Inspiring Leaders Know About Dandelions and OrchidsJohn Walters
Dandelions are hearty and can grow and flourish in both nice and harsh environments. Orchids, on the other hand, are delicate. In bad environments they shrivel. But in good environments they blossom.
Inspiring Leaders Know About Dandelions and OrchidsJohn Walters
Dandelions are hearty and can grow and flourish in both nice and harsh environments. Orchids, on the other hand, are delicate. In bad environments they shrivel. But in good environments they blossom.
Gardeners love to watch flowers and pollinators. Program describes pollinator-plant associations and provides some of the botanical science of pollination mechanisms
ZOOPHILY- POLLINATION WITH HELP OF ANIMALSHarshika4
what is zoophily, Types of zoophily, entomophilous flowers characteristics, Pollination in yucca, poliination in salvia, Calotropis, Trap door rmechanism, pseudocopulation, Save the pollinators
This presentation was designed for natural resource professionals and conservation staff to learn about some of the newest invasive plant and animal threats on the island of Maui. This presentation was originally presented by NBII Pacific Basin Information Node and the Maui Invasive Species Committee to the the West Maui Watershed Partnership on August 14, 2008
From the forgoing presentation, it can be concluded that breeding characters viz., flowering period, inflorescence, time of flower opening, time of anther dehiscence, time of stigma receptivity, pollinating agent ,time of visitor of pollinating agent and fruit set (%) in tropical species are required to be studied as they are vital for any improvement and eco-environmental planning purposes. It also throws light on how species adopts itself along with the phenomenon of speciation and reproductive isolation. From these characters we can introduce new variety which is essential for further evaluation and also the identification of the interactions between biological factors, such as animal, plant species, and non-biological factors, like temperature, RH, rain and wind, helps us to elaborate management and conservation plans for the ecosystems of the planet, which have become more and more necessary due to highly increased rate of deterioration of different ecosystems during the last few decades.
Gardeners love to watch flowers and pollinators. Program describes pollinator-plant associations and provides some of the botanical science of pollination mechanisms
ZOOPHILY- POLLINATION WITH HELP OF ANIMALSHarshika4
what is zoophily, Types of zoophily, entomophilous flowers characteristics, Pollination in yucca, poliination in salvia, Calotropis, Trap door rmechanism, pseudocopulation, Save the pollinators
This presentation was designed for natural resource professionals and conservation staff to learn about some of the newest invasive plant and animal threats on the island of Maui. This presentation was originally presented by NBII Pacific Basin Information Node and the Maui Invasive Species Committee to the the West Maui Watershed Partnership on August 14, 2008
From the forgoing presentation, it can be concluded that breeding characters viz., flowering period, inflorescence, time of flower opening, time of anther dehiscence, time of stigma receptivity, pollinating agent ,time of visitor of pollinating agent and fruit set (%) in tropical species are required to be studied as they are vital for any improvement and eco-environmental planning purposes. It also throws light on how species adopts itself along with the phenomenon of speciation and reproductive isolation. From these characters we can introduce new variety which is essential for further evaluation and also the identification of the interactions between biological factors, such as animal, plant species, and non-biological factors, like temperature, RH, rain and wind, helps us to elaborate management and conservation plans for the ecosystems of the planet, which have become more and more necessary due to highly increased rate of deterioration of different ecosystems during the last few decades.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
1. Pollination BiologyPollination Biology
of Orchidsof Orchids
Mark Whitten
Florida Museum of
Natural History
University of Florida
Ernst Haeckel, 1904
Kunstformen der Natur
2. Orchid DiversityOrchid Diversity
Orchids are the largest family of flowering plantsOrchids are the largest family of flowering plants----~~
10% of angiosperms10% of angiosperms
~25,000 species described so far (Kew Checklist of~25,000 species described so far (Kew Checklist of
Orchids, RBG Kew)Orchids, RBG Kew)
New species being described weeklyNew species being described weekly
Highest diversity in poorlyHighest diversity in poorly--explored tropicsexplored tropics
3. Number of NewOrchid Species
Described Each Year
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
Source: Cribb, P. 2005. Just how many orchids are there? Proceedings of the 18th WOC
4. Orchids are HYPERDIVERSE inOrchids are HYPERDIVERSE in
montane tropicsmontane tropics
Telipogon spp. Of Ecuador: C.H. Dodson
5. Why are orchids so diverse?Why are orchids so diverse?
Inhabit all continents except poles;Inhabit all continents except poles;
geologically old family (90geologically old family (90--100 MY ?)100 MY ?)
Orchids exploit many different animals asOrchids exploit many different animals as
pollinatorspollinators
Pollination relationships often highly speciesPollination relationships often highly species--
specificspecific----reproductive isolationreproductive isolation
Have obligateHave obligate mycorrhizalmycorrhizal associationsassociations
Predominately epiphytic (new niches?)Predominately epiphytic (new niches?)
