocompounds as initiators.LDPE has nearly 20–50 branches (both long and short branches) per 1000 linear carbon atoms in the chain molecules. The polymerization at a low temperature and pressure in presence of metal oxide catalyst results in HDPE. 2–5 short branches or side chains per 1000 carbon atoms in the main chain, thus having a higher density range (0.945–0.96) and high melting temperature (125–130°C) compared to LDPE. Polystyrene is a transparent, amorphous addition polymer of styrene.PMMA is an addition polymer of methyl methacrylate.PAN is an acrylic fiber obtained by addition polymerization of acrylonitrile. Condensation polymerization or step-growth polymerization happens by the intermolecular reaction with the elimination of water, HCl, etc. Monomers of nylon 66 are hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid.
The first 6 in 66 denotes the number of carbon atoms in diamine and the second 6 denotes the number of carbon atoms in diacid. Nylon 6 is formed from caprolactam which has 6 carbon atoms in its ring. Bakelite is a three-dimensional phenol-formaldehyde polymer. Kevlar is an aromatic polyamide formed from-phenylene diamine and terephthaloyl chloride. Terylene is the condensation polymer from ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. A typical Ziegler Natta catalyst is a mixture of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl Aluminium. This catalyst permits the synthesis of unbranched, stereospecific, high molecular weight polyolefins. The process is coordination polymerization and the product is the cis product. Biodegradable polymers get decomposed by bacteria into natural byproducts such as gases (CO2, N2), water, biomass, and inorganic salts. These polymers are esters, anhydrides or amides. PLA(polylactic acid), PGA (Poly(glycolic acid), and PHBV -Poly(β-hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxy valerate) are examples of biodegradable polymers. The plastic identification code identifies the type of plastic.
Polymer notes.pptx
Polymers are large molecules formed by combining many smaller subunits called monomers. They can be found naturally or made synthetically. Polymers are formed through polymerization reactions where monomers bond together into long chains or networks. There are several ways polymers can be classified, including by their source, structure, type of polymerization reaction, monomers used, intermolecular forces, backbone composition, and atomic arrangement. The functionality and degree of polymerization also provide information about polymers' structure and properties.
POLYMER
Polymers are large molecules formed from repeating structural units called monomers. There are several types of polymers including natural polymers like DNA, homopolymers made of identical monomers, and copolymers made of two or more different monomers. Polymers can also be classified based on their structure, molecular forces, and mode of polymerization. They have a variety of applications in medicine, consumer products, industry, and sports due to their properties like low density, corrosion resistance, and ability to be produced in different colors.
Polumers-Dr. Surendran Parambadath
1. The document discusses polymers, their types including plastics, elastomers, fibers, and composites.
2. Key polymerization reactions are addition polymerization which does not eliminate small molecules, and condensation polymerization which eliminates molecules like water.
3. Common polymers discussed include nylon, polyethylene, polyester, rubber and fibers like nylon-6,6 and terylene. Composites contain a matrix and dispersed strengthening phase.
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polymer1-150424024932-conversion-gate02.pdf
This document provides an overview of polymers including their types, classifications, characteristics, and applications. It defines polymers as large molecules formed from monomers linking together in chains. Polymers are classified based on their origin, structure, and mode of polymerization. Some key types discussed are natural, homo, co, thermoset, and thermoplastic polymers. Common characteristics include low density, moldability and poor strength. Finally, applications highlighted are in medicine, consumer products, industry, and sports equipment.
POLYMERS
This document provides an overview of polymers including their types, classifications, characteristics, and applications. It defines polymers as large molecules formed from monomers linking together in chains. Polymers are classified based on their origin, structure, and mode of polymerization. Some key types discussed are natural, homo, co, thermoset, and thermoplastic polymers. Common characteristics include low density, corrosion resistance, and moldability. Finally, applications highlighted are in medicine, consumer products, industry, and sports equipment.
Polymer ppt M pharm
This document provides an overview of polymers including their types, classifications, characteristics, and applications. It defines polymers as large molecules formed from monomers linking together in chains. Polymers are classified as natural, synthetic, or semisynthetic and characterized by their structure, including linear, branched, cross-linked, and network forms. Common polymers are used in medicine, consumer products, industry, and sports due to their light weight, low cost, and moldability.
