Inorganic chemistry: hydrogen

1. H
Y
D
R
O
G
E
N

2. PositionofHydrogeninPeriodicT
able
*Lighteste
l
e
m
e
n
tk
n
o
w
n
h
a
v
i
n
ga
t
o
m
i
cn
u
m
b
e
r1.
*D
i
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
*Itr
e
s
e
m
b
l
e
sb
o
t
halkalim
e
t
a
l
sa
n
dh
a
l
o
g
e
n
sa
n
d
therefore,itsp
o
s
i
t
i
o
nisa
n
o
m
a
l
o
u
s
.
* Inm
o
d
e
r
n
peri
o
dictableitisl
o
c
a
t
e
ds
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
l
y

3. R
esem
blancew
ithalkalim
etals:-
1.Electronicconfiguration
1
H=1
s
1
1
1
N
a=1
s
2
,2
s
2
,2
p
6
,3
s
1
1
9
K=1
s
2
,2
s
2
,2
p
6
,3
s
2
3
p
6
,4
s
1
2.Ele
c
tropositiv
echaracter:H+,Na
+,K
+etc.
3.Ox
ida
t
io
nstate:+
1
4
.
C
o
m
b
i
n
a
t
i
o
nwithe
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
ee
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
:f
o
r
mbinaryc
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
with
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
ee
l
e
m
e
n
t
slikealkalim
e
t
a
l
s
.
Halides:HClNaCl,KCle
tc
S
u
l
p
h
i
d
e
s
:H
2
S
N
a
2
S
,K
2
S
e
t
c

4. Resemblancewithhalogens:-
n
o
b
l
egasconfiguration
1.Electronicconfiguration:
Bothco
ntaino
n
eel
e
c
tr
o
nlesst
h
a
nt
h
e
1H=1s1(
n
ea
rt
o2He)
9F=1s2,2s2,2
p
5(
n
e
a
rt
o8Ne)
17K=1s2,2s2,2
p
6
,3s23p5(
n
e
a
rt
o18Ar)
2
.Non-m
e
ta
lliccharacter:likehalo
gens,h
y
d
r
o
g
e
nisnon-metallicinn
a
t
u
r
e
.
3.Atomicity:Diatomicm
o
l
e
c
u
l
e
s
.
4
.F
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
nofsimilart
y
p
e
sofc
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
:
i.Halides:CCl4,SiCl4,GeCl4
ii.Hydrides:CH4,SiH4,G
e
H
4
5.Ox
ida
ti
o
nstate:–1
Na+1H-1Na+1Cl-1

5. Differencefromalkalimetals:-
1)Ionizationenthalpy
:-t
h
eionizatione
n
t
h
a
l
p
yo
fh
y
d
r
o
g
e
nisveryh
i
g
hin
c
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
toalkalim
e
t
a
l
s
.
2
)
N
o
n
-metalliccharacter:alkalim
e
t
a
l
saretypicalm
e
t
a
l
sw
h
i
l
eh
y
d
r
o
g
e
nis
n
o
n
-
m
e
t
a
l
3)Atomicity
:h
y
d
r
o
g
e
nisd
i
a
t
o
m
i
cw
h
i
l
ealkalim
e
t
a
l
sarem
o
n
o
a
t
o
m
i
c
.
4)N
atu
reo
fc
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
:
t
h
ec
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
o
fh
y
d
r
o
g
e
narep
r
e
d
o
m
i
n
a
n
t
l
y
c
o
v
a
l
e
n
tw
h
i
l
et
h
o
s
eo
falkalim
e
t
a
l
sareionic.Fore
x
a
m
p
l
e
:HCli
sc
o
v
a
l
e
n
t
w
h
i
l
eN
aC
lisionic.
T
h
eo
x
i
d
e
so
falkalim
e
t
a
l
sareb
a
s
i
cw
h
i
l
eh
y
d
r
o
g
e
no
x
i
d
eisneutral.

6. Differencefromhalogens:-
1
)L
e
s
s
t
e
n
d
e
n
c
yforh
y
d
r
i
d
ef
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
:
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
nh
a
s
l
e
s
s
t
e
n
d
e
n
c
ytotakeu
p
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
ntof
o
r
mh
y
d
r
i
d
ei
o
n(H-)a
s
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
tot
h
eh
a
l
o
g
e
n
sw
h
i
c
hf
r
o
m
halidei
o
n
s(X-)v
e
r
yeasily
.
2
)A
b
s
e
n
c
e
o
fu
n
s
h
a
r
e
dpairso
fe
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
s:
3)N
atu
reo
fo
x
i
d
e
s
:T
h
eo
x
i
d
e
so
fh
a
l
o
g
e
n
sareaci
d
i
cw
h
i
l
eh
y
d
r
o
g
e
no
x
i
d
ei
s
neutral.
OccurrenceofHydrogen:
* H
y
d
ro
gen,t
h
em
o
s
ta
b
u
n
d
a
n
te
l
e
m
e
n
tint
h
euniversea
n
dt
h
e
thirdm
o
s
ta
b
u
n
d
a
n
to
nt
h
esurfaceoft
h
eglobe,isbeingvisualisedas
t
h
em
a
j
o
rf
u
t
u
r
es
ourceofe
n
e
r
g
y

