my reaserch work base on political instability in Pakistan

1. POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN PAKISTAN
BY
Ayaz Nawaz
REG. NO: 2k19-IR-O7
BS
INTERNATIONAL RELATION
MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL SCIENCES LASBELA UNIVERSITY OF
AGRICULTURE, WATER AND MARINE SCIENCES, UTHAL BALOCHISTAN
2024
POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN PAKISTAN
BY
Ayaz Nawaz
REG.NO 2K19-IR-O7
Ayaz
nawaz
BS
INTERNATIONAL
RELATION
2K19-IR-07

2. Research Thesis is submitted for fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of
BS
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
LASBELA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, WATER AND MARINE SCIENCES,
UTHAL BALOCHISTAN
2024

3. DECLARATION
I declare that this thesis entitled “Political instability in Pakistan” is the result of my own
research except as cited in the references. This thesis has not been accepted for any degree and it
is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.
Signature : ----------------------------
Name: : Ayaz Nawaz
Date: : 15th
January, 2024

4. COPYRIGHT CERTIFICATE ©
it is stated that all substance (text or any other creative work used without citation) within this thesis is the
copyright material of Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences (LUAWMS), Uthal,
Pakistan. The use of any material for Academic and non- commercial purpose is allowed with proper
citation of the thesis. The written permission from the author through the LUAWMS is required for
commercial purposes.
Copyright © LUAWMS

5. Thesis Approval CERTIFICATE ©
it is certified that contents and form of thesis submitted by Ayaz Nawaz (Reg.No.2k19-IR-07) on
“Political Instability in Pakistan” has been found satisfactory. I hereby declare that I have read
this thesis, and, in my opinion, this thesis is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the award
of degree of BS in Education.
Supervisor Miss Nabila Kanwal
Lecturer Faculty of M&SS
LUAWMS Uthal Balochistan

6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
With the blessings of God and the support of my supervisor, Miss Nabila Kanwal, I have
successfully completed my research work. This thesis or research study has been accomplished
through diligent efforts, with significant contributions from notable individuals such as my
supervisor, Miss Nabila Kanwal at the Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and
Marine Sciences Uthal, Balochistan.
Sincerely, Ayaz Nawaz

7. ABSTRACT
This thesis analyzes the political instability in Pakistan from 1947 to 2023. The study
identifies the consequences and root causes of political instability in the country,
including economic, social, and political consequences, as well as weak democratic
institutions, ethnic and sectarian tensions, poverty, inequality, and external
interference. The methodology used in this thesis involves a comprehensive
literature review and analysis of secondary data sources. The study also examines
the implications of political instability for policymakers, researchers, and scholars,
and provides recommendations for future research and policy to promote stability
and development in Pakistan. The findings of this thesis contribute to a better
understanding of the complex dynamics of political instability in Pakistan and
provide insights into potential solutions to address this issue.

8. Table of Contents
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background .............................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Problem Statement.................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.3 Objectives................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.4 Research Questions ................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.5 Significance of the Study.......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.6 Scope of the Study ................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.7 Limitations of the Study........................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.8 Summery.................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1 Pakistan's Political Unrest........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.2 Political instability in Pakistan's effects ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.3 Impact of Political Instability on Economic Growth................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4 External Factors Contributing to Political Instability in Pakistan............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.5 Summery.................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY.................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.1 Research Design....................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.2 Ethical Considerations.............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.3 Methods of Data Collection..................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.4 Data Analysis Techniques......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.5 Limitations................................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 4: FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1 Causes of Political Instability in Pakistan ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.1 History of Military Rule ......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.2 Weak Democratic Institutions............................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.3 Ethnic and Sectarian Tensions............................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.4 Poverty, Inequality, and Social Exclusion .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.5 External Interference............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.6 Lust for Power ....................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2 Political instability in Pakistan's effects ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.1 Economic Consequences ....................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.1.1 Low Economic Growth ....................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.1.2 High Inflation ..................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.1.3 Decline in Exports............................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.1.4 Impact on Trade................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

9. 4.2.1.5 Impact on Poverty.............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.1.6 Energy Crisis....................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.1.7 Impact on Small and Medium Enterprises ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.1.8 Impact on Agriculture ........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.1.9 Impact on Stock Market..................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.1.10 Impact on Foreign Investment ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.2 Social Consequences ............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.2.1 Impact on Education .......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.2.2 Impact on Healthcare......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.2.3 Decline in Social Development........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.2.4 Exacerbation of Poverty and Inequality............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.2.5 Impact on Human Rights.................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.3 Political Consequences.......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.3.1 Weak Political Leadership.................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.3.2 Impact on Democracy ........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.3.3 Dismissal of Imran Khan..................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.3.4 Emergence of PDM............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.3.5 Impact on Foreign Policy.................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.6 Implications for Pakistan's Future......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.4 Pakistan's Political Instability: External Factors....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.4.1 Indo-Pakistan Rivalry ............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.4.2 External Interference............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.4.3 Global Economic Factors....................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.4.4 Regional Conflicts.................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.4.5 Religious Extremism.............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Summery........................................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.5 Implications for Policymakers, Researchers, and Scholars...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.5.1 Implications for Policymakers ............................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.5.2 Implications for Researchers and Scholars............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Conclusion...................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.1 Summary of Key Findings......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.2 Conclusions Drawn from the Study ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.3 Recommendations for Future Research .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.4 Policy Recommendations for Promoting Stability and Development in Pakistan..Error! Bookmark not
defined.
REFERENCES:.................................................................................................................................................1

10. Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Background
Pakistan is a South Asian nation that has been experiencing political unrest ever since it gained
independence in 1947. The partition of India, which resulted in the creation of the nation, displaced
millions of people and killed hundreds of thousands. Political stability and democratic leadership
have proven elusive in Pakistan, despite the fact that the nation was founded by Muhammad Ali
Jinnah with the intention of becoming a secular and democratic state.
Foreign meddling, ethnic and sectarian conflicts, a lack of strong democratic institutions, and
Pakistan's history of military administration are all contributors to the country's political instability
(Haider, 2018; Hussain, 2015). The country's economy, social fabric, and political institutions have
taken a beating due to the frequent changes in administration, military coups, and political violence
(Khan, 2017; Khan & Khan, 2016).
In 1958, General Ayub Khan deposed Prime Minister Feroz Khan Noon's civilian administration
in Pakistan, marking the country's first military coup (Aziz, 2016). In 1969, President Ayub Khan
resigned, and General Yahya Khan seized control in yet another military coup. Under General
Yahya Khan's leadership, Pakistan lost half of its population in the 1971 war with India, which
also led to the independence of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) (Rizvi, 2016).
General Zia-ul-Haq staged a military coup in 1977 and deposed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who had led
Pakistan back to civilian power in 1972 (Hussain, 2016). Islamization of society and repression of
political dissent were hallmarks of General Zia-ul-Haq's administration in Pakistan. After the 1988
plane crash that killed General Zia-ul-Haq, Benazir Bhutto took over as Pakistan's leader. She is
the daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.

11. Following this, Pakistan has been rocked by a succession of political upheavals, such as 1999—
when President Pervez Musharraf removed Nawaz Sharif from office—2007—when Benazir
Bhutto was killed—and 2017—when the Supreme Court removed Nawaz Sharif from office
(Hussain, 2018; Raza, 2017; Zaman, 2018). Economic development, social progress, and political
institutions in Pakistan have all taken a hit due to these political upheavals.
Terrorist organizations like the Islamic State and the Taliban have emerged in recent years, adding
to the list of foreign security concerns that Pakistan has been confronting. The economic and social
growth of Pakistan has been hindered by these security concerns, which in turn have contributed
to the country's political instability (Ali, 2017).
In general, Pakistan's growth has been greatly affected by its history of political instability, which
has impeded the country's advancement towards democracy and economic success. Anyone
working to promote stability and development in Pakistan would do well to familiarize themselves
with the factors that contribute to the country's political instability as well as its effects and
repercussions.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
From 1947 until 2023, this thesis will examine Pakistan's political instability. We are investigating
the root causes of political instability. its repercussions and the way it affected the political
structures, social progress, and economic development of the nation.
1.3: objectives of the study
This research thesis aims to accomplish the following:
The political unrest in Pakistan from 1947 till 2023.
Looking at how a country's economy, society, and government structures are affected by political
turmoil.
For the purpose of studying how political unrest affects economic development in the nation.

12. In order to learn how regional security concerns and other outside forces have impacted Pakistan's
political climate.
1.4, "Research Questions,"
1. Following are the research questions that will serve as the basis for this investigation:
2. Between 1947 and 2023, what factors contributed to Pakistan's political instability?
3. How can political unrest affect a nation's economic growth, social progress, and governmental
structures?
4. How can political unrest affect the expansion of the economy?
5. Explain the role that regional security concerns have played in Pakistan's political unrest.
1.5 The Research's Importance
A thorough examination of Pakistan's political instability from 1947 until 2023 is what this
research thesis is going to provide, making it important. This study will contribute to the existing
literature on political instability in Pakistan by shedding light on the phenomenon and its origins,
as well as its effects on the country's economic growth, social progress, and governmental
structures. Everyone interested in Pakistan's political dynamics may benefit from this study's
conclusions, including academics, researchers, and policymakers.
1.6 Importance of the study
This thesis examines the political instability in Pakistan from 1947 until 2023. Economic growth,
social progress, and political institutions are all aspects that will be examined in relation to the
reasons, effects, and effects of political instability. External variables, including regional security
concerns, will also be considered in the research as potential causes of political instability in
Pakistan.