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This document discusses polymers, including their classification, characteristics, applications, and advantages/disadvantages. Polymers are large molecules formed by joining hundreds of monomers together in chains. They can be classified based on their origin (natural, synthetic, semi-synthetic), solubility, structure (linear, branched, cross-linked), polymerization method (additional, condensation), and degradability (biodegradable, non-biodegradable). Polymers have applications in drug delivery, tissue engineering, biomaterials, coatings, and more due to their properties like low density, mechanical strength, and compatibility. They provide advantages for drug delivery such as localized and sustained release while disadvantages include dose dumping and low
Synthetic polymers - a content written by Dr.Lali Thomas Kotturan about man ...
A polymer is a giant molecule made from small identical repeating molecules called monomers joined together by covalent bonds. The process of interlinking the monomers to form a polymer is called polymerization. The Classification of Polymers is possible based on different parameters. Origin, thermal processing Behavior, Mechanism of polymerization, line structure, physical property, Crystallinity, and Degradability are such parameters. The spatial arrangements of substituents like alkyl, phenyl, chloro groups on the carbon chain of polymer are called tacticity. Based on tacticity polymers are classified into isotactic, syndiotactic, and atactic polymers. Tacticity depends on the temperature of formation and solvent used. Steps involved in addition polymerization or chain-growth polymerization are initiation, propagation, and termination. Polythene is an addition polymer that exists as LDPE or HDPE.LDPE is formed from ethylene at a high pressure of 1500-3000 atmosphere at a temperature range of175-250oC in presence of some oxygen, peroxide, or azocompounds as initiators.LDPE has nearly 20–50 branches (both long and short branches) per 1000 linear carbon atoms in the chain molecules. The polymerization at a low temperature and pressure in presence of metal oxide catalyst results in HDPE. 2–5 short branches or side chains per 1000 carbon atoms in the main chain, thus having a higher density range (0.945–0.96) and high melting temperature (125–130°C) compared to LDPE. Polystyrene is a transparent, amorphous addition polymer of styrene.PMMA is an addition polymer of methyl methacrylate.PAN is an acrylic fiber obtained by addition polymerization of acrylonitrile. Condensation polymerization or step-growth polymerization happens by the intermolecular reaction with the elimination of water, HCl, etc. Monomers of nylon 66 are hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid.
The first 6 in 66 denotes the number of carbon atoms in diamine and the second 6 denotes the number of carbon atoms in diacid. Nylon 6 is formed from caprolactam which has 6 carbon atoms in its ring. Bakelite is a three-dimensional phenol-formaldehyde polymer. Kevlar is an aromatic polyamide formed from-phenylene diamine and terephthaloyl chloride. Terylene is the condensation polymer from ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. A typical Ziegler Natta catalyst is a mixture of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl Aluminium. This catalyst permits the synthesis of unbranched, stereospecific, high molecular weight polyolefins. The process is coordination polymerization and the product is the cis product. Biodegradable polymers get decomposed by bacteria into natural byproducts such as gases (CO2, N2), water, biomass, and inorganic salts. These polymers are esters, anhydrides or amides. PLA(polylactic acid), PGA (Poly(glycolic acid), and PHBV -Poly(β-hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxy valerate) are examples of biodegradable polymers. The plastic identification code identifies the type of plastic.
Polymer notes.pptx
Polymers are large molecules formed by combining many smaller subunits called monomers. They can be found naturally or made synthetically. Polymers are formed through polymerization reactions where monomers bond together into long chains or networks. There are several ways polymers can be classified, including by their source, structure, type of polymerization reaction, monomers used, intermolecular forces, backbone composition, and atomic arrangement. The functionality and degree of polymerization also provide information about polymers' structure and properties.
POLYMER
Polymers are large molecules formed from repeating structural units called monomers. There are several types of polymers including natural polymers like DNA, homopolymers made of identical monomers, and copolymers made of two or more different monomers. Polymers can also be classified based on their structure, molecular forces, and mode of polymerization. They have a variety of applications in medicine, consumer products, industry, and sports due to their properties like low density, corrosion resistance, and ability to be produced in different colors.
