This document discusses the policy science perspective and the Yale approach to jurisprudence. It provides context around the development of the policy science approach during World War 2 to address issues of war, peace, security and balancing liberty and authority. It outlines key features of the policy science approach, including its focus on identifying and promoting universal social values like power, knowledge, respect, income, safety, liberty and equality. For each value, it discusses their meaning and importance for achieving social goals. Overall, the document presents an overview of the policy science jurisprudence developed at Yale University to tackle global challenges through a values-based legal framework.
The 1987 Philippine Constitution: Article IIbrianbelen
Lecture slides for an undergraduate class on Philippine Politics and Governance I taught between 2003 and 2005.
Outlined here is the declaration of state principles as reflected in Article II of of the 1987 Philippine Constitution.
These slides were prepared using Powerpoint XP.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
http://brianbelen.blogspot.com
http://brianbelen.wordpress.com
Sorry for poor quality of title and subtitles. My assigned font was not recognized by SlideShare.
IF YOU WANT TO DOWNLOAD THIS PPT, GO TO THIS LINK http://b68f3c0e.linkbucks.com
Nobody is great. Without a doubt as humankind all in all, our real.docxhenrymartin15260
Nobody is great. Without a doubt as humankind all in all, our reality is additionally needing flawlessness. From this emerge the numerous social justice issues we confront today. Uniformity is the particular case that emerges the most and gets the most steady consideration, yet there are numerous parts to this. In the mission of general wellbeing, justice is central to the point that it has been portrayed as the field's center quality. This record of justice anxieties the reasonable dispensing of basic points of interest and the offering of normal loads. It catches the twin good motivations that vitalize general wellbeing: to development human prosperity by enhancing wellbeing and to do so especially by concentrating on the needs of the most impeded. Social justice requests more than reasonable dispersion of assets in compelling general wellbeing crises. Justice is seen as so fundamental to the mission of general wellbeing that it has been portrayed as the field's center worth and it is a critical sorting out standard for general wellbeing.
Justice alone can't focus the "right" approach or supply a response to each inquiry in regards to the wide heading for general wellbeing; not one or the other can whatever other single arranging rule. Then again, there are sure center duties that all who grasp even an unassuming origination of social justice perceive as critical, and those responsibilities can reveal insight into the real progressing discussions in the field: the true blue extent of general wellbeing, the harmony between general wellbeing and common freedoms, and the proper parts of the national government and the states. All the more vitally, this paper demonstrates how general wellbeing focused around social justice offers ascent to critical arrangement objectives, for example, enhancing the general wellbeing framework, decreasing financial inconsistencies, tending to wellbeing determinants, and anticipating wellbeing crises with an eye on the needs of the most helpless. Before analyzing the real discussions and making approach suggestions, we give our specific record of justice in general wellbeing.
Among the most essential and usually comprehended implications of justice is decency or sensibility, particularly in the way individuals are dealt with or choices are made. Our record of justice anxieties the reasonable payment of regular points of interest and the imparting of normal troubles. It catches the twin good driving forces that energize general wellbeing: to development human prosperity by enhancing wellbeing and to do so by concentrating on the needs of the most burdened. A basic piece of bringing great wellbeing to all is the errand of distinguishing and improving examples of orderly impediment that undermine the prosperity of individuals whose prospects for good wellbeing are limited to the point that their life decisions are not by any means remotely like those of others. These two parts of justice wellbeing change for the po.
The 1987 Philippine Constitution: Article IIbrianbelen
Lecture slides for an undergraduate class on Philippine Politics and Governance I taught between 2003 and 2005.
Outlined here is the declaration of state principles as reflected in Article II of of the 1987 Philippine Constitution.
These slides were prepared using Powerpoint XP.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
http://brianbelen.blogspot.com
http://brianbelen.wordpress.com
Sorry for poor quality of title and subtitles. My assigned font was not recognized by SlideShare.
IF YOU WANT TO DOWNLOAD THIS PPT, GO TO THIS LINK http://b68f3c0e.linkbucks.com
Nobody is great. Without a doubt as humankind all in all, our real.docxhenrymartin15260
Nobody is great. Without a doubt as humankind all in all, our reality is additionally needing flawlessness. From this emerge the numerous social justice issues we confront today. Uniformity is the particular case that emerges the most and gets the most steady consideration, yet there are numerous parts to this. In the mission of general wellbeing, justice is central to the point that it has been portrayed as the field's center quality. This record of justice anxieties the reasonable dispensing of basic points of interest and the offering of normal loads. It catches the twin good motivations that vitalize general wellbeing: to development human prosperity by enhancing wellbeing and to do so especially by concentrating on the needs of the most impeded. Social justice requests more than reasonable dispersion of assets in compelling general wellbeing crises. Justice is seen as so fundamental to the mission of general wellbeing that it has been portrayed as the field's center worth and it is a critical sorting out standard for general wellbeing.
Justice alone can't focus the "right" approach or supply a response to each inquiry in regards to the wide heading for general wellbeing; not one or the other can whatever other single arranging rule. Then again, there are sure center duties that all who grasp even an unassuming origination of social justice perceive as critical, and those responsibilities can reveal insight into the real progressing discussions in the field: the true blue extent of general wellbeing, the harmony between general wellbeing and common freedoms, and the proper parts of the national government and the states. All the more vitally, this paper demonstrates how general wellbeing focused around social justice offers ascent to critical arrangement objectives, for example, enhancing the general wellbeing framework, decreasing financial inconsistencies, tending to wellbeing determinants, and anticipating wellbeing crises with an eye on the needs of the most helpless. Before analyzing the real discussions and making approach suggestions, we give our specific record of justice in general wellbeing.
Among the most essential and usually comprehended implications of justice is decency or sensibility, particularly in the way individuals are dealt with or choices are made. Our record of justice anxieties the reasonable payment of regular points of interest and the imparting of normal troubles. It catches the twin good driving forces that energize general wellbeing: to development human prosperity by enhancing wellbeing and to do so by concentrating on the needs of the most burdened. A basic piece of bringing great wellbeing to all is the errand of distinguishing and improving examples of orderly impediment that undermine the prosperity of individuals whose prospects for good wellbeing are limited to the point that their life decisions are not by any means remotely like those of others. These two parts of justice wellbeing change for the po.
PUB 611Seminar in Public Human Resources Administration Midterm Exa.docxwoodruffeloisa
PUB 611Seminar in Public Human Resources Administration: Midterm Exam
Exam Questions
1. Identify and describe the four public personnel management functions (PADS).
2. What are the four competing values that have traditionally affected the allocation of public jobs? Which three nongovernment values that have emerged recently conflict with them?
