POLICY MAKING IN AMERICAAbdirahim M MuhumedPolicy

POLICY MAKING IN AMERICA
Abdirahim M Muhumed
Policy-Making in America
Prof: Dean Curry
Course: PPOG540
Date:11/07/2021
Impact of Faith in Founding America Comment by
Abdirahim AMA Law Group:
During the founding of America, faith played a very significant
role for the founding fathers. Take, for instance, Jefferson, who
was a Christian and desired to follow Christianity to the core.
As a Christian, he believed in doing what was right for
humankind. He believed that everyone is obliged to do what is
right to other human beings.[footnoteRef:1] However, like
Jefferson, he never thought black Americans could have equal
rights to Native Americans. [1: Hall, Mark David. "America's
Founders, Religious Liberty, and the Common Good." U. St.
Thomas LJ 15 (2018): 642.]
However, because he was a black man, he was able to overcome
this perception. He advocated for others who had ideas like his
to disregard them. He advocated for the respect of all humanit y
irrespective of their religion and ethnicity. This means that
Native Americans had to treat even the black people with
equality as native America. This was the impact of faith in the
founding of America. Jefferson believed that if everyone took at

as their initiative to do well to others and do only what is right
would have been a good beginning for America as a nation.
Comment by Abdirahim AMA Law Group: Relevance to
the assignment? Stay focused on the assignment prompts.
Jefferson also owned a copy of the Quran when America was
being founded. He said that Muslims had equal rights to run for
public office just like Christians.[footnoteRef:2] Even though
he said that he could not advocate America to be left under the
control of a Muslim president, they had equal rights just like a
person of any religion. This move by Jefferson impacted the
founding of America and leadership. For instance, there is a
religious qualification used in America today for someone to
run for the presidency. This shows that everyone and anyone
can run for the presidency. Their religion will not limit them
because all of them are treated with the same regard. This is
America of choice for anyone and everyone that does not
discriminate aspirants of political positions based on their
religions. [2: Dana, Karam, Bryan Wilcox-Archuleta, and Matt
Barreto. "The political incorporation of Muslims in the United
States: The mobilizing role of religiosity in Islam." Journal of
Race, Ethnicity, and Politics 2, no. 2 (2017): 170-200.]
Features of America’s Foreign Policies
Over time, America has evolved along with different foreign
policies. The way America practices foreign policies shows that
the country is civilized enough even in its exercise of foreign
policies. Different features can be identified from how America
practices its foreign policies as follows:
Diplomacy is one of these features of American foreign
policies.[footnoteRef:3] America advocates its government as a
peaceful government with other jurisdictions. To ensure that
this is achieved, America used State Department to oversee all
the relationships between America and other jurisdictions. This
is necessary because it promotes America's image as a peaceful
nation that advocates for the peaceful coexist of human beings
across the globe. Comment by Abdirahim AMA Law Group:

Elements of the American national style? See Hastedt, Chapter
3. [3: Adesina, Olubukola S. "Foreign policy in an era of
digital diplomacy." African Journal for the Psychological
Studies of Social Issues 19, no. 3 (2016): 169-189.
]
The second feature of US foreign policies is agreements on
regional security.[footnoteRef:4] This is a feature used to
represent America as a nation determined to see United Nations
coexist with each other without any crisis. This feature implies
that America collaborates with necessary institutions to make
life and livelihood safe in United Nations that cannot settle
differences among themselves. It is a feature that shows the
readiness of America to collaborate with a peace-making
institution in its exercise of foreign policies. [4: Rifawan,
Affabile, and Novi Amelia. "Two major powers in captivating
regional influence and dynamics: Comparing foreign policies of
China and United States in Southeast Asia." Contemporary
Chinese Political Economy and Strategic Relations: An
International Journal 4, no. 1 (2018): 247-272.]
The third feature of America's foreign policies is the
international monetary structure. America promotes the
development of economic institutions that bring on bond every
economy from the world. It advocates for the use of IMF as an
infrastructure to realize this policy. Here, America argues that
policies of other nations should be designed in a way that
allows for international trade between local jurisdictions and
foreign markets.
America observed this feature in several ways, one by accepting
exports from different jurisdictions. On the other hand,
American multinational corporations also import in other parts
of the world, thus enhancing an environment to promote
international monetary structure.[footnoteRef:5] [5:
Gourinchas, Pierre-Olivier, Hélène Rey, and Maxime Sauzet.
"The international monetary and financial system." Annual