Polumers-Dr. Surendran Parambadath
1. The document discusses polymers, their types including plastics, elastomers, fibers, and composites.
2. Key polymerization reactions are addition polymerization which does not eliminate small molecules, and condensation polymerization which eliminates molecules like water.
3. Common polymers discussed include nylon, polyethylene, polyester, rubber and fibers like nylon-6,6 and terylene. Composites contain a matrix and dispersed strengthening phase.
polymers
- Polymerization is a process by which monomer molecules are linked to form a polymer. It involves three main steps - initiation, propagation, and termination.
- Initiation involves the use of initiators like azo compounds or peroxides which decompose to form free radicals when heat or light is applied.
- Propagation involves these free radicals reacting with monomer molecules to start the chain growth, linking monomer after monomer.
- Termination occurs when two growing radical chain ends combine, stopping further reaction and chain growth.
Polymer
Polymer - a long chain molecule made up of many small identical units of Monomer is known as Polymer.
Monomer - the smallest repeating unit is known as Monomer.
Polymer is a molecule is obtained by natural and synthetic origin having group of Smallest repeating unit is known as polymer.
Polymer is important for increasing the stability of drug molecule, it is important to influencing the solubility of drug molecule, it is important to maintain the Physicochemical properties, it is important to maintain the prolong stability of drug molecule in extended period of time, it is important for influencing the Bioavailability of drug.
Polymer is important for Pharmaceutical industries and research purpose.
Polymers final
Polymers are large molecules formed by linking many small repeating units called monomers. There are natural polymers like DNA and collagen as well as synthetic polymers like polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, and nylon. Polymers can be classified based on their structure as linear, branched, or cross-linked, and based on how they are formed as addition or condensation polymers. Properties of polymers depend on factors like chain length, branching, and cross-linking. Common applications of polymers include packaging, insulation, fibers, and medical devices.
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This document discusses polymers, including their classification, characteristics, properties, strengths, and applications. It begins with an introduction to polymers being long chains of repeating monomer units. It then covers the main topics of types of polymers like polyethene and nylon, how they are classified based on composition and reaction, their characteristics like low density and good moldability. Properties depend on chain length and structure. Strength increases with longer chains and higher crystallinity. Finally, applications of polymers in areas like packaging, textiles, construction, medicine and pharmaceuticals are outlined.
polymer .pptx
Polymer is a large molecule made of repeating structural units called monomers. The process of linking monomers together to form polymers is called polymerization. There are several ways to classify polymers, including by their origin (natural, synthetic, semisynthetic), structure (linear, branched, cross-linked), and mode of polymerization (addition, condensation). Common polymers include polyethylene, nylon, polyester, bakelite, and natural rubber.
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This document discusses polymers, including their definition as large molecules formed from repeated linking of monomers. It describes various classifications of polymers including by source (natural, synthetic, semi-synthetic), structure (linear, branched, cross-linked), and synthesis method (polycondensation, polyaddition). Key properties of polymers and some important polymers and their uses are also outlined. Examples of commonly used polymers are provided, such as polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyvinyl chloride.
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Polymers.pptx
Polymers are high molecular weight compounds formed by linking together smaller molecules called monomers. There are several ways to classify polymers, including by source (natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic), method of polymerization (addition, condensation), and degradability (biodegradable, non-biodegradable). Biodegradable polymers are important for controlled drug delivery systems as they can release drugs through diffusion, swelling, or erosion over time. Common biodegradable polymers used in drug delivery include lactic acid, glycolic acid, polyanhydrides, and polycaprolactone.
polymers Waleed
Polymerisation is the reaction that forms polymers, which are long chains of repeating structural units called monomers. Natural polymers like DNA, RNA, cotton and wool result from materials found in nature, while addition polymerisation involves identical alkene monomers bonding together without losing atoms. Polymers have characteristics like low density, good corrosion resistance and moldability that make them useful in a variety of applications, including medicine like heart valves, industry uses like automobile parts and pipes, and sports equipment like playgrounds and balls.