13. 1.7 Limitation of the study
We must recognize that this study thesis has some limitations. Secondary data sources, including
academic papers, journals, and government websites, will be used in the study. These sources may
not be the most reliable or accurate. Data on political instability in Pakistan is not readily available,
which would further restrict the research. Lastly, since political instability in Pakistan is such a
large and complex issue, our analysis will inevitably miss certain details.
18. Summery
The political instability of Pakistan from 1947 to 2023 is the subject of this research thesis, which
has been introduced in this chapter. Background, problem statement, aims, research questions,
study importance, scope, and constraints have all been covered in this chapter. Political unrest in
Pakistan is the subject of the literature study that follows this chapter.

14. Chapter 2
Literature review
Academics and researchers have always been intrigued by the political unrest in Pakistan. This chapter
will survey the research on Pakistani political instability, looking specifically at studies that have
examined the phenomenon and its effects on the country's monetary system, socioeconomic progress, and
governmental structures.
The Political Unrest in Pakistan (2.1)
There are many causes of Pakistan's political instability. Reasons for Pakistan's political instability
include the country's turbulent past under military control, its lack of strong democratic institutions,
internal divisions along sectarian lines, and outside meddling, argues Haider (2018). According to
Hussain (2015), corruption, ineffective leadership, and an absence of political stability all contribute to
Pakistan's economic stagnation. As an analogy, Khan and Khan (2016) state that low productivity and
high unemployment rates are the results of political instability, which is itself driven by ineffective
leadership and graft. In addition to poverty, inequality, and social exclusion, other researchers have shown
that these things have a role in Pakistan's political instability (Ali, 2018).
A major contributor to Pakistan's political instability is the country's history of military dictatorship. Since
Pakistan's establishment in 1947, the military has been the country's political lynchpin, often interfering in
elections to further its own agenda (Haider, 2018). Four military coups occurred in Pakistan between
1958 and 1999, demonstrating how commonplace such events are in the nation (Aziz, 2016). A lack of
political stability and a weakening of democratic institutions have resulted from the military's
involvement in Pakistani politics.
There are several factors that contribute to the political instability in Pakistan. Violent conflict and
political instability have often broken out among the country's many ethnic and religious communities
(Hussain, 2015). Particularly problematic in Pakistan is sectarian violence, which manifests itself in the
country via regular assaults on religious minorities and sectarian organizations (Ali, 2018).
2.2 The impacts of Pakistan's political instability
Instability in Pakistan's government has had far-reaching effects on the country's economy, social
progress, and political institutions. According to Khan (2017), reduced exports, higher inflation, and a
drop in foreign investment are all consequences of political instability, which in turn slows Pakistan's
economic development. Political instability, according to Haider (2018), reduces investment and
productivity, which in turn slows economic development in Pakistan. In addition, Pakistan's social growth
has been hindered by the country's political instability. Political instability, according to Hussain (2015),
has exacerbated poverty and inequality by cutting funding for essential social services like healthcare and
education. The media and the judiciary are two other political institutions that have suffered as a result of
Pakistan's political instability (Khan, 2017).

15. Furthermore, Pakistan's security situation has been greatly affected by the country's political instability.
Groups like the Islamic State and the Taliban have been more active in the nation, targeting both civilians
and security personnel in their assaults on civilians and security forces (Ali, 2017). Regional security
concerns, like the war in Afghanistan and the Indo-Pakistani rivalry, have also had an impact on
Pakistan's security situation (Ali, 2017).
2.3 The Effect of Uncertainty in Government on Economic Development
Many scholars have been curious in how Pakistan's political unrest affects the country's economic
development. According to Haider (2018), Pakistan's economic development is stunted by political
instability, which in turn reduces investment and productivity. Similarly, Khan (2017) demonstrates that a
decrease in exports and foreign investment results from political instability, which in turn hinders
economic development. Political instability hinders Pakistan's economic progress in several ways,
according to other experts (Hussain, 2015; Ali, 2018). These include preventing investment and
commerce, causing human capital to flee, and weakening institutions.
2.4 Outside Influences on Pakistan's Political Unrest
Political unrest in Pakistan has its roots in internal elements as well as those caused by external
forces, such as regional security concerns. The Indo-Pakistani rivalry has exacerbated security
concerns in South Asia, according to Ali (2017). This rivalry has resulted in terrorism, religious
extremism, economic and political instability, hostility between nations, nuclear proliferation, and
interstate strife and tension. A "South Asian Regional Security Cooperation" is suggested as a
means to handle these security concerns connected to the Indo-Pakistani conflicts in the research.
Foreign powers, globalization, and climate change are among the external issues that other
academics have pointed out as contributing to Pakistan's political instability (Khan, 2017; Haider,
2018).