Review of Economics 11 (2019): 859-893.
]
Economic aid is another popular feature of America's foreign
policies.[footnoteRef:6] Since World War II, America has been
on the lead to aid different jurisdictions and economies. This
has been meant to help those who were adversely affected by
World War II recover. This feature has been seen, for instance,
during this time of the Covid-19 pandemic. America has been at
the forefront to donate vaccines to developing nations. This has
been to attain a global vaccination level to the extent of
defeating the virus. America also issues other aids, such as
education, food, nutrition, sports, pharmaceutical aids, and
other forms of aids to developing nations. [6: O'Leary,
Michael Kent. The politics of American foreign aid. Routledge,
2017.]
America’s Policy Makers Learning from America’s Founding
Fathers
In my opinion, American foreign policies have largely helped
policymakers learn from the past. There is a lot to illustrate
from modern policies that were ideally lifted, and these are
lessons from the founding fathers of America. One reason
America has been able to learn from the past policies is its
internal protection. America has been able to rise to a level
where it has protected itself significantly as a country. Even
though there are internal security issues reported, America has
guarded itself against terror attacks.
America has also been able to protect its people from HIV/Aids.
Even though there are some cases of HIV, the number of those
who are infected has gone down. America has been educating its
people expansively on protecting themselves from contracting
HIV, among other deadly viruses. America has also been able to
protect its population against mass destruction. There has been
no mass destruction by security threats or even pandemics. As a
country, America has protected its territory sufficiently.

America has also learned how to promote mutual understanding.
America has earned how to advocate for common interests
among its people. These common interests enable people to
assume their religious differences, ethnic differences and
coexist as one. Thus, these common interest advocated by the
American government brings cohesion and solidarity among
Americans.[footnoteRef:7] The US also uses its governmental
institution to travel abroad and engage with a foreign audience.
This brings understanding between the United States and
foreign nations. The overall result for this is running for one
dream of togetherness and cohesion between America and its
foreign jurisdictions. [7: Todd, Molly. "The Paradox of Trans -
American Solidarity: Gender, Race, and Representation in the
Guatemalan Refugee Camps of Mexico, 1980–1990." Journal of
Cold War Studies 19, no. 4 (2017): 74-112.]
America has also learned from its founding policies to advance
global interests. There are many ways that American policies
advanced global interests and human rights are one of them.
America has been advocating for a democracy that respects and
gives necessary regard to human rights. For instance, there are
many contexts of democracy that America advances. This
includes but is not limited to multilateral and bilateral
diplomacy, foreign assistance, economic sanctions, public
outreaches, among others.
Since America was founded, policymakers have learned how to
use democracy to achieve security and prosperity, and stability
of the entire world.[footnoteRef:8] America's policymakers
have also learned how to advocate against regimes that deny
their citizens from electing leaders that they wish to hold
offices. Policymakers in America have also learned how to lend
a helping hand to new jurisdictions on how to achieve
democracy in their own countries. Policymakers in America
have also learned how to take government in foreign
jurisdictions responsible for human rights.[footnoteRef:9] This
is a way of ensuring that each government takes it as its

