Political History Pakistan

1. BENAZIR'S FIRST GOVERNMENT
● 1988 Ghulam ishaq khan president
● general elections nov 1988
● taken ppp leadership after bhutto ha hanging in 1979
● returned from exile in 1986
● remained unaligned of other parties
● ppp largest party un assembly 94 seats
● coilation of 9 parties to oppose ppp
● benazir was chosen pm
● had to forge coilation with mqm
● both parties pledged to protect all people of sindh
● her vision was democratic, forward thinking but led by islamic principles
● she anounced :release ofpolitical prisoners
● restoration of press freedom
● implemention of stalled education and health reforms
● ban of tu and studend union lifted
● promised rights for women
● better relations with india SAARC summit conference (three peace agreements)
- HER FOREIGN POLICY
● it was an end of soviet occupation of afghanistan
● paksitan lost strategiec location impo
● cold war ended 1989 as berlin wall collapsed
● economic military blandishments came to an end
● benazir had critisized zias alliance with US
● but herself tried to strengthen relations with them
● went to several trips
● visited US to allay fear of nuclear powers,1989
● but defended right to nuclear power
● willimg to make a pact with India declaring subcontinent no nuclear free zone, gandhi declined
● succeed un gaining readmission in common wealth makimg pak eligible for trading priviliges
- DOMESTIC POLICY
● secularaist, socialist agenda
● campaigned womens social nd health issues

2. ● merely translated into action
● no legislation was proposed
● unfulfilled promises to repead hudood and zina ordinance
● decision making was in hands of military
● reluctant to challamge these powers
● polictical enemies - pml nawaz sharif
● bhutto had nationalized nawaz family industry
● clash with ghulam ishaq over military and judicial appointments
● unable to parlay electoral succes
● alliance with mqm came as an obstacle whilst parliamentary action
● rivial political alliance weakend credibility within PPP
● her failure to follow through her announced camapign initiatives
● no single legislation passed
● not entirely ineffectual
- removed bans on unions
- pushed rural electrification
- encourage provate investemnt in pakistan economy
● ethnic violence
● tried to remove presendial power of dissolving legaislative assemblies
● 1990 ghulam ishaq dismissed benazir alleging corruption and incompetence and dissolved
national assembly and declared state of emergency
● ghulam mustafa jatoi caretaker primeminister
● 1990 elections
● PML, IJI
● PDA, PPP
NAWAZ SHARIF FIRST GOVT
● Nov 1, 1990 became prime minsiter
● finance minister under zia and chief minister of pubjab under bhutto
● promised increased oace of industrialization
● saw industralization the cure to unemployement
● political moderate yet religious conservative
● passed the shariat bill in 1991 which zia failed at passing in 1985
● it made quran and sunnah the law of the land provided the existing system of govt and non
muslim rights guranteed

3. ● secularist and fundamentalists both disliked
● the act was never enforced
ECONOMIC POLICY
● Focused on restoring private sector industralization
● personal plus domestic policy aswell
● bhutto had nationalized sharif family ittefaq fpundary
● land reforms in sindh where land was distributed to poor
● large development projects: hydro eelctric power on indus river
● gawadar mini port
● second govt: super highway connecting lahore and isl
● ten thousand taxi drivers
● his economic policies placed him in a good position with world bank and imf
● pakistan national debt impeded his economic policies ( loan for taxis)
● us had also suspended military and economic assistance program in response to pakistans
nuclear weapon program and end of soviet war
● bamking system on verge of collapse in late 1990s because of unpaid loans
FOREGIN POLICY
● streghtnened relations with central asias Muslim republics
● joined international coalition to drive iraq out of kuwait during gulf war
● 1992 fall of communist govt in afghan , law and order broke down
● tried bringing peace by islamabad accord
● ethnic political rivalries, crome and terrorism went rampant
● this outbreak was called "the kalashnikov culture"
● root of violence: pashtun culture to carry a gun a neccisity
● availability of weapons increased rapidly
● black market soviet weapons and guns intended for the mujahideen swept into pakistan
● heroin
● smuggling, drug trafficking
● sakhkot- gun market
● many refugees resettled in urban areas like karachi so this culture spread there too
● sharif ordered citizen to turn in weapons but little success
● twelfth amendement was passed
( quick establishment of trail courts to dispense summary justice)

