Pollution Reduction through Improved Municipal Wastewater Management in Coastal Cities with a Focus on SIDS (IWC5 Presentation)
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Robert Bechtloff, UNEP/GPA Presentation given during the 5th GEF Biennial International Waters Conference in Cairns, Australia (during the pre-conference workshop marine ecosystems, Global Change and Marine Resources).
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Pollution Reduction through Improved Municipal Wastewater Management in Coastal Cities with a Focus on SIDS (IWC5 Presentation)
- 1. Ecosystem resilience to climate change at the land-ocean interface
- 2. Climate change Sea level rise, bleaching, storm frequency and intensity, acidification, habitat shift, etc
- 4. The Global Programme of Action
- 5. The challenge … To help governments build the resilience of coastal systems by developing, mainstreaming and implementing comprehensive, continuous and adaptive programmes of action
- 7. What have we learned?
- 8. Comprehensive … Set SMART targets for: Nutrients – agriculture, sewage, atmospheric POPs, Heavy metals and hydrocarbons Litter Radioactive waste Sediment Physical alteration and destruction of habitat
- 9. Continuing … Appropriately financed Domestic revenue Tariffs and taxes Subsidies and MBIs Bonds Multilateral finance Reporting and accountability framework
- 10. Adaptive … Science-based Management monitoring Bio-physical monitoring Programmed reviews Structured and empowered governance mechanism
- 11. Ecosystem-based management Decentralize or coordinate? Involve municipal authorities Involve communities, non-governmental stakeholders Inter-agency responses
- 12. Thank you
Editor's Notes
- Session summary: Coastal waters around the world are affected by activities and development on the adjacent land. This is now recognized as an important global issue and a number of initiatives and environmentally legislated directives have mandated assessments of marine water quality and initiated changes to protect coastal waters from further degradation. Presenters in this session will use case studies from temperate and tropical areas to illustrate the pressure of land-based activities and the responses of coastal and marine ecosystems. Special emphasis will be given to the additional pressure to climate variability and change on coastal systems. There is an urgent need for targeted research to improve the understanding of interactions between climate and land-based pressures to inform and support sustainable resource use and conservation. In the panel discussion participants will be encouraged to, e.g. exchange experiences with how the pressures of coastal development and land-based pollution have been addressed in their jurisdiction; discuss how to improve management of land-sea interactions; discuss the role of science in supporting coastal management
- In this slide I want to highlight that climate change is compounding the existing pressures on coastal and marine ecosystems, namely land-based sources of pollution, habitat destruction, over-fishing and introduced marine pests. I want to talk about resilience – highlight that the onset of anthropogenic climat change has only hightened the need to “get the patient healthy”, i.e. remove the other pressures as much as possible so the ecosystem stands a chance
- This slide continues from the previous slide. I want to highlight the dynamic relationship between land, ocean and atmosphere. E.g. highlight that climate change may change precipitation patterns or impact ground-cover. This in turn may further stress the marine environment by increasing sediments, nutrients and pollutants in rivers. A suffering marine environment can not absorb as much carbon. You get the picture.
- <number> This slide is to highlight the GPA as a mutlilateral tool to address an important component of the model in the previous slide, i.e. the impact of land-based activities on the marine environment. Talk briefly about its history and how many GEF projects directly contribute to its implementation – particularly the LME projects using the TDA/SAP approach
- Explain that the primary focus of the GPA is help governments develop “comprehensive, continuous and adaptive” programmes of action.
- This slides complements the previous slide by highlighting that the sole purpose of regional and international cooperation under the GPA is to promote and support the natoinal actions – comprehensive, continuning and adaptive action is the centrepiece – the jewell – of the GPA
- Use this slide by pointing to the fact that it is misleading. It highlights which countries have developed, or are developing, formal national programmes of action. But we want governments to understand that simply having a report, a document, or a policy, isn’t enough. Most important is that they have a programme of action that is comprehensive, continuing and adaptive. This may or may not involve a specific publish report called a National Programme of Action
- The central argument of the next few slides is that a national programme of action will improve resilience to climate change at the land-ocean interface. These few slides are talking to the question “What have we learned about what makes a successful national programme of action, and therefore improved resilience? Talk to the various categories under the GPA, but highlight that the GPA was meant to be flexible, i.e. countries address those categories that are relevant to them. But their plan should include ALL relevant categories, i.e. it should be comprehensive.
- Talk to the two major “lessons learned” about national actions, i.e. they must be appropriately financed (this is the heart of mainstreaming) and there must be an accountability framework, i.e. someone has to be responsible for reporting on progress, preferably to an institution such as Parliament or Cabinet. There should be public reporting on performance. Without the accountability framework it is too easy for the programme of action to be forgotten.
- This slide highlights that any programme of action needs to embody ecosystem-based management It is important that the programme of action is overseen by a empowered governance mechanism that can adapt the programme based on real feedback. This mechanism need not be a new mechanism, in fact it is probably best if it is not.
- This slide continues the EBM theme – should be self explanatory The photo is a macro-algae bloom in Qingdao harbour during 2008 just when the Chinese were preparing to host the Olympic sailing regatta