7. Preparation:
M
e
t
h
o
d
sforc
o
m
m
e
r
c
i
a
lp
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
no
fd
i
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
1.E
le
c
troly
siso
fwa
te
r
2H2O(l)2H2(g)O2
(g
)
*T
h
eh
y
d
r
o
g
e
np
r
e
p
a
r
e
db
ythism
e
t
h
o
d
iso
fv
e
r
yh
i
g
hpurity
.H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,this
m
e
t
h
o
d
isn
o
tc
o
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
e
d
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
itisv
e
r
ye
x
p
e
n
s
i
v
e
.T
h
i
sm
e
t
h
o
d
isc
a
nb
e
u
s
e
d
o
n
l
yatt
h
o
s
e
p
l
a
c
e
sw
h
e
r
e
t
h
eelectricityisc
h
e
a
p
.
*B
y
t
h
ere
a
c
tio
no
fs
t
e
a
m
o
n
c
o
k
e
:- C
+H
2
O(g
)C
O
+H
2
W
a
te
rg
a
s
*S
i
n
c
et
h
emix
tu
reo
fC
O
a
n
d
H
2isu
s
e
d
fort
h
es
y
n
t
h
e
s
i
so
fm
e
t
h
a
n
o
la
n
d
a
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
fh
y
d
r
o
c
a
r
b
o
n
s
,itisa
l
s
oc
a
lle
ds
y
n
t
h
e
s
i
sg
a
s
ors
y
n
g
a
s
.
*T
h
ep
r
o
c
e
s
s
o
fp
r
o
d
u
c
i
n
gs
y
n
g
a
s
f
r
o
mc
o
a
lorc
o
k
e
isc
a
lle
dc
o
a
lgasification.C
O
+
H
2+H
2
O C
O
2
+2
H
2
W
a
te
rg
a
s
s
t
e
a
m
*T
h
i
sre
a
c
tio
nisc
a
lle
dwa
te
rg
a
s
shiftreaction.

8. PropertiesofHydrogen:-
* P
hysicalP
roperties:-
1)Itisslightlysolubleinw
a
t
e
r(
a
b
o
u
t2%)
2)Itishighlyc
o
m
b
u
s
t
i
b
l
ea
n
dt
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
eshouldb
eh
a
n
d
l
e
dcarefully
.
3)Itlightests
u
b
s
t
a
n
c
e
.T
h
ew
e
i
g
h
tofo
n
elitreh
y
d
r
o
g
e
na
tNTPis
only0.0899g.
*
Chemicalproperties:-Notveryreactiveduetohighbond
dissociationenergy
(435.
88k
Jm
o
l
-
1at2
9
8
.
2K)
(
i
) C
o
m
b
u
s
t
i
o
n
:
-Itb
u
r
n
swithp
a
l
eb
l
u
ef
l
a
m
e
2
H
2(g)+O
2
(g)2H2O(l)
(
i
i
) R
e
a
c
t
i
o
nwithm
e
t
a
l
s
:
-
R
e
a
c
t
i
v
em
e
t
a
l
slikeNa,K,Ca,Lia
n
d
f
o
r
mh
y
d
r
i
d
e
s
.C
a
+H
2
C
a
H
2
*M
e
t
a
l
slikePt,P
d
,Ni(
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
sofd
bl
ock)f
o
r
minterstitialh
y
d
r
i
d
e
sb
ya
b
s
o
r
b
i
n
g
l
argev
o
l
u
m
e
ofh
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
.S
u
c
h
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
ni
scal
l
ed‘
o
c
c
l
u
d
e
dh
y
d
r
o
g
e
na
n
d
this
propertyofa
d
s
o
r
p
t
i
o
nofag
a
s
b
y
am
e
t
a
li
scal
l
edo
c
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
.
(iii)R
e
a
c
t
i
o
nwithm
e
t
a
lo
x
i
d
e
s
:
-
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
nr
e
d
u
c
e
s
o
x
i
d
e
sofl
e
s
s
acti
v
em
e
t
a
l
sto
c
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
i
n
gmetal.