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This document provides an overview of polymers, including:
- Polymers are large molecules made of repeating monomer units that are linked together through polymerization.
- Polymers can be classified based on their source, chemical nature, thermal behavior, and ultimate forms. Common types include natural/synthetic, organic/inorganic, thermoplastic/thermosetting, and plastics/elastomers/fibers.
- Polymers are prepared through various polymerization methods like bulk, solution, suspension, and emulsion polymerization.
- Key polymer properties include molecular weight, hydrophobicity, glass transition temperature, and crystallinity.
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Polymers are large molecules formed from repetitive monomeric units. There are several types of polymers including natural polymers like DNA, homopolymers made of a single monomer, and copolymers made of two or more different monomers. Polymers can also be classified as thermoplastics, thermosets, and long chain polymers based on their properties. Some key uses of polymers include applications in medicine like implants, consumer products like plastic containers, and industrial uses like automobile parts and pipes.
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Polymers are large molecules formed by combining many small molecules called monomers. There are two main types of polymerization: addition and condensation. Addition polymers form without releasing any byproducts while condensation polymers form with the release of small molecules like water. Polymers can be classified based on their source, structure, and thermal properties. Common polymerization techniques include bulk, solution, suspension, and emulsion which depend on factors like physical state and reaction mechanism. Bulk polymerization involves only monomer and initiator while solution polymerization dissolves the monomer in a solvent.
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Polymers play a very important role in human life. Our body is made of lot of polymers, e.g. Proteins, enzymes, etc. Other naturally occurring polymers like wood, rubber, leather and silk are have wide application. Now a day synthetic polymer like useful plastics, rubbers and fiber materials are synthesized. presentation includes introduction classification and preparation methods. Polymers play a very important role in human life. Our body is made of lot of polymers, e.g. Proteins, enzymes, etc. Other naturally occurring polymers like wood, rubber, leather and silk are have wide application. Now a day synthetic polymer like useful plastics, rubbers and fiber materials are synthesized. Leo Baekeland patented the first totally synthetic polymer called Bakelite (1910). Bakelite is a versatile, durable material prepared from low-cost materials phenol and formaldehyde and was the most important synthetic polymer material. In the 1920s Hermann Staudinger showed that polymers were high-molecular-weight compounds held together by normal covalent bonds.
The suffix in polymer ‘mer’ is originated from Greek word meros – which means part. The word polymer is thus coined to mean material consisting of many parts or mers. A macromolecule having high molecular mass (103-107u) and generally not a well-defined structure or molecular weight. The macromolecules formed by joining of repeating structural units on a large scale. The repeating structural units are simple and reactive molecules linked to each other by covalent bonds. This process of formation of polymers from respective monomers is called polymerization. Most of the polymers are basically organic compounds, however they can be inorganic (e.g. silicones based on Si-O network).
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This document provides an overview of polymers, including:
- Polymers are large molecules made by linking repeating units called monomers. Naturally occurring polymers have been used for thousands of years, while artificial polymers were developed more recently after WWII.
- Polymers can be classified based on their source, thermal behavior, chemical structure, stereochemistry, and end use. Important types include thermoplastics, thermosets, homopolymers, copolymers, fibers, and plastics.
- Polymer properties depend on factors like strength, crystallinity, elasticity, and glass transition temperature which are influenced by the polymer structure. Common characterization techniques and molding processes like injection molding are also discussed.
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This presentation was prepared as "plastic technology course" task, and was presented in class. For any mistakes, i'm saying sorry in advance.
Polymers.pptx
This document summarizes various ways of classifying polymers. Polymers can be classified based on their structure as linear, branched, or cross-linked. They can also be classified based on their source as natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic. Additionally, polymers are classified based on the number and arrangement of monomers, their configuration, the intermolecular forces between chains, and the type of polymerization reaction (addition or condensation). The document provides examples for most polymer classifications.
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Polymers are macromolecules formed by combining many small molecules (monomers) through covalent bonds. Common examples include polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, nylon, and rubber. Polymers can be classified based on their source (natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic), structure (linear, branched, cross-linked), or the polymerization process used to create them (addition, condensation). Polymerization involves monomers combining in chains through addition or condensation reactions with or without the loss of small molecules as byproducts. The type of polymerization determines the properties and applications of the resulting polymers.