6. Habitat diversity fosters biologicalHabitat diversity fosters biological
diversitydiversity
Teagueia spp. : Lou Jost
21 new species in 2 years in 80 sq. miles
Ecuador: Pastaza valley
8. Reproductive IsolationReproductive Isolation
How can sympatric,How can sympatric,
interfertileinterfertile speciesspecies
live together withoutlive together without
hybridizing?hybridizing?
Highly specificHighly specific
pollinators preventpollinators prevent
hybridization, andhybridization, and
avoid wasting pollenavoid wasting pollen
Precise pollenPrecise pollen
placement mightplacement might
preventprevent
hybridizationhybridization
12. Pollination rewardsPollination rewards
Nectar (insects, birds)Nectar (insects, birds)
PollenPollen----No!No!
Floral fragrances (maleFloral fragrances (male euglossineeuglossine
bees)bees)
Resins (used by bees for nest building)Resins (used by bees for nest building)
Oils (used byOils (used by anthophoridanthophorid bees to feedbees to feed
larvae)larvae)
13. Pollination syndromesPollination syndromes
A bit simplistic, but useful and oftenA bit simplistic, but useful and often
predictivepredictive
Based upon reward offered and uponBased upon reward offered and upon
the behavior and morphology ofthe behavior and morphology of
pollinatorspollinators
Floral morphology, color, fragrance mayFloral morphology, color, fragrance may
allow prediction of probable pollinatorsallow prediction of probable pollinators
14. Dendrobium
cuthbertii Bird pollination
-Nectar reward present or absent
-Present in Neotropical and
Paleotropical orchids
Masdevallia rosea Fernandezia subbiflora Maxillaria sophronitis
18. Pollination of Disa
chrysostachya by
Sunbirds in South
Africa
S.D. Johnson and M. Brown. 2004.
Transfer of pollinaria on bird’s feet:
A new pollination system in orchids.
Plant Systematics and Evolution
Pollinaria are
attached to bird’s
feet!
28. Disa draconis and
tanglewing fly
Johnson, S.D. and K. E. Steiner. 1997. Long tongued fly
pollination and the evolution of spur length in Disa
draconis. Evolution 51:45-53.
31. MaleMale EuglossineEuglossine beebee
pollinationpollination
Ca. 250 species inCa. 250 species in NeotropicsNeotropics
OnlyOnly malesmales collect floral fragrancecollect floral fragrance
chemicals and store them in specialchemicals and store them in special
hindhind tibialtibial organsorgans
Probably use compounds in matingProbably use compounds in mating
behavior (sexual selection)behavior (sexual selection)
64. Oil reward flowersOil reward flowers
Oils (Oils (triacyltriacyl glyceridesglycerides) produced on) produced on
surface of flowers, often in specializedsurface of flowers, often in specialized
glandsglands---- elaiophoreselaiophores..
Oils are collected by femaleOils are collected by female anthophoridanthophorid
bees; used to provision nest (food forbees; used to provision nest (food for
larvae)larvae)
Many orchids mimicMany orchids mimic MalpighiaceaeMalpighiaceae
69. Wax or resin rewardWax or resin reward
Collected and used by female bees forCollected and used by female bees for
nest constructionnest construction
Found inFound in MaxillariaMaxillaria andand CymbidiumCymbidium;;
poorly studiedpoorly studied
70. Resin reward: collected by female bees for nest construction
Maxillaria notylioglossa
Waxy resin
crystals
72. Resin deceit?Resin deceit?
Many Maxillaria species
appear to produce resin,
but “resin” is simply a
shiny callus on lip.
Deceit of resin-collecting
female bees?
73. Sexual deceptionSexual deception
Based on floral fragrance mimicry ofBased on floral fragrance mimicry of
sexual pheromones of pollinatorssexual pheromones of pollinators
Usually visual, tactile mimicry, tooUsually visual, tactile mimicry, too
Has evolved repeatedly in severalHas evolved repeatedly in several
different orchid groupsdifferent orchid groups
86. Food or Brood site deceptionFood or Brood site deception
Not well studied, but probably not rareNot well studied, but probably not rare
Possible examples:Possible examples:
DraculaDracula ---- pollinated bypollinated by DrosophilidDrosophilid
flies; mimicry of yeast?flies; mimicry of yeast?
PaphiopediumPaphiopedium ---- some pollinated bysome pollinated by
syrphidsyrphid flies; mimicry of aphids (prey forflies; mimicry of aphids (prey for
larvae)?larvae)?
92. Fly pollination inFly pollination in PaleotropicalPaleotropical
BulbophyllumBulbophyllum andand CirrhopetalumCirrhopetalum
93. ““Motel 6Motel 6”” syndromesyndrome
Bees seek out flowers to sleep inBees seek out flowers to sleep in
overnightovernight
No obvious food rewardNo obvious food reward
Chemical attractants?Chemical attractants?