9. Hydrogenationofoils:-
V
e
g
e
t
a
b
l
eoilsarep
o
l
y
u
n
s
a
t
u
r
a
t
e
dinnature.T
h
eC
=
Cb
o
n
d
s
inoils
c
a
n
easi
l
yu
n
d
e
r
g
oo
x
i
d
a
t
i
o
na
n
dt
h
eoilb
e
c
o
m
e
srancidi.e.,
u
n
p
l
e
a
s
a
n
tintaste.H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
a
t
i
o
nr
e
d
u
c
e
st
h
en
u
m
b
e
r
o
fd
o
u
b
l
e
b
o
n
d
s
b
u
tc
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
l
y
.
UsesofHydrogen:-
1
.a
s
ar
e
d
u
c
i
n
ga
g
e
n
t
.
2.Int
h
em
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
eo
fv
a
n
a
s
p
a
t
ifat,a
m
m
o
n
i
a
,m
e
t
a
lh
y
d
r
i
d
e
s
,m
e
t
h
a
n
o
l
,
fertilizerss
u
c
h
a
s
u
r
e
aetc.
3.Int
h
em
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
eo
fs
y
n
t
h
e
t
i
cpetrol.
4.Int
h
ea
t
o
m
i
ch
y
d
r
o
g
e
ntorcha
n
d
o
x
y
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
nt
o
r
c
h
e
sforcuttinga
n
dwe
l
d
i
n
g
.
D
i
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
nisd
i
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
e
dwitht
h
eh
e
l
po
fa
nelectrica
rca
n
d
t
h
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
na
t
o
m
s
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
da
rea
l
l
o
w
e
dtor
e
c
o
m
b
i
n
eo
n
t
h
es
u
r
f
a
c
eto
b
e
w
e
l
d
e
d
.H
i
g
ht
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
eo
fa
b
o
u
t4
0
0
0kisg
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
d
.
5.Int
h
efuelcellforg
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
n
gelectricale
n
e
r
g
y
.

10. H
ydrides:-
U
n
d
e
rcertainc
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
sH
2c
o
m
b
i
n
e
s
witha
l
m
o
s
tallt
h
ee
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
,
e
x
c
e
p
t
n
o
b
l
eg
a
s
e
s
tof
o
r
mc
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
cal
l
edh
y
d
r
i
d
e
s
.
*T
h
e
r
earethreet
y
p
e
sofh
y
d
r
i
d
e
s,theyare
(i) Ionicors
a
l
i
n
eh
y
d
r
i
d
e
s
(
i
i
) C
o
v
a
l
e
n
torm
o
l
e
c
u
l
a
rh
y
d
r
i
d
e
s(iii)Metallicorn
o
n
-
s
t
o
i
c
h
i
o
m
e
t
r
i
chy
drides(i)
Ionicors
a
l
i
n
ehy
drides:-
*T
h
e
s
e
aret
h
ec
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
ofH
2f
o
r
m
e
dwithm
o
s
t
oft
h
es
-
b
l
o
c
ke
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
w
h
i
c
harehi
ghl
yel
ectroposi
ti
v
e.
(ii)C
o
v
a
l
e
n
torm
o
l
e
c
u
l
a
rh
y
d
r
i
d
e
s
:
-
T
h
e
s
earet
h
ec
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
ofh
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
f
o
r
m
e
dwithm
o
s
t
oft
h
ep
-
b
l
o
c
ke
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
*E
l
ectrondeficient:-T
h
eh
y
d
r
i
d
e
sw
h
i
c
hd
o
n
o
th
a
v
e
sufficientn
u
m
b
e
r
ofe
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
s
tof
o
r
mn
o
r
m
a
lc
o
v
a
l
e
n
tb
o
n
d
s
i
scal
l
ede
l
e
c
t
r
o
ndeficienthy
dride.Fore
x
a
m
p
l
e
,
h
y
d
r
i
d
eofg
r
o
u
p1
3(BH3,AlH3,etc.).Theyarek
n
o
w
n
a
s
L
e
w
i
s
a
c
i
d
si.e.,e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
a
c
c
e
p
t
o
r
s
.T
om
a
k
e
u
p
theird
e
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
yt
h
e
yg
e
n
e
r
a
l
l
yexi
stinp
o
l
y
m
e
r
i
cf
o
r
m
ss
u
c
h
a
s
B
2
H
6
,Al2H6,etc.