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Plastics are polymers composed of large organic molecules called polymers and additives that give them their properties. Polymers are formed from bonding monomers together in long chains through polymerization. Plastics are generally light, good insulators, resistant to corrosion, and mouldable but have low melting points and degrade under UV light. There are three main types of plastics: thermoplastics which have weaker bonds and can be recycled; thermosets which have stronger bonds and cannot be recycled; and elastomers which are very flexible and also cannot be recycled. Plastics are manufactured by heating polymer particles to their melting point and shaping them through extrusion or injection molding.
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Rana zia ur rehman
Graduate Reseracher at KASIT (Korea Advanced of science & Technology)
My Email ID: ranazia517@gmail.com
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polymers
- Polymerization is a process by which monomer molecules are linked to form a polymer. It involves three main steps - initiation, propagation, and termination.
- Initiation involves the use of initiators like azo compounds or peroxides which decompose to form free radicals when heat or light is applied.
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Polymer - a long chain molecule made up of many small identical units of Monomer is known as Polymer.
Monomer - the smallest repeating unit is known as Monomer.
Polymer is a molecule is obtained by natural and synthetic origin having group of Smallest repeating unit is known as polymer.
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Polymers are large molecules formed by linking many small repeating units called monomers. There are natural polymers like DNA and collagen as well as synthetic polymers like polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, and nylon. Polymers can be classified based on their structure as linear, branched, or cross-linked, and based on how they are formed as addition or condensation polymers. Properties of polymers depend on factors like chain length, branching, and cross-linking. Common applications of polymers include packaging, insulation, fibers, and medical devices.
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This document discusses polymers, including their classification, characteristics, properties, strengths, and applications. It begins with an introduction to polymers being long chains of repeating monomer units. It then covers the main topics of types of polymers like polyethene and nylon, how they are classified based on composition and reaction, their characteristics like low density and good moldability. Properties depend on chain length and structure. Strength increases with longer chains and higher crystallinity. Finally, applications of polymers in areas like packaging, textiles, construction, medicine and pharmaceuticals are outlined.
polymer .pptx
Polymer is a large molecule made of repeating structural units called monomers. The process of linking monomers together to form polymers is called polymerization. There are several ways to classify polymers, including by their origin (natural, synthetic, semisynthetic), structure (linear, branched, cross-linked), and mode of polymerization (addition, condensation). Common polymers include polyethylene, nylon, polyester, bakelite, and natural rubber.
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This document discusses polymers, including their definition as large molecules formed from repeated linking of monomers. It describes various classifications of polymers including by source (natural, synthetic, semi-synthetic), structure (linear, branched, cross-linked), and synthesis method (polycondensation, polyaddition). Key properties of polymers and some important polymers and their uses are also outlined. Examples of commonly used polymers are provided, such as polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyvinyl chloride.
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Polymers.pptx
Polymers are high molecular weight compounds formed by linking together smaller molecules called monomers. There are several ways to classify polymers, including by source (natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic), method of polymerization (addition, condensation), and degradability (biodegradable, non-biodegradable). Biodegradable polymers are important for controlled drug delivery systems as they can release drugs through diffusion, swelling, or erosion over time. Common biodegradable polymers used in drug delivery include lactic acid, glycolic acid, polyanhydrides, and polycaprolactone.
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Polymerisation is the reaction that forms polymers, which are long chains of repeating structural units called monomers. Natural polymers like DNA, RNA, cotton and wool result from materials found in nature, while addition polymerisation involves identical alkene monomers bonding together without losing atoms. Polymers have characteristics like low density, good corrosion resistance and moldability that make them useful in a variety of applications, including medicine like heart valves, industry uses like automobile parts and pipes, and sports equipment like playgrounds and balls.
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This document provides an overview of polymers, including:
- Polymers are large molecules made of repeating monomer units that are linked together through polymerization.
- Polymers can be classified based on their source, chemical nature, thermal behavior, and ultimate forms. Common types include natural/synthetic, organic/inorganic, thermoplastic/thermosetting, and plastics/elastomers/fibers.