3. What are the pros and cons of contracting out? If you have experience with contracting out, what challenges did you face in writing the contract specifications and what challenges did you face in administering the contract?
4. How does the historical development of job analysis relate to the differing objectives of elected and appointed officials, merit system advocates, HR directors and specialists, supervisors and managers, and employees? How are these reflected in the concepts of position management, human resource management, and career development?
5. Describe the contemporary pay and benefits environment.
6. Identify the elements included in a total compensation package.
7. Describe the comparative advantages and disadvantages of competing systems used to determine pay—point-factor job evaluation, rank-in person, and broad-banding.
8. Discuss how conflicts over the fairness of EEO, AA, and diversity management programs have affected the role of the public HR manager in achieving both productivity and fairness.
Social Equity and Diversity Management
Dr. James R. Welsh
Barry University
1
1
2
Man is the most composite of all creatures....
“Well, as in the old burning of the Temple at Corinth, by the melting and intermixture of silver and gold and other metals a new compound more precious than any, called Corinthian brass, was formed; so in this continent,--asylum of all nations,--the energy of Irish, Germans, Swedes, Poles, and Cossacks, and all the European tribes,--of the Africans, and of the Polynesians,--will construct a new race, a new religion, a new state, a new literature, which will be as vigorous as the new Europe which came out of the smelting-pot of the Dark Ages, or that which earlier emerged from the Pelagic and Etruscan barbarism.”
Ralph Waldo Emerson, journal entry, 1845,
The Metaphor of the Melting Pot…
Because of a continuous mass immigration that was a feature of the United States economy and society since the first half of the 19th century, ethnic diversity is common in both rural and urban areas.
The absorption of the stream of immigrants became, in itself, a prominent feature of America's national myth.
The idea of the melting pot is a metaphor that implies that all the immigrant cultures are mixed and amalgamated without state intervention.
The melting pot theory implied that each individual immigrant, and each group of immigrants, assimilated into American society at their own pace.
Today the United States can easily be considered one of the most diverse nations in the world.
Recent estimates show that one in three U.S. residents is a member of an ...
Discussion 1 What is the difference between an ideology, a theVinaOconner450
Discussion 1
What is the difference between an ideology, a theory, and a paradigm? Choose at least one of the ideologies, theories, or paradigms that resonated with you and discuss how it is relevant to the study of social welfare policy. 200 words
Reply 1 Giovanna
A person's ideology is what influences their way of thinking. An ideology is a set of opinions or beliefs of a group or an individual. Often, ideology refers to a set of political beliefs or a set of ideas that characterize a particular culture. Capitalism, communism, socialism, and Marxism are ideologies. (Cranston, 2020) A theory is a carefully thought-out explanation for observations of the natural world that are constructed using a scientific method and brings together many facts and hypotheses. Social work theory is a general explanation supported by evidence provided by the scientific method. (Stewart, 2011) Lastly, paradigms are patterns or models built on both ideologies and theories. The three most common paradigms are positivism, constructivism or interpretivism, and pragmatism. (Daigneault, P-M, 2014)
Even though I do not like to talk about politics, I would say that I'm a liberal So, my ideology is liberalism. As a liberal, I believe that we can change and create new policies that would benefit as a whole society. I believe that national prosperity requires government management of the macroeconomy in order to keep unemployment low, inflation in check, and growth high. I also value institutions that defend against economic inequality. The theory I believe in is the theory of international relations. International relations are constructed from an idea such as all states in the U.S. always act in accordance with their National interests, or the interests of that state. State interests often include self-preservation, military security, economic prosperity, and influence over other states. Sometimes, two or more states have the same national interest. For example, two states might both want to foster peace and economic trade. And states with diametrically opposing national interests might try to resolve their differences through negotiation or even war. I think that we need a new paradigm on racial justice. A new paradigm must be ingrained in the values of today’s racial justice movement: "repair and redress; material equity; and freedom and liberation. Moreover, it must center the role of race in our economic policy debates and in our broader politics." (Wong & Strickland, 2021)
Reply 2 Amberlin
Ideologies, theories, and paradigms are often used interchangeably within the context of social welfare policy (Segal, 2015). While these conceptual foundations play a role in constructing social policies and legislation, they do have some differences. According to our textbook, “ideologies are ideas or bodies of thought that offer guidance, theories are systems of ideas that explain a phenomenon, and paradigms are patterns or models that provide a conceptual framework” (S ...
FIELD ASSIGNMENT 3 SURVEY YOUR FRIENDS Goals and Skil.docxmglenn3
FIELD ASSIGNMENT 3
SURVEY YOUR FRIENDS
Goals and Skills: Students are asked to apply specific concepts, happiness theories, or research findings
they have learned in class to life experiences and specific out-of-class activities. Using a concept in a new
circumstance as well as connecting sociology to other relevant material in students’ lives allows for
greater student understanding.
Specific Instructions: For this assignment, you are to survey any 5 people about their regrets. To
prompt their comments, give them this specific scenario: If you knew you were dying, what five
regrets would you have about your life, about the way you’ve lived your life? Report your results
showing each respondent (including gender, age, ethnicity/race) and their answers to the question
and discuss your results. In addition to the comments of the five people interviewed, feel free to
include your regrets. This assignment emphasizes qualitative research.
Please omit real names or other identifying information about your research subjects. This is a good
research practice to adopt now.
Substantive Discussion/Debriefing: On the class day after the assignment is due, there will be an in-
class discussion about this assignment. Students should be prepared to talk about their paper.
DUE: A digital copy should be uploaded to D2L into correct folder by 11:59pm on the due date
(exact dates are noted on the syllabus under Course Calendar and Assignments).
Feedback: Students will be given numerical grades using the rubric below:
FIELD ASSIGNMENT GRADING RUBRIC
POINT
VALUE
GRADING CRITERIA
POINTS
RECEIVED
1 Covered subject of assignment/stayed on topic
1
Included at least ONE direct quotation from a class reading that was
appropriately cited using an ASA-style in-text parenthetical citation (Author
Year: Page#)
1 Clarity of writing style/ease of reading
1 Grammar and spelling
1 Format (typed, double-spaced, 12 pt. font, 1 page minimum, 2 pp. max)
TOTAL SCORE (Out of 5):
11
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HAPPINESS RESEARCH
fter 35 years of intensive research, what have investigators
discovered that adds significantly to the teachings of that
champion of happiness, Jeremy Bentham? Essentially,
researchers have succeeded in doing what Bentham
could not accomplish: to devise a way of measuring how happy
people are and how much pleasure or pain they_ derive from the
ordinary events and conditions of their lives. As a result, investiga-
tors are often able to reach conclusions that can help lawmakers
decide wh.i,ch legislative programs are most likely to improve the
well-being of the citizenry. It is true that many of these findings
merely ·echo what some philosopher or theologian said centuries
ago. Nevertheless, since prominent thinkers have so often disagreed
with one another in discussing happiness, the new research does a
valuable service by providing empirical evidence to suggest which
i.