initiative to protect its people. Policymakers in America have
been at the forefront to protect observance of the rule of law.
This is also something that was learned from the founding
father and ancient policymakers. [8: Dunlop, Claire A.,
Claudio M. Radaelli, and Philipp Trein. "Introduction: The
family tree of policy learning." In Learning in public policy, pp.
1-25. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2018.] [9: Sikkink, Kathryn.
"6. The Power of Principled Ideas: Human Rights Policies in the
United States and Western Europe." In Ideas and foreign policy,
pp. 139-170. Cornell University Press, 2019.]
America's policies makers have also learned how to advocate
for other jurisdictions to understand America's policies. This is
manifested in many ways example, by welcoming foreign
citizens. America uses the Visa program to welcome home
people from other nations. America partners with health
ministries in other jurisdictions to eradicate severe death
suffered by people with chronic diseases and infections.
America is also at the forefront to advocate for green energy
and the protection of the environment.
Compatibility of America’s Approach to Foreign Policies to
Christin World Views Comment by Abdirahim AMA Law
Group: Down to the next page
In my opinion, the way America approaches foreign policies is
not compatible with the Christian worldview for several
reasons. One, it is not compatible from a world order point of
view.
According to ‘a Christians declaration’ released in 2016,
America has tried its best to advocate for morality (Providence,
2016). A Christian Declaration on American Foreign Policy,
retrieved from https://providencemag.com/2016/09/christian-
declaration-american-foreign-policy/. However, the CVW feels
that America has been focusing on single issues, the morality of
human rights has been upheld in America as per the Christian
world views. America has not protected different cultural
institutions sufficiently as per the CWV. Take, for instance,

liberal politics in America. Politics are manifested by greed and
corruption and the promotion of unacceptable moral degradation
concepts, for instance, LGBTQ.
Policies in America are also not compatible with CVW in terms
of respect for human rights. There are many instances where
racial minority groups have suffered, yet policymakers have
never addressed this sufficiently. The law is eve applied ore
ruthlessly to these racial minorities. Therefore, policymakers in
America have much remaining for them to address. The
government has also not lived to the reputation of the concept
of government as viewed by the church. Since government and
policymakers are ordained from God, they should not promote
any sin. However, policymakers have approved policies that
support sins.
Bibliography: Comment by Abdirahim AMA Law Group: The
Hasted text is missing from your references.
Hall, Mark David. "America's Founders, Religious Liberty, and
the Common Good." U. St. Thomas LJ 15 (2018): 642.
Comment by Abdirahim AMA Law Group: Sources should
be arranged alphabetically.
Dana, Karam, Bryan Wilcox-Archuleta, and Matt Barreto. "The
political incorporation of Muslims in the United States: The
mobilizing role of religiosity in Islam." Journal of Race,
Ethnicity, and Politics 2, no. 2 (2017): 170-200.
Adesina, Olubukola S. "Foreign policy in an era of digital
diplomacy." African Journal for the Psychological Studies of
Social Issues 19, no. 3 (2016): 169-189. Comment by
Abdirahim AMA Law Group: Consult Turabian for correct
bibliographic formatting -
https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-
center/turabian/quick-guide/
Rifawan, Affabile, and Novi Amelia. "Two major powers in

captivating regional influence and dynamics: Comparing foreign
policies of China and United States in Southeast
Asia." Contemporary Chinese Political Economy and Strategic
Relations: An International Journal 4, no. 1 (2018): 247-272.
O'Leary, Michael Kent. The politics of American foreign aid.
Routledge, 2017.
Dunlop, Claire A., Claudio M. Radaelli, and Philipp Trein.
"Introduction: The family tree of policy learning." In Learning
in public policy, pp. 1-25. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2018.
Todd, Molly. "The Paradox of Trans-American Solidarity:
Gender, Race, and Representation in the Guatemalan Refugee
Camps of Mexico, 1980–1990." Journal of Cold War Studies 19,
no. 4 (2017): 74-112.
Sikkink, Kathryn. "6. The Power of Principled Ideas: Human
Rights Policies in the United States and Western Europe."
In Ideas and foreign policy, pp. 139-170. Cornell University
Press, 2019.
2
1
Abdirahim M Muhumed
Prof: Dean Curry
Course: PPOG540

Date:11/07/2021
https://libertyuniversity.instructure.com/courses/113287/users/2
3905
Dean Curry
143770000000023905
Spell out full date: November 11, 2021
2
Impact of Faith in Founding America
role for the founding
fathers. Take, for instance, Jefferson, who was a Christian and
desired to follow Christianity to
the core. As a Christian, he believed in doing what was right for
humankind. He believed that
everyone is obliged to do what is right to other human beings.1
However, like Jefferson, he never
thought black Americans could have equal rights to Native
Americans.
this perception. He
advocated for others who had ideas like his to disregard them.