16. 2.5 Summery
Many reasons, according to the literature, contribute to Pakistan's political instability. These
include the country's history of military dictatorship, its poor democratic institutions, conflicts
between different ethnic groups and sects, poverty, inequality, social exclusion, and involvement
from outside forces. There has been less progress towards democracy and economic success as a
result of political instability, which has hurt the country's economy, social development, and
political institutions. Anyone working to promote stability and development in Pakistan would do
well to familiarize themselves with the factors that contribute to the country's political instability
as well as its effects and repercussions.

17. Chapter 3
3.1 Methodology
This thesis makes use of a qualitative research strategy to examine Pakistan's political unrest via
the examination of both primary and secondary sources. In order to better understand the origins,
effects, and repercussions of political instability in Pakistan, this qualitative study will analyze
primary and secondary materials, such as official documents, news stories, and scholarly books.
3.2: Moral Factors
Throughout the study procedure, ethical issues were carefully considered. We made sure that no
damage came to human beings by using secondary data sources. Not only that, the thesis correctly
acknowledged and listed all sources utilized.
3.3 Techniques for Gathering Information
This thesis will rely only on secondary sources for its data. Government papers, news stories,
academic literature, and other pertinent materials pertaining to political instability in Pakistan shall
comprise the secondary data sources.
3.4 Methods for Analyzing Data
In order to examine primary and secondary sources of information about political instability in
Pakistan, this thesis will use content analysis as one of its data analysis methodologies. The
purpose of this content analysis is to draw out recurring ideas and themes about the origins,
development, and effects of Pakistan's political unrest.

18. Restriction No. 3.5
It is important to note that this research has a number of limitations. First, there is a lack of reliable
data on political instability in Pakistan, which limits the research. Secondly, the research can only
look at data from 1947 to 2023, which is a very narrow window.

19. Chapter 4
Results and Evaluation
The results of the research on Pakistan's political instability from 1947 to 2023 are presented in
this chapter. A qualitative research strategy including the examination of both primary and
secondary materials pertaining to Pakistan's political unrest forms the basis of the study.
4.1 Pakistan's Political Unrest and Its Root Causes
There are several interrelated causes of Pakistan's political instability. The country's past under
military rule, a lack of strong democratic institutions, sectarian and ethnic tensions, poverty,
inequality, social exclusion, outside interference, and the desire for power among political leaders
are all factors that contribute to this situation (Haider, 2018; Hussain, 2015; Khan, 2017; Ali,
2018).
4.1.1 The Period of Military Dominion
A major contributor to Pakistan's political instability is the country's history of military
dictatorship. Since Pakistan's establishment in 1947, the military has been the country's political
lynchpin, often interfering in elections to further its own agenda. Pakistan has a long history of
military coups; four occurred in the nation between 1958 and 1999. Aziz (2016) argues that the
military's meddling in Pakistani politics has exacerbated the country's political instability and
undermined democratic institutions.

20. 4.1.2 Constitutional Weakness The lack of strong democratic institutions in Pakistan is another
possible cause of the country's political instability. Corruption, military dictatorship, and a lack of
political will have all worked to undermine the country's democratic institutions. Particularly
vulnerable to political meddling and an erosion of independence is the judiciary. The lack of
strength in Pakistan's democratic institutions is shown by the use of votes of no confidence to
remove political leaders. Many see the removal of political leaders via this procedure as a means
by which influential groups may control the political system to forward their own agendas (Khan,
2017, BBC News 2022).
4.3 Sectarian and Ethnic Conflicts
There are several factors that contribute to the political instability in Pakistan. Many religious and
ethnic groups call this nation home, and conflicts between them have often erupted into bloodshed
and political turmoil. Particularly problematic in Pakistan is sectarian violence, which manifests
itself in the country via regular assaults on religious minorities and sectarian organizations (Ali,
2018).
4.1.4 The Trifecta of Social Exclusion, Poverty, and Inequality
Poverty, inequality, and exclusion have contributed to the political unrest in Pakistan. Unrest in
society and uncertainty in government have resulted from economic disparity and poverty.
According to Khan and Khan (2016), Pakistan's political climate has been unstable due to social
exclusion, particularly of women and religious minorities.
4.1.5 Outside Influence
Instability in Pakistan's government has been exacerbated by outside forces. Foreign countries like
India and the US have tried to influence Pakistani politics for their own ends, making the nation
an object of their involvement. environment change and globalization have both had an influence
on Pakistan's political environment, which has been unstable recently (Ali, 2017; Haider, 2018).