My Village Essay | Essay on My Village for Students and Children in .... Village Life Essay | Long & Short Essays on Village Life for Students. Essay on My village-10 simple lines essay for kids-paragraph on My .... 10 Lines On My Village | Essay On My Village In English | Easy .... write essay on my village | simple english essay on my village | how to .... Essay on My Village in 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 Words for Class 1-10. Essay On My Village for Class 1,2 and 3 | Dr Noor Essays. My Village Essay 100, 150, 250, 300 Words - Study Thinks. My village essay writing in english. Write a short essay on My Village | Essay Writing | English - YouTube. My village essay || Essay on my village || My village paragraph || My .... Essay on My Village - YouTube. My Village Essay in English - YouTube. Write an Essay on A Visit to My Village | Essay | English. Essay on My Village in English || StudyPrideCorner - YouTube. My village essay in English | Essay on my village in English | Village .... Essay on my village || Write short essay on my village || Handwriting ✍️. My Village Essay in English 10 Lines, 150,200,250 Words - Study-Phi. Essay on my village for class 2 - Google Docs. My Village Essay in English | Information | Paragraph - YouTube. Essay on My Village || English || calligraphy|| Content Writer ️ - YouTube. Essay on my village / Short essay on my village / Essay writing - YouTube. Write an essay on My Village in English/// Essay on My Village in .... 10 Lines on My Village in English/My Village 10 lines Essay Writing in .... Essay On My Village In English | My Village Essay. Essay On My Village In English | My Village Essay in 600+ Words - My .... Essay on my village. Short essay about village life - YouTube. Essay on my village in english || Write a short essay on my village .... Write a essay on Village | Essay Writing | English - YouTube. Writing Essay on My Village - YouTube.
- Government InvolvementBioethics Environmental Ethics.docxhoney725342
- Government Involvement
Bioethics: Environmental Ethics
Go here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4GviNafYdS4 to view a video covering information about environmental ethics and how it relates to morality.
Reference
Leopold Foundation. (2012, June, 3). Bioethics and environmental value- How we reason about things that morally matter [Video]. Retrieved from the YouTube Web site: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4GviNafYdS4
Social Contract Theory
Go here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dHyn8MWssWc to view a video showing social contract theory from the conservative and liberal points of view. This video is approximately 7 minutes in length.
Reference
Storm Clouds Gathering. (2013, May, 30). The truth about the social contract [Video]. Retrieved from the YouTube Web site: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dHyn8MWssWc
Rousseau and Social Contract
Go here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M40waSvXwBU to view a video that covers Rousseau's view on social contract theory. This video is approximately 12 minutes in length.
Reference
Alfred, J. (2010, October, 22). The classics: Rousseau -- Social contract [Video]. Retrieved from the YouTube Web site: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M40waSvXwBU
Laws and Ethics
Law is a system of principles and rules of human conduct prescribed by society and enforced by public authority. This definition applies to both criminal law and civil law. Ethics is the study of standards of conduct and moral judgment. When referring to a profession, ethics is the group's principles or code. Some may view the link between law and ethics as one to one—what is lawful is ethical and what is unlawful is unethical. This is not necessarily true. The law is the minimum performance that is expected in society. Professions demand that members comply with the law but simultaneously hold members to a higher standard. Thus, a profession's code of ethics may require its group's members to act in ways that are different from members of society. In this presentation, we examine ethics in the health professions by focusing first on human development and the foundation of law, and second, on reasoning in the world of values.
Human Value Development and the Foundation of Law
Moral philosophies and derivative principles provide a framework to hone and use a personal ethic to analyze and solve ethical problems. Like philosophers, clinicians and administrators are unlikely to agree fully with only one moral philosophy. Most will be eclectic in developing or reconsidering a personal ethic. In general, however, the principles of respect for persons, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice are useful in defining relationships among patients, managers, and organizations. These principles may carry different weights and take precedence over one another, depending on the issue being evaluated. Justice requires, however, that they be consistently ordered and weighted when similar problems are considered ...
1Running Head FUTURE AT THE VETERAN AFFAIRS2FUTURE AT T.docxnovabroom
1
Running Head: FUTURE AT THE VETERAN AFFAIRS
2
FUTURE AT THE VETERAN AFFAIRS
Future at the Veteran Affairs
Name
Institution
Due Date
Future at the Veteran Affairs
In the field of social work, it is usually difficult to determine the key principles that one is supposed to live by since this is a line of profession that has diverse applications that all have different entities to them. Similar to personal life skills and personal decisions that one makes to their own lives, social work is part and parcel of how one goes about it on a daily basis Appling all the required code of ethics under the stipulations under NASW (Barsky, 2017). However, there is much more to it than following regulations and settings, it is also paramount to make one’s own choices at all times that best fit the situation. However, at times these choices might require more than thought and experience. Thus, this is where the adoption and application of the skills and knowledge obtained from research can come in handy.
As a social worker, I have been able to understand the methodologies of collecting vital information that is key in determining if a patient or a participant in a program is actually benefiting. This makes it possible to offer better care to the individual and also present my findings to the rest of the team in order to make the necessary changes needed to make the process more efficient. Skills such as the analysis of data/information will be vital in using past records to determine how care is being offered at the VA and how if can ensure this is effectively done (Leonard, 2009). One of the key strategies that I intend in applying as a social worker is the strategy of using a logic model and applying the outcome evaluation strategy in determining the effectiveness of a program or how well the care is being offered and how the vets will be perceiving it. The best form of applying this strategy will be by initiation a regular data collection strategy that will be looking at gaining better understanding of the state o the participants on a regular basis and following up with them even after the program. not only will this offer more commitment to the vets, but it will also make it possible to track the record and performance of the institution.
Working with veterans is not an easy task neither for it requires utmost respect and dedication as well as an increased level of understanding what one is dealing with. As a social worker, the first and most effective skill that would be beneficial will be my communication skills. Having an in-depth connection and interaction with a vet would make it possible to understand them better and also be able to create a better relation (Trevithick, Richards, Ruch & Moss, 2004). On the other hand, understanding the human psychology would also be crucial in tackling cases of PTSD and substance abuse. Gaining a better understanding to mental health and psychiatric aspects through the adoption of the evidenc.
