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This document discusses how social structures can influence and be influenced by nationalism. It examines how factors like social class, religion, language, and region can reinforce each other and overlap to shape national identities. Specific examples are given of how in various countries and time periods, these overlapping social characteristics coincided and divided along national lines. The document also explores how regional identities and notions of internal colonialism can provide a basis for nationalism in geographically peripheral areas experiencing economic exploitation.
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- 1. POLITICS OF NATIONALISM 8.SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND NATIONALISM POLITICS OF NATIONALISM 8. SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND NATIONALISM
- 2. Being different Atlanta Airport– Immigration Police POLITICS OF NATIONALISM 8. SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND NATIONALISM
- 3. OUTLINE Main topics: •Relationship betweennationalism and underlying social characteristics –Social class –Region POLITICS OF NATIONALISM 8. SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND NATIONALISM
- 4. DIRECTION OF CAUSATION Socialfactors have an impact on nationalism ... LANGUAGE RELIGION “HISTORY” NATIONAL IDENTITY / NATIONALISM other factors? … but nat. can have an impact on social factors POLITICS OF NATIONALISM 8. SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND NATIONALISM
- 5. OVERLAPPING FACTORS If backgroundfactors overlap, they may reinforce each other; for example religious division may coincide with linguistic one: • Israel/Palestine: Hebrew-speaking Jews v. Arabic-speaking Muslims • Cyprus: Turkish-speaking Muslims v. Greekspeaking Orthodox Christians Background factors may also cut across each other; for example religious division may cut across linguistic one: • Switzerland: German- and French-speakers divided into Catholic and Protestant cantons POLITICS OF NATIONALISM 8. SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND NATIONALISM
- 6. OVERLAPPING FACTORS Cross-cutting divisionsmay produce anomalous groups: • Poland: identification with Catholicism –but: Masurians (Polish-speaking, Protestant) • Lithuania: identification with Catholicism –but: Memellanders (Lith.-speaking, Prot.) • Bulgaria: identification with Orthodoxy –but: Pomaks (Bulgarian-speaking Muslims) POLITICS OF NATIONALISM 8. SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND NATIONALISM
- 7. OVERLAPPING FACTORS Other backgroundfactors may reinforce cultural divisions: • Class/social position (if “cultural division of labour”) • Region (if major regional disparities) POLITICS OF NATIONALISM 8. SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND NATIONALISM
- 8. CLASS / SOCIALPOSITION Groups are commonly differentiated not just culturally but also in status in economy Class, “order”: 19th c. Lithuania: nobility Poles townsfolk Jews peasants Lithuanians POLITICS OF NATIONALISM 8. SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND NATIONALISM
- 9. CLASS / SOCIALPOSITION ”CULTURAL DIVISION OF LABOUR”: EXAMPLES Class, “order”: 19th c. Estonia/N. Latvia nobility Germans townsfolk Germans peasants Estonians, Latvians POLITICS OF NATIONALISM 8. SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND NATIONALISM
- 10. CLASS / SOCIALPOSITION ”CULTURAL DIVISION OF LABOUR”: EXAMPLES Class, “order”: 19th c. Finland nobility Swedish townsfolk Swedish peasants Finnish POLITICS OF NATIONALISM 8. SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND NATIONALISM
- 11. CLASS / SOCIALPOSITION ”CULTURAL DIVISION OF LABOUR”: EXAMPLES Class, “order”: 19th c. Slovakia nobility Magyar townsfolk Magyar/German peasants Slovak POLITICS OF NATIONALISM 8. SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND NATIONALISM
- 12. CLASS / SOCIALPOSITION ”CULTURAL DIVISION OF LABOUR”: EXAMPLES Class, “order”: 19th c. Ireland nobility English speaking, Protestant townsfolk English-speaking Protestant peasants Irish-speaking, Catholic POLITICS OF NATIONALISM 8. SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND NATIONALISM
- 13. CLASS / SOCIALPOSITION LANGUAGE AND LEGAL CLASS: ESTONIA, 1897 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Nobility Citizens Estonian German Merchants Russian Polish Petty bourgeoisie Yiddish Belorussian Peasants Other POLITICS OF NATIONALISM 8. SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND NATIONALISM
- 14. CLASS / SOCIALPOSITION LANGUAGE AND LEGAL CLASS: LATVIA, 1897 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Nobility Citizens Latvian German Merchants Russian Polish Petty bourgeoisie Yiddish Belorussian Peasants Other POLITICS OF NATIONALISM 8. SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND NATIONALISM
- 15. CLASS / SOCIALPOSITION LANGUAGE AND LEGAL CLASS:LITHUANIA, 1897 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% "Nobility" Citizens Lithuanian Polish Merchants Russian German Petty bourgeoisie Yiddish Belorussian Peasants Other POLITICS OF NATIONALISM 8. SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND NATIONALISM
- 16. CLASS / SOCIALPOSITION RELIGION AND OCCUPATION: IRELAND, 1861 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Titled nobility Gentlemen Landed proprietors Catholic Ch.of I Learned professions Farmers Farm labourers, servants Presbyterian POLITICS OF NATIONALISM 8. SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND NATIONALISM
- 17. CLASS / SOCIALPOSITION RELIGION AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS (MALES): NORTHERN IRELAND, 1971 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% professional, managerial lower grade, nonmanual skilled manual Protestant semi-skilled manual unskilled, unemployed Catholic POLITICS OF NATIONALISM 8. SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND NATIONALISM
- 18. REGION The character ofperipheral regions may provide a basis for reinforcement of regional identity and/or creation of national identity: • The region may be culturally distinctive (in language, religion, historical tradition) - as already discussed • The region may be relatively poor, and exploited • The region may be relatively rich, and exploited POLITICS OF NATIONALISM 8. SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND NATIONALISM
- 19. REGION Distinctive regional economicsystem may promote sense of separate identity: • Poverty may be attributed to external exploitation by metropolitan power (e.g. Ireland; many external colonies) • More specifically, conditions of “internal colonialism” may exist (e.g. Ireland, Wales; ?Scotland?) POLITICS OF NATIONALISM 8. SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND NATIONALISM
- 20. REGION Internal colonialism (Hechter, Michael(1975) Internal colonialism: the Celtic fringe in British national development, 1536–1966. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Page 33): •Commerce and trade among members of the periphery monopolised by members of the core (credit as well) •When commercial prospects emerge, recruitment of bankers, managers and entrepreneurs from the core. •The peripheral economy forced into complementary development to the core and thus becomes dependent on external markets. •Peripheral economies rest on single primary export (agricultural or mineral) •Economic dependence reinforced through juridical, political and military measures POLITICS OF NATIONALISM 8. SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND NATIONALISM
- 21. REGION • • • • Geographically peripheral regionmay also be relatively wealthy, and allege exploitation by centre: Baltic states in USSR Slovenia in former Yugoslavia Catalonia in Spain East Ulster in Ireland? POLITICS OF NATIONALISM 8. SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND NATIONALISM
- 22. THE END … NEXT:NATIONALIST MOBILISATION POLITICS OF NATIONALISM 8. SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND NATIONALISM