21. 4.1.6 Anger toward Authority
Another factor that has added to Pakistan's political instability is the desire for power among
political leaders. According to Khan (2017), several political leaders have put their own agendas
ahead of the country's progress and stability.
The consequences of Pakistan's political instability (4.2)
There are far-reaching implications of Pakistan's political instability. having an adverse effect on
the nation's financial system, social advancement, and governmental structures. Economic, social,
and political repercussions are all part of the package when it comes to Pakistan's political
instability.
4.2.1 Financial Impact
The Pakistani economy has taken a hit due to the country's political unrest. Political unrest has led
to slow economic development, rising inflation, falling exports, and dwindling foreign investment
(World Bank, 2021).
2.2.1 Sluggish Economic Development
Political instability is to blame for Pakistan's poor economic development. It has been challenging
for the government to execute long-term economic strategies due to political instability, which has
resulted in a lack of policy consistency (Khan, 2017). As a consequence, the country's economy
has suffered as a whole, seeing a drop in growth.
4.2.1.2 Rapid Price Increases
Another effect of political unrest in Pakistan is the country's high inflation rate. The International
Monetary Fund reports that a drop in foreign investment is directly attributable to the decrease in
investor confidence caused by political instability (IMF, 2021). The Pakistani rupee's value has
fallen as a consequence of the country's dwindling foreign currency reserves. Because of this,
inflation has been rather high, which is bad for the economy of the nation.

22. Exports Decline (4.2.1.3)
There has been a drop in exports because of the political unrest in Pakistan. Investors have lost
faith in the country's economy and are hesitant to put money into its export industry because of the
political unrest (IMF, 2021). Since exports contribute significantly to the country's foreign
currency revenues, this has stunted economic development.
4.2.1.4 Effect on Commerce
Another factor that has hurt Pakistan's commerce is the country's political unpredictability.
According to the State Bank of Pakistan (2020), the nation's exports fell from $25.1 billion in
2013–14 to $21.4 billion in 2018–19, all because of the political instability in the country. Imports
fell from $53.2 billion in 2013–14 to $44.4 billion in 2018–19, a decline that was exacerbated by
political unrest (State Bank of Pakistan, 2020).
4.2.1.5 Effect on Low-Income Areas
Lack of stability in Pakistan's government has also contributed to the country's high poverty rate.
A significant portion of the population, 24.3% to be exact, lives in poverty in this nation (World
Bank, 2021). The poverty rate rose from 24.3% in 2015 to 24.9% in 2018 due to the country's
politically unstable economy (World Bank, 2021).
The Energy Crisis (4.2.1.6)
The energy situation in Pakistan is exacerbated by the country's unstable political climate. Power
outages have been happening all the time because of the political unrest, which has hurt the
economy (Khan, 2021). In order to spur economic growth, the nation must resolve its energy issue.

23. 4.2.1.7 Effect on Medium and Small Businesses
Small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) in Pakistan have also felt the effects of the country's
unstable political climate. The country's small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) sector has
declined due to the difficulties SMEs have had operating in an unstable political climate (World
Bank, 2021). Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) contribute significantly to national
employment and GDP growth, thus this is bad news for the country's economic development.
4.2.1.8% Effect on Farming
The agricultural sector in Pakistan has also felt the effects of the country's political unrest. Political
unrest has reduced agricultural output in the nation, which has a chilling effect on the agricultural
sector (World Bank, 2021). Because agriculture provides a large number of jobs and contributes
significantly to GDP growth, this has hurt the country's economy.
Effect on Stock Market 4.2.1.9
Another factor that has hurt Pakistan's stock market is the country's political unpredictability.
Political unpredictability has dampened investor enthusiasm, which has had a chilling effect on
the stock market (Dawn, 2021). Since companies rely on the stock market to get finance, this has
stunted the country's economic development.
Effects on International Investments 4.2.1.10
A further factor discouraging international investment in Pakistan is the country's volatile political
climate. Political unpredictability has made it difficult for the government to entice investors,
leading to a fall in FDI (IMF, 2021). Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a lifeline for developing
nations, thus this is bad news for their economic progress. Compared to $1.9 billion in 2019, the
country's foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows dropped to $1.1 billion in 2020 (UNCTAD,
2021).

24. 4.2.2 Impact on Society
Negative societal effects have also resulted from Pakistan's political instability. Political instability
has worsened the country's already high poverty and inequality rates (UNDP, 2020). As a result of
political unrest, the country's social development has fallen, with healthcare and education taking
a hit (World Bank, 2021). Political instability has had a severe influence on the country's social
fabric as well, amplifying ethnic and sectarian tensions (Ali, 2018).
4.2.2.1 Effects on Academic Programs
As a result of political unrest, Pakistan's educational system has suffered. With only 60% of the
people being literate, the nation has one of the world's lowest literacy rates (UNESCO, 2021). The
country's educational system has suffered as a result of political unrest, which has reduced funding
for schools (World Bank, 2021).
4.2.2.2 Effects on Medical Treatment
The healthcare system in Pakistan has also been hit hard by the country's political unrest. The
infant mortality rate is 66 per 1,000 live births, which is among the highest globally (World Bank,
2021). Spending on healthcare has dropped due to political unrest, which has affected the quality
of treatment in the nation (World Bank, 2021).
Social Development Decline (4.2.2.3)
As a result of political instability, Pakistan's socioeconomic progress has declined. A decrease in
healthcare and education as a result of political unrest has hampered the socioeconomic growth of
the nation (World Bank, 2021). The country's social fabric has taken a hit as a consequence of the
fall in the human development index.