Confirmed only for European genusConfirmed only for European genus
SerapiasSerapias
95. Trap mechanismsTrap mechanisms
Found in association with variousFound in association with various
reward/attractant syndromesreward/attractant syndromes
Pollinators are lured into an area theyPollinators are lured into an area they
cancan’’t escape, then forced to exit pastt escape, then forced to exit past
the columnthe column
Or, the pollinator may be forcibly thrownOr, the pollinator may be forcibly thrown
against the columnagainst the column
97. Porroglossum eduardii
Lip open
Lip closed
Active trap mechanisms
Some pleurothallid flowers
have sensitive, motile lips
(similar to Venus Fly Trap)
Insect landing on lip
triggers lip to close, lifting
insect into contact with
column.
102. Nectar DeceitNectar Deceit
Relatively few orchids actually produceRelatively few orchids actually produce
a nectar reward (energeticallya nectar reward (energetically
expensive? Longexpensive? Long--distance pollendistance pollen
movement?)movement?)
Most have emptyMost have empty nectariesnectaries; deceive; deceive
pollinatorspollinators
Might be mimics of other nectarMight be mimics of other nectar--
producing nonproducing non--orchids in same habitatorchids in same habitat
104. Oil deceitOil deceit
Many species ofMany species of OncidiumOncidium do not offerdo not offer
an oil reward, but are thought to mimican oil reward, but are thought to mimic
flowers of the nonflowers of the non--orchidaceousorchidaceous
MalpighiaMalpighia (an oil(an oil--rewardreward eudicoteudicot) or) or
CalceolariaCalceolaria..
Typical yellow/brownTypical yellow/brown ““oncidioidoncidioid”” flowersflowers
occur in many unrelatedoccur in many unrelated cladesclades ofof
subtribesubtribe OncidiinaeOncidiinae
Taxonomic confusion!Taxonomic confusion!
106. OTHER MODELS ???
CALCEOLARIA & OTOGLOSSUM HARLINGII
Calceolaria is an oil reward flower; sympatric with
“Oncidiums” at higher elevations in the Andes
110. PlatantheraPlatanthera: Using Molecular Phylogenetics to: Using Molecular Phylogenetics to
Study Adaptation to Different PollinatorsStudy Adaptation to Different Pollinators
Work ofWork of HapemanHapeman and Inoue (1997)and Inoue (1997)
Used DNA sequencing to produce aUsed DNA sequencing to produce a
phylogenetic tree; usedphylogenetic tree; used characterscharacters
independent of floral traitsindependent of floral traits
Then, mapped floral characters ontoThen, mapped floral characters onto
tree, allowing evolution of traits to betree, allowing evolution of traits to be
tracedtraced
115. PlatantheraPlatanthera: Take: Take--home messageshome messages
PollinationPollination--related floral traits (color,related floral traits (color,
size, spur length, etc.) undergo rapidsize, spur length, etc.) undergo rapid
and frequent evolutionary changeand frequent evolutionary change
Floral traits areFloral traits are
““homoplasioushomoplasious””=evolutionarily labile=evolutionarily labile
Orchid classifications shouldOrchid classifications should NOTNOT bebe
based primarily on floral characters!based primarily on floral characters!
116. Emphasis on gross floral
characters can result in
incorrect classifications!
Dendrophylax fawcetti
“Campylocentrum” filiformis
Dendrophylax filiformis
117. CoevolutionCoevolution??
Orchids are highly adapted to utilizeOrchids are highly adapted to utilize
specific pollinators, butspecific pollinators, but……..
Do orchids affect the evolution of theirDo orchids affect the evolution of their
animal pollinators?animal pollinators?
““Orchid and bee marching petal inOrchid and bee marching petal in
tarsus down the aisle oftarsus down the aisle of coevolutioncoevolution””??
118. CoevolutionCoevolution??
NoNo---- no evidence that orchids affect theno evidence that orchids affect the
evolution of morphology or behavior ofevolution of morphology or behavior of
their pollinatorstheir pollinators
Most orchids are rareMost orchids are rare----not the primarynot the primary
source of nectar or other rewards forsource of nectar or other rewards for
their pollinatorstheir pollinators
ProbablyProbably ““parasitesparasites”” on otheron other
plant/pollinator systemsplant/pollinator systems
119. Is Pollinator SpecificityIs Pollinator Specificity
OverOver--estimated?estimated?
How many observations are needed toHow many observations are needed to
document pollinator set for an orchid?document pollinator set for an orchid?
What about seasonal, geographicWhat about seasonal, geographic
variation?variation?
For most species, we donFor most species, we don’’t havet have
enough observations to adequatelyenough observations to adequately
measure pollinator specificitymeasure pollinator specificity
120.
121. How many species?
How many
polllinators,
fungal partners?
Conservation—
Ex situ, in situ?
122.
123.
124.
125. What can you do to conserveWhat can you do to conserve
orchids?orchids?
$45 buys 1 acre of montane
rainforest– makes a great
birthday or holiday gift
Ecominga Foundation: purchasing land to
conserve Ecuador’s orchid-rich habitats:
www.loujost.com
126. AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
National Science FoundationNational Science Foundation
American Orchid SocietyAmerican Orchid Society
Marie Selby Botanical GardenMarie Selby Botanical Garden
Atlanta Botanical GardenAtlanta Botanical Garden
Many commercial & private growersMany commercial & private growers