4. ● iji coliation splintered
● his relation with ishaq souring
● 1993 april president ishaq dismissed nawaz and dissolved national assembly
● balakh sher khan mazari caretaker pm
● general elections to be held in 193
● but SC overturned presenditial order
● nawaz sharif came back
● after 2 weeks of negotiations, july 1993 both NS and IK resigned, assemblies dissolved again
● mooenuddin ahmed qureshi caretaker pm
● wasim sajid caretaker president
● qureshi devalued the currency
● cut farm subsidies
● slashed public sector expenditures
● eliminated 15 ministries
● raised prices of critical items
● published the name of indiviuals with unpiad loans
● october 1993 new elections held
BENAZIR 2
● agenda for change campaign
● mqm boycotted elections
● pml won 72 seats
● ppp 86 seats
● achieved majority with coilation
● farooq ahmed leghari president
● leghari promised to revoke 8 amendement
● pm and president same party
● 1994 nawaz train march
● strikes and demonstrations
● bhutto arrested several opp leaders
RELATIONS WITH US
● since 1990 us had been witholding delivery of 28 F-16 fighter jets pak had ordered and paid
$1.2 billion
● because of pressler amendment (before the president could authroize foreign aid to pakistan,
he had to certify that the country was not developing and did not posses nuclear weapon)
● george bush did not certify pakistan as nuclear free zone - aid embargo 1990

5. ● 1986 us had agreed dollar 4 billion economic development and security assistance program
● pressler only targeted pakistan
● detoriated relations between 1990 and 1993 - weapon devleopment, terrorism, almost declared
pak as state sponosr of terrorism due to kashmiri millitants
● bill clinton in 1993 propsed revising pressler amendment face backlash so withrew 1994
● his administratjon proposed a one time sale of F16s
● brownamendemt (benazir travlled in 1996) which removed non military aid from pressler
● visit of first lady hilary and her duaghter chelsea - internayional investment increased
CENTRAL ASIA POLICY
NAWAZ SECOND GOVT
● 13th amendment ( gave pm authority to repeal aricle 58 2 b )
PERVAIZ MUSHARAF
● constitutional safeguards did not protect civilian government
● installed himself as a president after taling title of chief exective while coup
● faced international pressure to restore democracy
● gained economic and military assistance in exhange for paks partnership in teh us war on
terror.
● faced bitter opposition from pakistanis
● sunni shia extremist divisions
● relations with india eased progress on kashmir issue
● 2007 , after 8 years in power, elections announced
● benazir nad nawaz exiles, alllwed to stand in election
● benazir killed after coming to pakistan
● ppp won elections in 2008
● nawaz hai tried to bar gen musharrafs commercial flight from landing in pak
● musharaff then staged coup
● nawaz, shehbaz and other officials arrested
● charged with hijacking, attempt of murder, kidnapping
● nawaz case was brought before an antiterrorism court in karachi
● charged with corruption, hijacking, tax ecasion, terrorism
● life imprisonment
● pardoned in 2000

6. ● exiled om condition that he forefit property worth 500 million and not seek office fpr 21 years.
nawaz moved to saudia
● christiana rocca,us assistant secretary, after nawaz deportion, visited oak. she reaffirmed ys
support for gen musharaf rule
● sc ruled on 2000 that musharaf coup was valid as necessity but court order general elecyions to
be held in 2002
ECONOMIC REFORMS
● had promised economic reforms
● courted internatjonal finanical institutions like imf and world bank
● invesged in communictaions, highways ,ports , railway ifnra, wnergy water supplt
● first three year economy remained stagnant then began to rise
●
RELIGIOUS REFORMS
● secular and modernist
● his efforts to curtail what he deeemed as religious extremism had little effect.
● tried to reform anti blasphemy law because
● law was open to abuse because anuone cpuld be accused of blasphemy
● and by law accused will be imprisoned before an investogation occured
● he wanted to ammend to require a premilinary investigation before an arrest
● he annoucned to end his effort as religious parties had threatened demonstrations and general
strike
● ban on publci display of weapons but unenforced
GOVERNMENT REFORMS
● removed rafiq tarar in 2001 june and became president
● introduced local government system in august
● give indiviuals at the grassroot level mofe say in local government
● the system restructured governance by transferring authority orebiously exercised by provinical
administrators to local districl lebel
● to vreate more responisve local govts
● to decentaralize the states administrative pwerr
● three tier structure - union (local cpuncil) , the tehsil cpuncil and the district ( zilla) council
● country would be divided into 105 districts
● each dostrict will be subdivided into tehsils
● and tehsil consist of local or union jurisdictions

7. ● citizens will gain control through representatives they elect to these ocuncils
● representatives would be chosne in direct non party elections , the representatives in terms
owulf elecy na and probincal assembly emmbers
● one third seats for women
● 21 voting aged reduced to 18
FOREIGN POLICLY/ 911
● expressed support for taliban ( good standing with islamists) taking traditional position
regaridng india ( support of military)
●