- Polymers are prepared through various polymerization methods like bulk, solution, suspension, and emulsion polymerization.
- Key polymer properties include molecular weight, hydrophobicity, glass transition temperature, and crystallinity.
Polymers and its Classifications - Joan Alvares
Polymers are large molecules formed from repetitive monomeric units. There are several types of polymers including natural polymers like DNA, homopolymers made of a single monomer, and copolymers made of two or more different monomers. Polymers can also be classified as thermoplastics, thermosets, and long chain polymers based on their properties. Some key uses of polymers include applications in medicine like implants, consumer products like plastic containers, and industrial uses like automobile parts and pipes.
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Polymers are large molecules formed by combining many small molecules called monomers. There are two main types of polymerization: addition and condensation. Addition polymers form without releasing any byproducts while condensation polymers form with the release of small molecules like water. Polymers can be classified based on their source, structure, and thermal properties. Common polymerization techniques include bulk, solution, suspension, and emulsion which depend on factors like physical state and reaction mechanism. Bulk polymerization involves only monomer and initiator while solution polymerization dissolves the monomer in a solvent.
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Polymers play a very important role in human life. Our body is made of lot of polymers, e.g. Proteins, enzymes, etc. Other naturally occurring polymers like wood, rubber, leather and silk are have wide application. Now a day synthetic polymer like useful plastics, rubbers and fiber materials are synthesized. presentation includes introduction classification and preparation methods. Polymers play a very important role in human life. Our body is made of lot of polymers, e.g. Proteins, enzymes, etc. Other naturally occurring polymers like wood, rubber, leather and silk are have wide application. Now a day synthetic polymer like useful plastics, rubbers and fiber materials are synthesized. Leo Baekeland patented the first totally synthetic polymer called Bakelite (1910). Bakelite is a versatile, durable material prepared from low-cost materials phenol and formaldehyde and was the most important synthetic polymer material. In the 1920s Hermann Staudinger showed that polymers were high-molecular-weight compounds held together by normal covalent bonds.
The suffix in polymer ‘mer’ is originated from Greek word meros – which means part. The word polymer is thus coined to mean material consisting of many parts or mers. A macromolecule having high molecular mass (103-107u) and generally not a well-defined structure or molecular weight. The macromolecules formed by joining of repeating structural units on a large scale. The repeating structural units are simple and reactive molecules linked to each other by covalent bonds. This process of formation of polymers from respective monomers is called polymerization. Most of the polymers are basically organic compounds, however they can be inorganic (e.g. silicones based on Si-O network).
Polymers
This document provides an overview of polymers, including:
- Polymers are large molecules made by linking repeating units called monomers. Naturally occurring polymers have been used for thousands of years, while artificial polymers were developed more recently after WWII.
- Polymers can be classified based on their source, thermal behavior, chemical structure, stereochemistry, and end use. Important types include thermoplastics, thermosets, homopolymers, copolymers, fibers, and plastics.
- Polymer properties depend on factors like strength, crystallinity, elasticity, and glass transition temperature which are influenced by the polymer structure. Common characterization techniques and molding processes like injection molding are also discussed.
Classification of Plastics
This presentation was prepared as "plastic technology course" task, and was presented in class. For any mistakes, i'm saying sorry in advance.
Polymers.pptx
This document summarizes various ways of classifying polymers. Polymers can be classified based on their structure as linear, branched, or cross-linked. They can also be classified based on their source as natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic. Additionally, polymers are classified based on the number and arrangement of monomers, their configuration, the intermolecular forces between chains, and the type of polymerization reaction (addition or condensation). The document provides examples for most polymer classifications.
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Polymers are macromolecules formed by combining many small molecules (monomers) through covalent bonds. Common examples include polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, nylon, and rubber. Polymers can be classified based on their source (natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic), structure (linear, branched, cross-linked), or the polymerization process used to create them (addition, condensation). Polymerization involves monomers combining in chains through addition or condensation reactions with or without the loss of small molecules as byproducts. The type of polymerization determines the properties and applications of the resulting polymers.