He advocated for the respect of all
humanity irrespective of their religion and ethnicity. This means
that Native Americans had to
treat even the black people with equality as native America.
This was the impact of faith in the
as their initiative to do well to
others and do only what is right would have been a good
beginning for America as a nation.
being founded. He said that
Muslims had equal rights to run for public office just like
Christians.2 Even though he said that
he could not advocate America to be left under the control of a
Muslim president, they had equal
rights just like a person of any religion. This move by Jefferson
impacted the founding of
America and leadership. For instance, there is a religious
qualification used in America today for
someone to run for the presidency. This shows that everyone
and anyone can run for the
presidency. Their religion will not limit them because all of
them are treated with the same
1 Hall, Mark David. "America's Founders, Religious Liberty,

and the Common Good." U. St.
Thomas LJ 15 (2018): 642.
2 Dana, Karam, Bryan Wilcox-Archuleta, and Matt Barreto.
"The political incorporation of Muslims
in the United States: The mobilizing role of religiosity in
Islam." Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics 2,
no. 2 (2017): 170-200.
Dean Curry
143770000000023905
Relevance to the assignment? Stay focused on the assignment
prompts.
Dean Curry
143770000000023905
Jefferson was not an orthodox Christian. He was a Deist.
Dean Curry
143770000000023905
Center first level section headings
3
regard. This is America of choice for anyone and everyone that
does not discriminate aspirants of
political positions based on their religions.

policies. The way America
practices foreign policies shows that the country is civilized
enough even in its exercise of
foreign policies. Different features can be identified from how
America practices its foreign
policies as follows:
policies.3 America advocates its
government as a peaceful government with other jurisdictions.
To ensure that this is achieved,
America used State Department to oversee all the relationships
between America and other
jurisdictions. This is necessary because it promotes America's
image as a peaceful nation that
advocates for the peaceful coexist of human beings across the
globe.
regional security.4 This is a
feature used to represent America as a nation determined to see
United Nations coexist with each
other without any crisis. This feature implies that America
collaborates with necessary
institutions to make life and livelihood safe in United Nations
that cannot settle differences

among themselves. It is a feature that shows the readiness of
America to collaborate with a
peace-making institution in its exercise of foreign policies.
3 Adesina, Olubukola S. "Foreign policy in an era of digital
diplomacy." African Journal for the
Psychological Studies of Social Issues 19, no. 3 (2016): 169-
189.
4 Rifawan, Affabile, and Novi Amelia. "Two major powers in
captivating regional influence and
dynamics: Comparing foreign policies of China and United
States in Southeast Asia." Contemporary
Chinese Political Economy and Strategic Relations: An
International Journal 4, no. 1 (2018): 247-272.
Dean Curry
143770000000023905
Elements of the American national style? See Hastedt, Chapter
3.
Dean Curry
143770000000023905
Dean Curry
143770000000023905
4

international monetary structure.
America promotes the development of economic institutions
that bring on bond every economy
from the world. It advocates for the use of IMF as an
infrastructure to realize this policy. Here,
America argues that policies of other nations should be
designed in a way that allows for
international trade between local jurisdictions and foreign
markets.
exports from different
jurisdictions. On the other hand, American multinational
corporations also import in other parts
international monetary structure.5
policies.6 Since World War
II, America has been on the lead to aid different jurisdictions
and economies. This has been
meant to help those who were adversely affected by World War
II recover. This feature has been
seen, for instance, during this time of the Covid-19 pandemic.
America has been at the forefront
to donate vaccines to developing nations. This has been to attain