1Running Head FUTURE AT THE VETERAN AFFAIRS2FUTURE AT T.docxeugeniadean34240
1
Running Head: FUTURE AT THE VETERAN AFFAIRS
2
FUTURE AT THE VETERAN AFFAIRS
Future at the Veteran Affairs
Name
Institution
Due Date
Future at the Veteran Affairs
In the field of social work, it is usually difficult to determine the key principles that one is supposed to live by since this is a line of profession that has diverse applications that all have different entities to them. Similar to personal life skills and personal decisions that one makes to their own lives, social work is part and parcel of how one goes about it on a daily basis Appling all the required code of ethics under the stipulations under NASW (Barsky, 2017). However, there is much more to it than following regulations and settings, it is also paramount to make one’s own choices at all times that best fit the situation. However, at times these choices might require more than thought and experience. Thus, this is where the adoption and application of the skills and knowledge obtained from research can come in handy.
As a social worker, I have been able to understand the methodologies of collecting vital information that is key in determining if a patient or a participant in a program is actually benefiting. This makes it possible to offer better care to the individual and also present my findings to the rest of the team in order to make the necessary changes needed to make the process more efficient. Skills such as the analysis of data/information will be vital in using past records to determine how care is being offered at the VA and how if can ensure this is effectively done (Leonard, 2009). One of the key strategies that I intend in applying as a social worker is the strategy of using a logic model and applying the outcome evaluation strategy in determining the effectiveness of a program or how well the care is being offered and how the vets will be perceiving it. The best form of applying this strategy will be by initiation a regular data collection strategy that will be looking at gaining better understanding of the state o the participants on a regular basis and following up with them even after the program. not only will this offer more commitment to the vets, but it will also make it possible to track the record and performance of the institution.
Working with veterans is not an easy task neither for it requires utmost respect and dedication as well as an increased level of understanding what one is dealing with. As a social worker, the first and most effective skill that would be beneficial will be my communication skills. Having an in-depth connection and interaction with a vet would make it possible to understand them better and also be able to create a better relation (Trevithick, Richards, Ruch & Moss, 2004). On the other hand, understanding the human psychology would also be crucial in tackling cases of PTSD and substance abuse. Gaining a better understanding to mental health and psychiatric aspects through the adoption of the evidenc.
Overfishing of the Ocean Essay Example StudyHippo.com. Opinion essay - The causes and effects of overfishing. - Guided writing .... Overfishing paper - Science 101 Lab Essay - What is overfishing and .... quot;Overfishing: Killer of the Oceansquot;. The World Oceans Pollution and Overfishing - 1695 Words Essay Example. Podocnemis Lewyana: Habitat Loss, Overfishing and Pollution - 343 Words .... The effects of overfishing Essay Example Topics and Well Written .... By-catch overfishing regulations and recovery - PHDessay.com. PDF End Overfishing and Increase the Resilience of the Ocean to .... Economical and Environmental Consequences of Overfishing Essay. Sample Essay on Overfishing and the World Ocean. Writing Task 2 Problems and Solutions PDF Overfishing Essays. PPT - Overfishing PowerPoint Presentation, free download - ID:2668070. Overfishing solution essay - sncedirect.web.fc2.com. Overfishing Aquascript. Over Fishing by Sameerah Osman. The impact of overfishing on the economy, ecosystem and social life .... The Effects of Overfishing on Oceans Essay Example Topics and Well .... Persuasive Essay On Overfishing PPT. Overfishing infographic Harmful methods of fishing KarBel. PDF Ecosystem Overfishing in the Ocean. Overfishing term paper Research paper, Term paper, Question paper. Overfishing Essay Storyboard by ffa354e6. Over Fishing, Problems and Solutions Essay Sample StudyHippo.com. Bestessayservices.com: Sample Geology Essay on Overfishing- Free Essays .... 50 Shocking Statistics on Overfishing You Must Know - 2024 Overfishing Essay Overfishing Essay
Running head ETHICAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT .docxjeanettehully
Running head: ETHICAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT 1
ETHICAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT 3
Hello All,
The drilling of the offshore oil had been deemed appropriate; there occurred an explosion on the deep-water Horizon oil Rig under the ownership of and operation of BP. This caused spills due to the pasteurized natural substances that were escaping from the oil well. There were preventive mechanisms that were put in place to ensure the natural substances escaping from the oil wells do not cause destruction on the surface. However, during this case the laid down mechanisms to prevent chaos failed causing oozing out of the natural gas, water, mud, and other materials through the pipes, spreading and causing ignition (Kaye, 2015).
The business has the social responsibility of increasing profits in line with the provisions of Milton Friedman’s philosophy (Friedman, 1970). From the case involving BP oil spill and the connection with the philosophy put across by Milton Friedman, BP was in an effort to maximize its production of its offshore oil which would consequently increase its profits. The maximized levels of oil production would generate more profits that would increase the objectives of the shareholder to maximize their wealth. This was the most probable reason as to why the company exceeds its oil rig so that it could maximize its oil production, without taking into account the preventive measures to enhance safety at the site.
Friedman’s theory of Shareholders would have influenced decision making by BP, and consequently reduce the chances of a disaster to a great extent. According to the shareholders theory, businesses are supposed to be conducted in manner that it will meet the goals of the shareholders of maximizing their wealth. Besides, the theory continues to support that businesses should also conform to the basic laws of the society both in the law and those based on the ethical considerations of the society. Acting in an ethical way would have enhanced safety of the people, technology, and the marine life.
Friedman, M. (1970, September 13). The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. New York Times Magazine. Retrieved from http://umich.edu/~thecore/doc/Friedman.pdf
Kaye, L. (2015, February 19). Five years after Deep-water Horizon, can BP repair its reputation? Marketing and Comms. Sustainable Brands. Retrieved from https://www.sustainablebrands.com/news_and_views/marketing_comms/leon_kaye/five_years_after_deepwater_horizon_can_bp_repair_its_reputa
Running head: WORKPLACE HARASSMENT 1
WORKPLACE HARASSMENT 2
Hello All,
There are many reasons that contribute to workplace harassment. Many a times emp ...
Running head ETHICAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT .docxtodd271
Running head: ETHICAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT 1
ETHICAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT 3
Hello All,
The drilling of the offshore oil had been deemed appropriate; there occurred an explosion on the deep-water Horizon oil Rig under the ownership of and operation of BP. This caused spills due to the pasteurized natural substances that were escaping from the oil well. There were preventive mechanisms that were put in place to ensure the natural substances escaping from the oil wells do not cause destruction on the surface. However, during this case the laid down mechanisms to prevent chaos failed causing oozing out of the natural gas, water, mud, and other materials through the pipes, spreading and causing ignition (Kaye, 2015).