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Plastics are polymers composed of large organic molecules called polymers and additives that give them their properties. Polymers are formed from bonding monomers together in long chains through polymerization. Plastics are generally light, good insulators, resistant to corrosion, and mouldable but have low melting points and degrade under UV light. There are three main types of plastics: thermoplastics which have weaker bonds and can be recycled; thermosets which have stronger bonds and cannot be recycled; and elastomers which are very flexible and also cannot be recycled. Plastics are manufactured by heating polymer particles to their melting point and shaping them through extrusion or injection molding.
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Rana zia ur rehman
Graduate Reseracher at KASIT (Korea Advanced of science & Technology)
My Email ID: ranazia517@gmail.com
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Human behavior is influenced by both internal and external factors. It involves sensing external events, interpreting them, responding appropriately, and learning from the results. Behavior can be overt and observable or covert and involving internal mental processes. Differences in individual behavior are caused by physiological, psychological, and socio-cultural variables as well as situational organizational and job factors. Understanding human behavior helps influence organizational events, understand oneself and others, comprehend motivation, maintain relations, and shape organizational culture.
Ritika.pptx
This document discusses and compares covalent and ionic bonding. Covalent bonds form when elements share electrons and have close electronegativity, while ionic bonds form when a metal transfers electrons to a nonmetal. Covalent bonds result in molecules with low melting/boiling points since bonds don't need to break, while ionic bonds form crystal structures with high melting/boiling points as bonds must break. Examples of covalent compounds include methane and water, while sodium iodide and calcium chloride are ionic compounds.
H BONDING.pptx
This document discusses hydrogen bonding. It defines hydrogen bonding as an electrostatic attractive force between the covalent bonded H-atom of one molecule and an electronegative atom of another molecule. Hydrogen bonding is weaker than covalent bonds but stronger than van der Waals attractions. There are two types of hydrogen bonding: intermolecular, which occurs between molecules, and intramolecular, which occurs within the same molecule. Hydrogen bonding increases the boiling points and solubility of compounds and affects their spectral properties. It is important in areas like melting/boiling points, solubility, DNA structure, and the cleaning action of soaps.
bioinformatic.pptx
Bioinformatics combines biology, chemistry, statistics, and computer science to analyze and interpret biological data. It uses algorithms and techniques of computer science to solve complex biological problems. Some key areas of bioinformatics include organizing biological knowledge, performing sequence analysis, predicting protein structure, genome annotation, and comparative genomics. Bioinformatics is essential for applications like pharmaceutical research, gene therapy, forensic analysis, and understanding biological pathways and networks in systems biology.
3130.pptx
The document discusses the resolving power of diffraction gratings. It defines resolving power as the ability of an optical device to separate points or images that are located close together. It describes Rayleigh's criterion for resolution, where two sources are considered resolved when the central maximum of one falls on the first minimum of the other. It states that the resolving power of a grating is its ability to form separate diffraction maxima for two closely spaced wavelengths, and provides the mathematical expression that relates resolving power to the number of lines on the grating and the diffraction angles.
String.pptx
The STRING database aims to provide a comprehensive global protein-protein interaction network. The latest version covers over 5000 organisms and allows users to upload entire genome-wide datasets. It implements classification systems like Gene Ontology and KEGG for gene-set enrichment analysis. STRING collects and integrates data from various sources, including experimental repositories, text mining, and predicted interactions based on genomic features. Users can access and visualize the interaction data through a web interface or API.