25. Poverty and inequality are worsened (4.2.2.4).
Another effect of Pakistan's unstable government is the widening gap between the country's rich
and poor. Investment in social programs has been low due to a lack of political determination to
resolve social concerns brought about by political instability (Khan, 2017). Because of this, social
assistance has decreased, which is bad news for the country's impoverished and oppressed people.
Human Rights Consequences 4.2.2.5
Human rights have also taken a hit due to Pakistan's political unrest. Reports of civil and political
rights breaches have increased as a result of the country's political instability, leading to a decrease
in human rights (Human Rights Watch, 2021). Since human rights are fundamental to societal
progress, this has harmed the social fabric of the nation.
4.2.3 Resulting Political Impact
There have been unintended political repercussions stemming from Pakistan's political instability.
Political instability has undermined the country's democratic institutions, especially the judiciary
(Khan, 2017). Additionally, the country's political stability has been deteriorating due to the high
frequency of government turnover and the consequent lack of policy consistency (Haider, 2018).
According to Ali (2017), the country's international image has taken a hit due to its political
instability. The world community views the country as a partner that is both unpredictable and
untrustworthy.
4.2.3.1 Ineffective Political Governing
Another effect of political instability is Pakistan's lackluster political leadership. The absence of
strong political leadership is a direct outcome of the political instability that has sapped the political
will to resolve political concerns (Haider, 2018). As a consequence, the country's political stability
has deteriorated and policies have become inconsistent.

26. 4.2.3.2 Effect on Democratic Process
Democracy has suffered as a result of Pakistan's political unrest. Political instability has eroded
the country's democratic institutions, leading to a decrease in democracy's quality (Freedom
House, 2021). Because democracy is vital to political progress, this has hurt the country's political
stability.
4.2.3. Imran Khan's Expulsion
Prime Minister Imran Khan was removed from office in March 2021 when the opposition parties
in Pakistan successfully won a vote of no confidence (BBC News, 2021). The foreign standing
and political stability of the country have taken a hit due to this political unrest.
4.2.3.4 PDM's First Appearance
In 2020, opponents of the governing party's administration formed the Pakistan Democratic
Movement (PDM) (Al Jazeera, 2020). Protests and demonstrations by opposition parties have been
more commonplace since the PDM's rise to power, adding to the country's political instability.
Effects on International Relations 4.2.3.5
The foreign policy of Pakistan has also been affected by the country's political unrest. Political
unpredictability has hurt the country's foreign policy since its neighbors and the rest of the world
see it as a dangerous and untrustworthy ally (Dawn, 2021). The country's diplomatic ties and global
reputation have taken a hit as a result of this.
Future of Pakistan and Its Consequences 4.2.6
The future of Pakistan is highly dependent on the outcome of the current political unrest. In order
to foster stability and progress, the nation must tackle the fundamental reasons of political
instability, which include frail democratic institutions, ethnic and sectarian conflicts, poverty,
inequality, and outside intervention (Khan, 2017). To spur economic development, the nation
should prioritize boosting its rate of economic growth, drawing in international investment, and
solving its energy problem (IMF, 2021).

27. There has been a detrimental effect on Pakistan's economic, social development, and political
institutions due to the country's political instability. In order to foster prosperity and stability, the
nation must deal with its energy issue, increase its economic growth rate, and tackle the underlying
reasons of political instability. What follows is an analysis of Pakistan's economic growth.
4.4 Factors from Outside Pakistan Contributing to Political Unrest
The political instability in Pakistan is caused by both internal and foreign forces, with the latter
also having an impact on the former. Some of the outside forces that have exacerbated Pakistan's
political unrest include:
The Rivalry Between India and Pakistan (4.4)
A number of external causes, including the Indo-Pakistani rivalry, have contributed to the political
instability in Pakistan (Ali, 2018). As a result of the war, there is now economic and political
instability, nuclear proliferation, religious intolerance, antagonism and distrust between states, and
terrorism (Ali, 2018). Some of the most significant incidents that have fueled the animosity
between India and Pakistan are as follows:
The Indo-Pakistani animosity has its roots in the two Kashmir wars that broke out between
Pakistan and India (Ali, 2018). A key cause of friction between the two nations is the dispute over
the territory of Kashmir.
A further factor in the evolution of the Indo-Pakistani rivalry is the 1971 war that broke out
between Pakistan and India, leading to the establishment of Bangladesh (Ali, 2018).
The 1999 Kargil War: The Indo-Pakistani rivalry has its roots in the 1999 Kargil War, which broke
out between Pakistan and India (Ali, 2018).
Incidents of Terrorism: Incidents of terrorism, such as the 2008 Mumbai terror attack and the 2001
assault on the Indian Parliament, have exacerbated the Indo-Pakistani rivalry (Ali, 2018).