The business has the social responsibility of increasing profits in line with the provisions of Milton Friedman’s philosophy (Friedman, 1970). From the case involving BP oil spill and the connection with the philosophy put across by Milton Friedman, BP was in an effort to maximize its production of its offshore oil which would consequently increase its profits. The maximized levels of oil production would generate more profits that would increase the objectives of the shareholder to maximize their wealth. This was the most probable reason as to why the company exceeds its oil rig so that it could maximize its oil production, without taking into account the preventive measures to enhance safety at the site.
Friedman’s theory of Shareholders would have influenced decision making by BP, and consequently reduce the chances of a disaster to a great extent. According to the shareholders theory, businesses are supposed to be conducted in manner that it will meet the goals of the shareholders of maximizing their wealth. Besides, the theory continues to support that businesses should also conform to the basic laws of the society both in the law and those based on the ethical considerations of the society. Acting in an ethical way would have enhanced safety of the people, technology, and the marine life.
Friedman, M. (1970, September 13). The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. New York Times Magazine. Retrieved from http://umich.edu/~thecore/doc/Friedman.pdf
Kaye, L. (2015, February 19). Five years after Deep-water Horizon, can BP repair its reputation? Marketing and Comms. Sustainable Brands. Retrieved from https://www.sustainablebrands.com/news_and_views/marketing_comms/leon_kaye/five_years_after_deepwater_horizon_can_bp_repair_its_reputa
Running head: WORKPLACE HARASSMENT 1
WORKPLACE HARASSMENT 2
Hello All,
There are many reasons that contribute to workplace harassment. Many a times emp.
A powerpoint presentation about Thomas of Aquinas and his ideologies.
1. Background of the period of the philosopher.
2. Political theories/thoughts established by the philosopher.
3. The effects of the latter to the people of his time.
4. Applicability of the philosopher's political theories/thoughts to the present issues.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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2. CHAPTER 7 – The Policy Science Perspective, pp 419-486
– Atok Big-Wedge Co. Inc. vs Atok Big-Wedge
Mutual Benefit Association
50. The Yale Approach
51. Policy Science Jurisprudence
52. The Policy Process and Problems About Values
53. The Social Value Power
54. The Social Value Knowledge
55. The Social Value “Respect”
56. The Social Value “Income”
57. The Social Value “Safety”
58. The Social Value “Liberty”
59. The Social Value “Equality”
60. The Overarching Social Value
61. Concept of Law
62. Importance of the Policy Science Concept
63. The End in View
3.
4. Successful mining company since 1931
Established a strong foundation in the
Philippine mining industry
One of the oldest mining companies STILL in
existence in the country
Operates business in mining, oil, gas, and
exploration and development of natural
resources
6. an increase of P0.50 in wages,
commutation of sick and vacation leave if not
enjoyed during the year,
various privileges, such as free medical care,
medicine, and hospitalization,
right to a closed shop, check off, etc.,
no dismissal without prior just cause and with a prior
investigation, etc.
This is an appeal by certiorari against a
decision of the Court of Industrial Relations
On September 4, 1950, a demand
was submitted to petitioner by
respondent union through its officers
for various concessions, among
which were:
7. Declaring that additional compensation representing
efficiency bonus should not be included as part of the
wage
Making the award effective from September 4, 1950
IT IS AGAINST THESE PORTIONS OF THE DECISION THAT
THIS APPEAL IS TAKEN.
Some of the demands, were
granted by the petitioner, and the
others were rejected
After the hearings the respondent
court rendered a decision, the
most important provisions of which
were those fixing the minimum
wage for the laborers at P3.20
8. On the issue of the wage, it
is contended by petitioner
that as the respondent
court found that the laborer
and his family at least need
the amount of P2.58 for
food, this should be the
basis for the determination
of his wage, not what, he
actually spends;
that it is not justifiable to fix
a wage higher than that
provided by Republic Act
No. 602; and that
respondent union made the
demand in accordance
with a pernicious practice
of claiming more after an
original demand is granted.
9. The respondent court found that P2.58 is the minimum
amount actually needed by the laborer and his family.
That does not mean that it is his actual expense. A
person’s needs increase as his means increase. This is true
not only as to food but as to everything else - education,
clothing, entertainment, etc. The law guarantees the
laborer a fair and just wage. The minimum must be fair
and just.
10. The "minimum wage" can by no
means imply only the actual
minimum. Some margin or leeway
must be provided, over and
above the minimum, to take care
of contingencies, such as increase
of prices of commodities and
increase in wants, and to provide
means for a desirable
improvement in his mode of living.
Certainly, the amount of P0.22 a
day (difference between P2.80
fixed and P2.58 actual) is not
excessive for this purpose.
11. That the P3 minimum wage
fixed in the law is still far below
what is considered a fair and
just minimum is shown by the
fact that this amount is only for
the year after the law takes
effect, as thereafter the law
fixes it at P4.
Frequent demands for increase
are indicative of a healthy spirit
of wakefulness to the demands
of a progressing and an
increasingly more expensive
world.
12. It is next contended that the efficiency bonus paid the
laborer should have been included in his (minimum) wage, in
the same manner as the value of living quarters. Whether or
not bonus forms part of wages depends upon the
circumstances or conditions for its payment.
If it is an additional compensation which the employer
promised and agreed to give without any conditions imposed
for its payment, such as success of business or greater
production or output, then it is part of the wage.
13. If it is paid only if profits are realized or a certain amount of
productivity achieved, it can not be considered part of the
wages.
In the case at bar, it is not payable to all but to laborers only.
It is also paid on the basis of actual production or actual work
accomplished.
If the desired goal of production is not obtained, or the
amount of actual work accomplished, the bonus does not
accrue.
It is evident that under the circumstances it is paid only when
the labor becomes more efficient or more productive. It is
only an inducement for efficiency, a prize therefor, not a part
of the wage.
14. The last question raised in the appeal is the grant of
the increase from September 4, 1950, the date of the
presentation of the original demand, instead of from
April 5, 1951, the date of the amended demand. The
decision states:
Both parties agreed that any award should be
retroactive to the date of the presentation of the
demands, which is September 4, 1950.
The terms of the stipulation are clearly against
petitioner’s contention. There being no question as
to its (agreement) existence, the same must be
given force and effect.
THE PETITION IS HEREBY DISMISSED, WITH COSTS.
15. THE YALE
APPROACH
The policy oriented
approach in jurisprudence
was launched at Yale
University by Professor
Harold D. Lasswell (1902-
1974) and Professor Myres S.
McDougal (1906-1975)
when the nations of the
world were involved in the
second world war.