a global vaccination level to the
extent of defeating the virus. America also issues other aids,
such as education, food, nutrition,
sports, pharmaceutical aids, and other forms of aids to
developing nations.
Fathers
policymakers learn from
the past. There is a lot to illustrate from modern policies that
were ideally lifted, and these are
America has been able to learn from
the past policies is its internal protection. America has been
able to rise to a level where it has
5 Gourinchas, Pierre-Olivier, Hélène Rey, and Maxime Sauzet.
"The international monetary and
financial system." Annual Review of Economics 11 (2019): 859-
893.
6 O'Leary, Michael Kent. The politics of American foreign aid.
Routledge, 2017.
5

protected itself significantly as a country. Even though there are
internal security issues reported,
America has guarded itself against terror attacks.
Even though there are
some cases of HIV, the number of those who are infected has
gone down. America has been
educating its people expansively on protecting themselves from
contracting HIV, among other
deadly viruses. America has also been able to protect its
population against mass destruction.
There has been no mass destruction by security threats or even
pandemics. As a country,
America has protected its territory sufficiently.
America has earned
how to advocate for common interests among its people. These
common interests enable people
to assume their religious differences, ethnic differences and
coexist as one. Thus, these common
interest advocated by the American government brings cohesion
and solidarity among
Americans.7 The US also uses its governmental institution to

travel abroad and engage with a
foreign audience. This brings understanding between the United
States and foreign nations. The
overall result for this is running for one dream of togetherness
and cohesion between America
and its foreign jurisdictions.
global interests. There are
many ways that American policies advanced global interests and
human rights are one of them.
gives necessary regard to human
rights. For instance, there are many contexts of democracy that
America advances. This includes
7 Todd, Molly. "The Paradox of Trans-American Solidarity:
Gender, Race, and Representation in
the Guatemalan Refugee Camps of Mexico, 1980–1990." Journal
of Cold War Studies 19, no. 4 (2017):
74-112.
6
but is not limited to multilateral and bilateral diplomacy,
foreign assistance, economic sanctions,

public outreaches, among others.
use democracy to
achieve security and prosperity, and stability of the entire
world.8 America's policymakers have
also learned how to advocate against regimes that deny their
citizens from electing leaders that
they wish to hold offices. Policymakers in America have also
learned how to lend a helping hand
to new jurisdictions on how to achieve democracy in their own
countries. Policymakers in
America have also learned how to take government in foreign
jurisdictions responsible for
human rights.9 This is a way of ensuring that each government
takes it as its initiative to protect
its people. Policymakers in America have been at the forefront
to protect observance of the rule
of law. This is also something that was learned from the
founding father and ancient
policymakers.
for other jurisdictions to
understand America's policies. This is manifested in many ways

example, by welcoming foreign
people from other nations. America
partners with health ministries in other jurisdictions to eradicate
severe death suffered by people
with chronic diseases and infections. America is also at the
forefront to advocate for green
energy and the protection of the environment.
Christin World Views
8 Dunlop, Claire A., Claudio M. Radaelli, and Philipp Trein.
"Introduction: The family tree of policy
learning." In Learning in public policy, pp. 1-25. Palgrave
Macmillan, Cham, 2018.
9 Sikkink, Kathryn. "6. The Power of Principled Ideas: Human
Rights Policies in the United States
and Western Europe." In Ideas and foreign policy, pp. 139-170.
Cornell University Press, 2019.
Dean Curry
143770000000023905
7

not compatible with the
Christian worldview for several reasons. One, it is not
compatible from a world order point of
view.
America has tried its best to
advocate for morality (Providence, 2016). A Christian
Declaration on American Foreign Policy,
declaration-american-foreign-
policy/. However, the CVW feels that America has been
focusing on single issues, the morality
of human rights has been upheld in America as per the Christian
world views. America has not
protected different cultural institutions sufficiently as per the
CWV. Take, for instance, liberal
politics in America. Politics are manifested by greed and
corruption and the promotion of
unacceptable moral degradation concepts, for instance, LGBTQ.
of respect for human
rights. There are many instances where racial minority groups
have suffered, yet policymakers