28. 4.4.2 Outside Influence
One factor that has added to Pakistan's political instability is the intervention of foreign powers in
the country's internal affairs. According to Haider (2018), Pakistan's political stability has been
deteriorating due to foreign powers' interference in the country's domestic affairs. Extensive
instances of foreign intervention in Pakistan include:
The United States has meddled in Pakistan's domestic affairs on several occasions, most notably
during the country's fight against terrorism (Haider, 2018). The United States has imposed some
demands on Pakistan in addition to providing financial and military assistance.
Interference from India: The Kashmir dispute is one example of how India has meddled in
Pakistan's domestic affairs (Haider, 2018). Tensions between Pakistan and India have arisen
because of Pakistan's alleged backing for terrorist organizations in the area.
4.4.3 International Economic Dynamics
The worldwide financial crisis and other global economic events have exacerbated political unrest
in Pakistan. The political stability of the nation has declined as a result of the negative effects of
global economic forces on the economy (World Bank, 2021). A number of important global
economic variables have had a role in Pakistan's political unrest, including:
The political stability of Pakistan declined as a result of the worldwide economic downturn that
began in 2008 (World Bank, 2021).
The political stability of Pakistan has deteriorated due to the detrimental effects of oil price
fluctuations on the country's economy (World Bank, 2021).

29. 4.4.4 Wars between Regions
Political unpredictability in Pakistan has its roots in internal strife as well as external factors like
the war in Afghanistan. According to Haider (2018), Pakistan's political stability has taken a
nosedive as a result of the fighting in Afghanistan extending into the nation. Some of the most
significant regional wars that have impacted Pakistan's political stability are:
Political stability in Pakistan has deteriorated as a result of the spillover of the Afghan war into the
nation (Haider, 2018). The war has damaged Pakistan's economy and forced millions of people to
flee their homes.
4.4.5 Radicalization
Political unpredictability in Pakistan is exacerbated by religious fanaticism. The political stability
of the nation has diminished as a result of the increase in religious extremism (Ali, 2018). Some
prominent instances of religious extremism in Pakistan include:
The terrorist organization known as the Taliban has been active in Pakistan and is responsible for
a number of assaults inside the nation (Ali, 2018). Officials, security personnel, and ordinary
citizens have all been the targets of this group's attacks.
Summery
Factors outside Pakistan's control, include the Indo-Pakistani rivalry, foreign meddling,
international economic conditions, regional disputes, and Pakistan's internal unrest. Stability and
growth can only be achieved by resolving the country's energy issue, attracting international
investment, and reducing political volatility.

30. 4.5 What Scholars, Researchers, and Policymakers Need to Know
There are serious ramifications for academics, researchers, and policymakers as a result of
Pakistan's political instability. Some of the consequences of Pakistan's political unrest include:
4.5.1 Policymakers' Implications
To foster stability and growth, Pakistani policymakers must tackle the fundamental reasons of
political instability, which include ineffective democratic institutions, ethnic and sectarian
conflicts, poverty, inequality, and outside intervention (Khan, 2017). To encourage economic
development, policymakers should work to increase the country's pace of economic growth, bring
in investment from outside, and solve its energy problem (IMF, 2021). To foster social
development in the nation, policymakers should put an emphasis on healthcare, education, and
women's empowerment (UNDP, 2020).
4.5.2 What This Means for Academics and Researchers
More investigation into the origins and ripple effects of Pakistan's political turmoil is required by
academics and scholars. In order to devise solutions to the country's political instability, it is
necessary to do research into its origins. The effects of political unrest on several societal and
economic spheres, including healthcare, education, agriculture, and women's empowerment, need
further study. Last but not least, academics and researchers should investigate the external causes
of Pakistan's political unrest, including the Indo-Pakistani rivalry, foreign meddling, international
economic issues, regional strife, and religious extremism (Ali, 2018).
Summary
There are serious ramifications for academics, researchers, and policymakers as a result of
Pakistan's political instability. The country's political instability has its origins, and policymakers
should work to eradicate them while simultaneously fostering growth and stability. Scholars and
researchers must delve deeper into the origins and effects of the country's political instability if
they are to devise plans to tackle the fundamental issues and foster growth and stability.