16. THE YALE
APPROACH
The jurisprudence of policy science is aimed at
the global, regional, and national levels of legal
orders.
It addresses the same age-old issue of war, and
peace, turmoil and security.
HERACLITUS OF EPHESUS (540-476 B.C.):
“…the major problem of human society is
to combine that degree of liberty without which
liberty becomes license.”
CALALANG v. WILLIAMS, the Supreme Court stated:
“…liberty is a blessing without with life is a
misery; but liberty should not be made to prevail
over authority because then society will fall into
anarchy and neither should authority be made to
prevail over liberty because then the individual will
fall into slavery.”
17. THE YALE
APPROACH
The direct and alternative solutions to the problem
of easing global, regional and national tensions
which affects human relationships must move
away from the value-free approach of legal
positivism.
Further, legal realism is unequal to the vast
changes occurring in the world today which
threaten the dislocation of social values.
The policy science approach relates to the
predicament in which the world finds itself in
present.
The plight in which the world finds itself in present
affirms that we simply cannot afford to have war.
18. THE YALE
APPROACH
S.C. Nothrop (1883-1969), philosopher and teacher
at Yale, advance several factors to emphasize the
urgency of a new jurisprudence for free societies:
1) The fission of the atomic nucleus and proliferation of
atomic weapons,
2) The shift of the political and geophysical focus of the
world towards Asia and the East, and
3) The inescapable connection between national,
regional and global problems and the equally
unavoidable fact that these problems have taken the
character of an ideological struggle between
socialism and democracy.
19. THE YALE
APPROACH
Two other factors should be mentioned, namely:
the general abuse or disregard of human rights
and freedoms, and
the need for peaceful procedures of
competitions without compromising basic social
values.
ALL THE AFOREMENTIONED FACTORS LEND REALITY TO
THE PROPOSITION THAT HUMANKIND HAS TO PUT IN
ORDER ITS RELATIONSHIPS WELL OR FACE
DESTRUCTION.
20. THE YALE
APPROACH
Historian Arnold Toynbee
explains the paradox of the
struggle between socialism and
democracy:
After the means of improving
the conditions of human
existence by the technology of
the Western civilization, the West
itself failed to do anything
substantial in sharing equitably
with the Third World the blessings
of social and economic justice.
21. A settled guideline, strategy of program adopted by the
legal order.
The discipline concerned with the formation, clarification
and realization of social values.
Policy science jurisprudence is characterized by several
features:
22. ♣ Universities are the traditional training grounds of policy
planners, policy makers, and government officials.
♣ The emphasis given to these courses cannot respond
positively to the vital needs of the present day life.
♣ The realization of policy oriented approach to the
study is hindered by the failure to relate social values to
legal education.
♣ Apathy towards social values explains the tendency of
governments to view the rights of human beings as
hindrances to the exercise of governmental powers.
23. ♠ The value-free approach of legal positivism to the
study of the nature of law is a dangerous view.
♠ The idea suggests that there need not be any moral
criterion for the validity of laws since, for legal positivists,
there is nothing immoral that is legal.
♠ PSJ believes that these theories of law are incapable of
solving the needs of present systems of public order.
♠ The exercise of governmental powers has been
creeping into once private areas.
♠ PSJ posits that something more than the positivist and
realist theories of law is necessary.
24. ♦ Policy science approach is a movement away from
the “slogans, doctrines and structures of despotism”
towards the “symbols and practice of a free society.”
♦ It emphasizes the right to life, liberty, equality, property,
education, security and the free exercise of the mind.
♦ Policy oriented approach abhors the constant abuse
of human rights despite the statements that deny it in
state constitutions.
♦ Whenever there is denial of human rights, the
institutions connected with anarchy and despotism
become stronger and dominant.
25. ♦ Free election becomes mere “ceremonial plebiscites”
♦ Freedom of expression yields to “discussions directed
by a monopoly of government and party”
♦ Political party system gives way to “leaderliolatry”
♦ Consequently, the state assumes the “socialization of
all functions”
26. ♥ Law is an instrument for the achievement of social values.
♥ Laws would be imperfect if they ignore social values.
♥ PSJ moves away from the isolationism characteristic of
national legal systems.
♥ The effects of a country upon the rest of the world and
vice versa is a top-level factor in the pursuit of solving
national, regional and global problems.
♥ PSJ seeks the universal identification of social values:
promotion, recognition, and enjoyment of all persons
everywhere.
27. ♥ PSJ also takes into account the recognition of the matters
that divide nations or tend to create tension among
them.
♥ The need is for a universal climate of peaceful and
transparent procedures where governments and their
leader operate under the guidance of basic social values.
♥ The eradication of war itself is still one of the primary
functions of a state.
♥ HENCE, WHEN THE UNIVERSAL IDENTIFICATION AND RECOGNITION OF
THE BASIC SOCIAL VALUES SHALL HAVE BEEN ACCOMPLISHED, THEN
THE INTEREST OF STATES IN WAR WILL DISAPPEAR.
28. The problems of preference and basis of choice arise. In
turn, these problems raise the issue of whether there are
some human desires that are always and everywhere
better than others.
The task of reassessing the worthfulness of human desires
in light of their meaning and importance to society in the
face of the changing experiences of the people.
29. ≈ Must produce consistent, compatible and
principled results
≈ Develop programs and strategies to achieve this
objective
≈ Preparation of options or alternatives especially
when there is variance between strategies and
programs
30. These social values “embrace the
whole of our present-day
democratic preferences for a
peaceful world corresponding as
they do to the actual desires of the
people.
31. For PSJ, this social value must be
considered in terms of forms of
authority and facts of social control.
Refers to the distribution of the
exercise of the social value “power”
in a politically organized society.
1) Government
2) Pressure Organizations
3) Private Business Enterprises
4) Cultural Organizations
32. Well known in constitutional science as popular sovereignty
and the control-power of the people.
1) Making and changing the fundamental law of the
land
2) Making and changing laws and decisions
3) Holding periodic fee elections by means of the secret
ballot and not by block voting
4) Providing real access to political offices
33. 5) Freedom to criticize public personalities and public
acts in a manner consistent with truth and decency
6) Holding all government officials accountable and
responsible for misconduct in office
7) Freedom to express, read, formulate, and publish both
orthodox or popular and unorthodox or unpopular
ideas and opinions
34. As social value, “power” has a two-fold meaning. Each is
indispensable to the other for without one the other would
be meaningless.
1. THE CAPACITY TO SECURE AND MAINTAIN FUNDAMENTAL
HUMAN RIGHTS. Emphasizes the struggle to secure the
recognition of the primal human rights.