11. *
Electronprecise:-
• T
h
eh
y
d
r
i
d
e
sw
h
i
c
hh
a
v
e
sufficientn
u
m
b
e
r
o
fe
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
s
requiredforf
o
r
m
i
n
gc
o
v
a
l
e
n
tb
o
n
d
s
iscalledel
e
ctro
np
r
e
c
i
s
ehy
dride.For
e
x
a
m
p
l
e
,h
y
d
r
i
d
e
so
fg
r
o
u
p1
4(CH4,SiH4,G
e
H
4
,S
n
H
4
,P
b
H
4etc.)t
h
e
yh
a
v
e
tetrahedralg
e
o
m
e
t
r
y
.
*
Electronrichhydrides:-
T
h
ehydridesw
h
i
c
hh
a
v
eexcesselectronsasre
q
u
i
r
e
d
t
of
o
r
mn
o
r
m
a
lc
o
v
a
l
e
ntb
o
n
d
siscallede
l
e
c
t
ro
nrichhydride.Fore
x
a
m
p
l
e
,
hydridesofg
r
o
u
p15t
o17(NH3,PH3,H2O,H2S,H2Se,H
2
T
e
,HFe
t
c
.
)
#Metallicornon-stoichiometrichydrides:-
*T
h
e
s
ea
r
ef
o
r
m
e
d
b
ym
a
n
yd-blocka
n
df-blocke
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
*T
h
e
s
eh
y
d
r
i
d
e
sc
o
n
d
u
c
t
sh
e
a
ta
n
delectricityt
h
o
u
g
h
n
o
tefficient.

12. Water:-
W
a
t
e
r
!Itist
h
em
a
j
o
rp
a
r
tofalllivingo
r
g
a
n
i
s
m
s
.
w
a
t
e
risalsok
n
o
w
nas
t
h
eriveroflife.
*H
u
m
a
nb
o
d
yh
a
sa
b
o
u
t65%ands
o
m
eplantsh
a
v
e
a
s
m
u
c
has9
5
%
w
a
t
e
r
.
S
T
R
U
C
T
U
R
E
O
F
W
A
T
E
R
:
-
*Inagasp
h
a
s
ew
a
t
e
risb
e
n
tm
o
l
e
c
u
l
ew
i
t
hab
o
n
dangleof104.5a
n
dO-H
b
o
n
dl
e
n
g
t
hof9
5
.
7
p
mItishighlypolarm
o
l
e
c
u
l
e
.
Structureofice:-
Iceh
a
s
ahighlyo
r
d
e
r
e
d3
D
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
nb
o
n
d
e
dstructure.E
a
c
ho
x
y
g
e
na
t
o
mi
s
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
e
dtetrahedrallyb
yfouro
th
erfour
o
t
h
e
ro
x
y
g
e
n
a
t
o
m
s
atad
i
s
t
a
n
c
eo
f2
7
6p
m

13. ChemicalPropertiesofwater:-
A
M
P
H
O
T
E
R
I
C
N
A
T
U
R
E
:
-
Ithast
h
eabilityt
oa
c
tasa
nacidaswellasb
a
s
e
.itactsasa
nacidw
ithNH3a
n
dasab
a
s
ew
ithH2S
H2O(l)+NH3(aq)OH-(aq)+NH4+(aq)
H2O(l)+H2S(aq)H3O+(aq)+HS-(aq)
R
E
D
O
X
R
E
A
C
T
I
O
N
S
I
N
V
O
L
V
I
N
G
W
A
T
E
R
:
-
* W
a
t
e
rc
a
nb
eeasilyr
e
d
u
c
e
dt
oH2byhighlyelectropositivem
e
t
a
l
s
2H2O(l)+2Na(s)2NaOH(aq)+H2(g)
H
Y
D
R
O
L
Y
S
I
S
R
E
A
C
T
I
O
N
:
-
*Duet
ohighdielectricc
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
,ithasavery
stronghydratingt
e
n
d
e
n
c
y.itdissolvesm
a
n
yionicc
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
P4O10(s)+6H20(l)4H3PO4(aq)
SiCl4(l)+2H2O(l)SiO2(s)+4HCl(aq)

14. H
Y
D
R
A
T
E
S
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
:
-
F
r
o
mt
h
ea
q
u
e
o
u
s
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
sm
a
n
y
s
a
l
t
sc
a
n
b
e
crystallizeda
sh
y
d
r
a
t
e
dsalts.Itofdifferentt
y
p
e
s
.
(
1
)C
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
e
dwa
te
re.g.,[Cr(H2O)6]3+3Cl-
(2)Interstitialwatere
.
g
.
,
B
a
C
l
2
.
2
H
2
O
(
3
)
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
-
b
o
n
d
e
d
wate
re.g.[Cu(H2O)4]2+4
S
O
2
-.H2Oin
C
u
S
O
4
.
5
H
2
O