31. Chapter 5
Suggestions and conclusions
From 1947 until 2023, this research examined Pakistan's political instability and found that it had
several implications. Political instability in Pakistan has repercussions on the economy, society,
and government, as well as on the causes from outside the country that exacerbate the problem.
Weak democratic institutions, ethnic and sectarian conflicts, poverty, inequality, and foreign
involvement are some of the underlying reasons of political instability in Pakistan that have been
found in the research.
5.1 Concise Overview of Major Results
There has been a detrimental effect on Pakistan's economic, social development, and political
institutions due to the country's political instability. As a result of political unrest, the country's
economy has grown slowly, inflation has been high, exports have fallen, and foreign investment
has dried up. Poverty and inequality are already rampant, and the country's unstable government
has only made things worse. Political instability has undermined the country's democratic
institutions, especially the judiciary. A number of external forces, like the Indo-Pakistani rivalry,
have contributed to Pakistan's political instability.
5.2 Conclusion
The following inferences are possible from the study's main results:
A key hindrance to Pakistan's stability and progress is the country's political instability. For
political stability and progress to be achieved, the nation must tackle issues including poverty,
inequality, ethnic and sectarian conflicts, inadequate democratic institutions, and foreign
intervention. For economic progress to take place, the nation must prioritize boosting its growth
rate, luring foreign investment, and solving its energy issue. In order to foster social growth, the
government should put an emphasis on healthcare, education, and women's empowerment. The
Indo-Pakistani rivalry, foreign meddling, global economic issues, regional wars, religious
extremism, and other external variables are causing political instability in Pakistan, and the nation
must confront these issues.

32. According to the research, one of the main reasons for Pakistan's political instability has been the
country's poor democratic institutions. It is imperative that the nation fortifies its democratic
institutions by guaranteeing impartial elections, a separate judiciary, and unfettered press freedom.
Promoting religious tolerance and unity is another way the nation may deal with sectarian and
ethnic problems. Social safety nets, expanded access to healthcare and education, and government-
sponsored economic development may all help bring down poverty and inequality.
The research also found that the Indo-Pakistani rivalry is a big external element that makes
Pakistan's politics unstable. The Kashmir conflict and other unresolved problems between the two
nations can only be resolved if the government opens lines of communication with India.
Improving the country's diplomatic ties and encouraging regional collaboration are two more ways
it may deal with the problem of foreign involvement.
5.3 Suggestions for Further Investigation
The following suggestions for further research are given in light of the findings of this study:
In order to find solutions to Pakistan's political instability, further study into its causes is required.
Agriculture, healthcare, education, and women's empowerment are only a few areas that could be
affected by political instability; more research on this topic is necessary. Foreign meddling,
regional wars, religious extremism, the Indo-Pakistani rivalry, and global economic considerations
are among the external variables that contribute to Pakistan's political instability.
The effects of political unrest on national defense and foreign policy need to be the subject of
future studies. Researchers found that Pakistan's foreign policy and security were both negatively
affected by the country's political instability. To delve further into this connection, further study is
required.
5.4 Suggestions for Policy Change to Foster Growth and Stability in Pakistan
In order to promote stability and development in Pakistan, this study's results informed the
following policy recommendations:

33. The country's political instability has its origins, and policymakers should work to eradicate them
while simultaneously fostering growth and stability. If the government is serious about fostering
social development, it must make healthcare, education, and women's empowerment top priorities.
In order to foster economic development, policymakers should prioritize boosting the country's
pace of economic growth, luring international investment, and solving its energy issue. Political
instability in Pakistan is caused by external forces that policymakers must address. These reasons
include the Indo-Pakistan rivalry, meddling from outside sources, global economic concerns,
regional wars, and religious extremism.
Politicians in Pakistan should prioritize enhancing the country's system of government with the
suggestions made above. Political unpredictability has spread over the nation as a result of its
inadequate system of government. Transparency, accountability, and the rule of law should be
prioritized by policymakers in order to fortify the country's system of government. Stability and
progress in the nation can only be achieved when the people have faith in their leadership, and this
will assist to achieve just that.
Taking action to combat corruption is another crucial piece of policy advice. Both Pakistan's
economic and social progress are stunted by the pervasive corruption that plagues the nation.
Transparency and accountability in government institutions should be prioritized by policymakers
in their fight against corruption. A number of anti-corruption initiatives, such as more open
government procurement procedures and stricter anti-corruption legislation and institutions, may
help bring this about.
South Asian regional cooperation should also be a priority for policymakers. Poverty, inequality,
and political instability are common problems in many of the nations in the area. Together,
policymakers can tackle these issues and advance regional stability and prosperity by encouraging
regional collaboration. The promotion of investment and commerce, the improvement of regional
connectivity, and the resolution of regional disputes may all contribute to this goal.

34. Lastly, it is imperative that officials work to establish a stable and peaceful environment in the
area. A number of external forces, like the Indo-Pakistani rivalry, have contributed to Pakistan's
political instability. Diplomacy and open communication with neighboring nations should be
priorities for policymakers seeking regional stability. Peace and cooperation in the area may be
fostered by this.
The lack of stability and progress in Pakistan is mostly due to the country's political instability.
The nation must prioritise the promotion of stability and growth while simultaneously tackling the
underlying factors that contribute to political instability. Scholars, academics, and policymakers
must collaborate to find solutions to the nation's political instability and its underlying causes so
that the country may grow and prosper. Pakistani and regional leaders may do their part to foster
growth and stability by adopting the aforementioned policy suggestion.

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