2. THE COMPETENCE TO MAKE DECISIONS WITHOUT ANY
UNDUE INTERFERENCE FROM ANY GROUP OR FORM OF
AUTHORITY. Recognizes the reality that at the present time there
are private groups which, on the basis of their particular types of
patriotism or interest, have a great deal to do in the formation or
defeat of national policies and objectives.
35. As a social value knowledge has two basic
purposes to wit:
a) To dispel understanding
b) To eradicate ignorance
36. Means widespread understanding among peoples of
difficult cultures and backgrounds
Freedom in pursuit of truth
The maintenance of the right to think and the right of
private judgment
37. In which the social value of knowledge has two distinct
meanings to wit:
a. It signifies the emancipation of the masses through
education and the ever increasing training and
instruction at all levels according to talent and
ambition.
≈ The state has the right to regulate,
supervise and aid the education of adults and
children for his duties, responsibilities and human
relations.
38. In which the social value of knowledge has two distinct
meanings to wit:
b. The cognition and appreciation of how democratic
ways and processes work and the ways for it to
continue to work better.
≈ Men cannot simply remain loyal to
democratic ideas and processes without the
cognition that these are capable of making them
free.
39. There are four tendential functions of knowledge to wit:
1) Cultural Progress
2) Moral Progress
3) Political Progress
4) Economic Progress
40. “Beyond the voting and arguing relations involved in the making of policy lie many other zones
of human contact in which the dignity of the individual is involved. Human beings are respected,
in the present sense of the word, when they are taken into consideration by all with whom they
come in contact in spheres of life beyond the making of collective decisions.”
A. REGARD FOR LIFE AND LAMB – the free and unharmed
possession of the complete body.
B. REGARD FOR HUMAN PERSONALITY
1) Positive Phase
Freedom from any kind of discrimination on grounds of race,
sex, language, religion, political persuasion, or property
status.
This is meant that they have a great deal to do with the amount
or degree of respect a person may bestow on or expect from
another.
41. B. REGARD FOR HUMAN PERSONALITY
2) Negative Phase
Individual initiative, choice and determination are
restricted or interfered with. (e.g. outlawing subversive
organization)
As much as possible, respect for human right and
freedoms should be always restored.
42. 1) The implementation of this social value is a very serious
problem confronting every society, especially the
developing ones
2) It is involved in the interest of society in the dignity and
worth of the individual
THESE TWO POINTS HIGHLIGHT THE FACT THAT INSUFFICIENCY
OF INCOME DULLS A PERSON’S DESIRE FOR OTHER VALUES.
43. In the context of public interest:
► Economic betterment of the people
► Adequate provisions for a high employment level
► Freedom to unionize and bargain collectively
► Efficient methods of production and wise consumption
of goods and services
► Rising of the plane of living
44. Strives for a more equitable sharing of surplus revenue or
profit.
POSITIVE STEPS TO REALIZE FREEDOM FROM WANT:
Labor unionization
Collective bargaining
Having equitable share in the surplus revenue or profit
45. ∆ Freedom to sell one’s own goods and services in the
best market
∆ Freedom to refuse to sell them should the market not
warrant it
∆ Higher wages
∆ Fewer hours of work
∆ Better working conditions
∆ Fair measure of job security
46. Adequate measures should be provided in order to
counteract or remove such forms of acts and practices
promoting waste and squander of the natural resources of
the community.
RATIONALE:
→ The social value “income” as the wealth that provide
the community with the means of sustaining its economy
which, provide for the satisfaction of human wants.
→ The natural resources of a country is not inexhaustible
47. SOCIAL ANACHRONISM. Those living or existing just
above the bare level of subsistence where human
needs for food, clothing and shelter alone are met
to enjoy a happy life.
48. ● Savings
According to the court, “the minimum amount
actually needed by a laborer and his family can by no
means imply only the actual minimum, as some margin or
leeway must be provided, over and above the minimum,
to take care of contingencies, such as increase of prices
of commodities and increase in wants, and to provide
means for a desirable improvement in his mode of living.”
● Minimum income
Provisions for the means to meet both the
immediate necessities and the immediate comforts.
49. Simple measures:
Street lighting
Widening and maintenance of roads
Installation of traffic signs
Complex measures:
National constabulary forces
Municipal police forces
Measures for the protection of life and property from
fire and other destructive phenomena.
To be safe from danger, injury and disease.
50. Reduction of infant mortality
Control of pestilence such as cholera, smallpox,
influenza and dysentery
Control of debilitating diseases like arteriosclerosis,
cancer, tuberculosis, rheumatism, poliomyelitis, and
leprosy
Maintenance and support of hospitals, psychopathic
asylums, medical and health clinics, and puericulture
centers
EDUCATION IN HEALTH - attitudes and habits of healthful
living.
51. Maintenance and efficient functioning of quarantine
service to prevent the outbreak of pestilential and
debilitating diseases
Delineation of endemic zones as well as areas
receptive to disease or disease-bearing insects
Maintenance and purification of water supply
Development of general fitness
Regulation of tenement and factory buildings
To sum it up: Health education would result to reduction,
control, maintenance, delineation, development and
regulation in their positive forms.
52. Measures:
Aid for the unemployed
Financial assistance for the aged
Arising from the provisions for unemployment benefits,
fringe benefits, and old-age pensions or annuities on a
reasonable rate of contribution.
53. Measures:
Eradication of friction and conflict
Promulgation of specific rules with definite incentives
and/or sanctions for the purpose of certainty in the
determination of the extent and limits of the conduct
of every person in the community.
54. DUE PROCESS OF LAW (1) – The guaranty of the
procedural rights of the individual
Liberty – security from restraints. Freedom of the body
from external physical compulsion
DUE PROCESS OF LAW (2) – Re-evaluated
Liberty – positive qualification on governmental
excesses in the exercise of the power of taxation, the
power of eminent domain, and the police power
55. Liberty - deemed to embrace the right of man to enjoy the
faculties with which he has been endowed by his creator
subject only to such restraints as are necessary for the
common welfare.
Liberty- manifested in the ability of a person to do the
things which are essential to realize his or her conscience,
opportunities and interests. This needs the affirmation of
society if it is to serve as a weapon against oppression and
tyranny.
56. • Active mode
Liberty - legal authority, which may either be legal claim
or a legal power.
• Passive mode
Liberty - legal exemption, which may either be a legal
immunity or a legal privilege
The social value “liberty”, together with the social values
“respect” and “equality” get involved in the relationships of
the individual to the government, thus forming the
problem-area in the legal ordering of society. Quite often,
conflicts arise between individual rights and the claim of
the government to national security.