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polymer1-150424024932-conversion-gate02.pptx
- 1. Presented By , Ritika B.Tech (Bioinformatics) second sem Submitted to : Dr. Manmohan Singh Chauhan 1
- 2. CONTENTS 2 ⚫Introduction ⚫Types of Polymer ⚫Classification of Polymer ⚫Characteristics of Polymer ⚫Application
- 3. INTRODUCTION ⚫Polymers are very large molecules made when hundreds of monomers join together to form long chains . ⚫The word POLYMER comes from the Greek words poly means many and mer means parts . ⚫Polymer is used as a synonym for plastic . ⚫All plastics are polymers , but not all polymers are plastics N(CH2-CH2) Ethylene 3 (-CH2-CH2-)s Polyethylene
- 4. TYPES OF POLYMER 4 ⚫Natural Polymers ⚫Homopolymer ⚫Copolymer ⚫Thermoplastics ⚫Thermosets ⚫Long chain Polymers
- 5. NATURAL POLYMERS ⚫Definition : Natural polymer is a polymer that results from only raw materials that are found in nature . ⚫Some of these natural polymers include DNAand RNA ⚫Cotton , DNA , Wool , Wood are some of the naturally occurring polymers . 5
- 6. HOMOPOLYMER ⚫Homopolymers are synthesized from a single type of monomer . ⚫Homopolymers are consists of chains with identical bonding linkages to each monomer unit . ⚫This usually implies that the polymer is made from all identical monomer molecules . 6
- 7. COPOLYMER 7 together to ⚫When two or more different monomers polymerize their result is called as copolymer . ⚫This process is called as copolymerization . ⚫Types of Copolymer : 1) Statistical copolymer 2) Alternating copolymer 3) Block copolymer 4) Graft copolymer
- 8. THERMOPLASTIC ⚫A type of plastic that can be softened by heat , hardened by cooling , and then softened by heat over and over again ⚫Thermoplastic are not cross – linked polymer . ⚫Examples : Polyethylene , Nylon , Polyvinyl chloride . 8
- 9. THERMOSETS ⚫Thermoset having the property of becoming permanently hard and rigid when heated . ⚫Thermosets are hard and rigid at room temperature and do not soften on heating . ⚫Examples : Epoxy resins , Phenolic resins , Unsaturated polyester resins . 9
- 10. LONG CHAIN POLYMERS 10 ⚫A very long strand of repeating molecules linked together by primary bond . ⚫Polymer chains are orient themselves in lines as they enter a mold but may be annealed so they can recoil .
- 12. BASED ON ORIGIN OF SOURCE ⚫Natural Polymer :- Polymers which are isolated from natural materials are called as Natural Polymers . E.g. : Cotton , silk , wool , rubber . ⚫Synthetic Polymer :- Polymers which are synthesized from low molecular weight compounds are called as Synthetic Polymers . E.g. : Polyethylene , nylon , terylene. ⚫Semisynthetic Polymers :- These polymers are mostly derived from naturally occurring polymers by chemical modification . E.g. : Rayon 12
- 13. BASED ON STRUCTURE ⚫ Linear Polymer : Molecules form long chains without branches. ⚫ Branched Polymer : Molecules having branch points that connect 3 or more segments . ⚫ Cross-Linked Polymer : It includes interconnections between chains . ⚫ Network Polymer : A cross linked polymer that includes numerous interconnections between chains . 13
- 14. BASED ON MODE OF POLYMERISATION ⚫Additional Polymerization : 🗸Same kind of monomers are straight forwardly added . 🗸It is rapid chain reaction having chemically activated mers . 🗸Each reaction sets up the condition for another to proceed . 🗸It consists of 3 stages : Initiation (Birth) 14 Propagation (Growth) Termination (Death)
- 15. CONT… ⚫Condensation Polymerization : 🗸It involves a polymerization reaction between two monomers with the expulsion of a simple by product . A+ B AB + Simple by product 🗸It involves individual chemical reaction between reactive mer . 🗸By product is formed and condensed out . 🗸This reaction is slower than additional polymerization. 🗸Need reactive functional groups . 15
- 16. CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYMER ⚫Low density ⚫Low coefficient of friction ⚫Good corrosion resistance ⚫Good mould ability ⚫Poor tensile strength ⚫Low mechanical properties ⚫Poor temperature resistance ⚫Can be produced transparent or different colours 16
- 17. APPLICATION 17 ⚫Medicine : Many biomaterials especially heart valve replacements and blood vessels are made up of polymers like dacron , teflon . ⚫Consumer Science : Plastic containers of all shapes and sizes are light weight and economically less expensive than more traditional containers . ⚫Industry : Automobile parts , pipes , tanks , packing material , adhesives are all polymer application used in industrial market . ⚫Sports : Playground equipment , golf clubs , swimming pools and protective helmets are produced from polymers.