57. ASPECTS OF PERSONAL LIBERTY:
Freedom of a person in coming and going from one
place to another-exceptions: political nonconformity
(war, imminent danger, actual national emergency,
legal restraints placed on persons)
The security of the body from injuries-privilege of self-
defense and arbitrary arrest
The free exercise of religious belief. The state
should remain clearly neutral not just among religions but
also between believers and non-believers.
58. ASPECTS OF RELIGIOUS LIBERTY:
A. FREEDOM OF CONSCIENCE - freedom of thought and belief,
individual autonomy in the determination or choice of religious
faith or creed as well as the freedom to join or not, or to withdraw
or not from any connection and work of a religious group.
B. FREEDOM OF WORSHIP - the unhindered acts of public (corporate)
and private (individual) worship, of preaching and teaching, of
publishing and circulating religious literature, and of upholding
religious beliefs by means of personal presence, gifts and services.
The right of everyone to worship freely in his own way or in the
tradition and practices of his own religious group.
C. FREEDOM OF RELIGION - autonomy of a religious group to
determine its creed, ritual, polity, disciplinary rules and regulations,
to organize local churches, parishes, and congregations, to
operate and conduct its activities and services, and to carry
religious creed and faith in all forms of expression to every willing
person for the purpose of persuasion, commitment and conversion.
59. It embraces fundamental exemptions and
immunities which have to do with property, marriage, family
and education. They are secured and safeguarded in
constitutions for the enjoyment of the people.
Minimum content:
The right of the citizens of an organized civil
society to influence and participate in the management and
operation of public affairs and political processes. Its
enjoyment depends a great deal on the physical condition
of peace and order.
60. ►The privilege of citizenship
►The claim to be free and genuine suffrage
►The claim to peaceful assembly and association
►The power of petitioning the government for the
redress of grievances
►The power of addressing public authorities on
matters connected with the political process and
operation of public affairs
►The claim to equal access to public office
►The claim to free and accurate information
►The claim to the proper disposition of the public
funds
61. Two main parts of the economic activities of a person:
PRODUCTION - the creation of goods and services
for the satisfaction of human wants
CONSUMPTION - the process by which services and
goods are used in the satisfaction of human wants
62. The privilege of choosing and preparing for and
engaging in any profession, business, industry,
employment, trade, or vocation
The privilege of acquiring, holding, using,
consuming, controlling, or transferring services,
property or goods of existence.
In other words, it is the freedom as a producer or user in
a competitive system without interference from the
government beyond regulations which are necessary
to keep the economy in balance and order.
63. Two-fold meaning:
♪ Autonomy or right of determining and establishing
the form of government which people considers
best in safeguarding its values and rights.
♪ The task of discharging properly its external
obligations and contributing to the maintenance of
lasting peace and security.
64. ♫ The concept of equality is traceable to the cosmopolitan
outlook of Stoic formula of equality of individuals,
nationalities, and races.
♫ Based on the maxim of Stoics that “all men are equal by
divine right since all men are of divine origin.”
♫ Cleanthes’ Hymn of Zeus, “for we are also thy offspring
and alone of living creatures possess a voice which is the
image of reason, and in the sight of God a slave is of
much value as a monarch for each is divine spark of
divine reason.”
♫ According to Apostle Paul, “for Him we live and move
and have our being as certain also of your poets have
said that we are also thy offspring.”
65. 1. Jural Inequality
2. Invalid View of Equality
1. Equality and Balance Before the Law
a. Simple Type
b. Distributive Type
2. Equality and Balance of Opportunity
3. Equality and Balance of Rights and Freedoms
4. Equality and Balance of Political Value
66. Equality is not absolute similarity and among its
natural difference are race, sex, status, energy,
ability and aptitude. The German theologian Emil
Brunner come from the same source. Thus, equality
is not obliteration of the natural inequalities of
persons.
Equality is not an assurance that everyone shall, as a
matter of fact, be the same in all relations. It does
not mean a system of strict parity of property, nor an
exact identity of social status, that is to say
educational attainment, honors, functions, and
standing.
67. Difference or inequality are jural when they are
material and relevant to legal ordering. Thus,
equality can be realized even when inequalities are
considered provided they are jural in nature.
If the inequality is material or relevant to the legal
ordering of the society then the principle of equality
is not violated.
e.g. Married and unmarried, parents and children,
minors and persons of legal age.
68. The clamor for absolute equality stems from the false and
incorrect perception that equality means similarity of all in
matters of social relationships. In strictu sensu this is not altogether
an impossibility, nevertheless, it is fraught with much danger for
both individual and society.
If equality is taken to mean obliteration of all educational,
proprietary, aesthetical or volitional distinctions and differences,
then the equalizing process would mean the levelling of all down
to the lowest rung.
If any levelling is to be pursued at all, it should involve substantial
mitigation or removal of irrelevant or immaterial inequalities.
69. The point is that social value is worth striving for in the areas
or parts where they are attainable.
The policy science approach, the doctrine that “all men
are equal” men that each person’s well being every other
person. In these areas, equality is quite decisive in the
sense that everyone has a rightful claim to equal
treatment and protection of the law, regardless of any
inconsequential and insignificant disparity.
70. All individuals have a rightful and lawful expectation to the
same treatment and protection and laws without regard
to persons involved.
No person is above the law as to be exempt from its
requirements, or beneath the law as to be deprived of its
protection.
71. ☻The equality and balance before the law even when
disparities with regards to race, sex, language, religion,
nationality, property, and other grounds not affording a
proper basis for distinctions between individuals, classes, or
groups are involved.
72. ☻This means apportionment of benefits and burdens that
can be shared among the members of the society. The
law cannot set aside or disregard relevant inequalities.
☻There is equality even in inequality when it is essential and
relevant to the legal ordering of society.
73. Equal condition and equal access to the effective
expression of individual merit toward success or even
failure.
Criticisms:
1. They are unfair and unjust in themselves because they
conducive to reverse discrimination and
2. They are contrary to the constitutional principle of
equal protection of law.
74. Human Dignity is the basis of this particular aspect of
social value “equality.” It is perceived that every
human being is endowed with certain primal or
original rights and freedoms. These rights and
freedoms are not concessions of the government to
the people. They can, indeed, be asserted against
the government at any time.
75. That every individual must count for one and
only one in political participation without
regard to person.
76. The esteem of human personality and dignity is
the overarching social values are easier to
attain and are then widely and equitably share
among people. The social value of “respect” is
not considered at all the other social values are
difficult to attain.
77. It is an instrument of global, regional and
national control when “it is committed to the
complete achievement of the social values
that constitute the professed ends of
democratic societies.”