have never addressed this sufficiently. The law is eve applied
ore ruthlessly to these racial
minorities. Therefore, policymakers in America have much
remaining for them to address. The
of government as viewed by the
church. Since government and policymakers are ordained from
God, they should not promote
support sins.
https://providencemag.com/2016/09/christian-declaration-
american-foreign-policy/
https://providencemag.com/2016/09/christian-declaration-
american-foreign-policy/
8
Bibliography:
the Common Good." U. St.
Thomas LJ 15 (2018): 642.
Dana, Karam, Bryan Wilcox-Archuleta, and Matt Barreto. "The
political incorporation of
Muslims in the United States: The mobilizing role of religiosity

in Islam." Journal of
Race, Ethnicity, and Politics 2, no. 2 (2017): 170-200.
Adesina, Olubukola S. "Foreign policy in an era of digital
diplomacy." African Journal for the
Psychological Studies of Social Issues 19, no. 3 (2016): 169-
189.
Rifawan, Affabile, and Novi Amelia. "Two major powers in
captivating regional influence and
dynamics: Comparing foreign policies of China and United
States in Southeast
Asia." Contemporary Chinese Political Economy and Strategic
Relations: An
International Journal 4, no. 1 (2018): 247-272.
"The international monetary and
financial system." Annual Review of Economics 11 (2019): 859-
893.
O'Leary, Michael Kent. The politics of American foreign aid.
Routledge, 2017.
Dunlop, Claire A., Claudio M. Radaelli, and Philipp Trein.
"Introduction: The family tree of
policy learning." In Learning in public policy, pp. 1-25.
Palgrave Macmillan, Cham,

2018.
Todd, Molly. "The Paradox of Trans-American Solidarity:
Gender, Race, and Representation in
the Guatemalan Refugee Camps of Mexico, 1980–1990." Journal
of Cold War
Studies 19, no. 4 (2017): 74-112.
Dean Curry
143770000000023905
Sources should be arranged alphabetically.
Dean Curry
143770000000023905
Dean Curry
143770000000023905
Dean Curry
143770000000023905
Consult Turabian for correct bibliographic formatting -
Dean Curry
143770000000023905
The Hastedt text is missing from your references.
9

Sikkink, Kathryn. "6. The Power of Principled Ideas: Human
Rights Policies in the United States
and Western Europe." In Ideas and foreign policy, pp. 139-170.
Cornell University Press,
2019.
Comment by Adam: Hi, Abdirahim, and welcome to the
Online Writing Center (OWC).
I cannot edit the paper for you, but I will make some helpful
suggestions and point out opportunities for improvement. I
cannot point out every instance of every issue, so please take
those I do point out and use them as examples of kinds of things
you can look for during your revising and editing.
When you see the words “Apply throughout,” this indicates that
I will no longer explicitly comment on similar errors. You will
need to locate and change other instances of like errors
throughout the remainder of your paper.
Be sure to review the Turabian formatting requirements
before submitting your paper for final grading. Compare your
paper against both the template from your professor and the
Liberty requirements for formatting. There is a great online
resource for the basics of Turabian formatting
at https://www.liberty.edu/academics/casas/academicsuccess/ind
ex.cfm?PID=11954.
I hope these comments help!
If you have any specific questions that I did not address here,
feel free to email the OWC at [email protected] or schedule a

live appointment
at https://www.liberty.edu/online/casas/writing-center/ Also,
please be sure to complete the Student Satisfaction
Survey located at the bottom of your completed request.
Thanks for using the OWC,
Adam S.
Disclaimer: Remember that the OWC is not an editing service.
Our comments and suggestions are not exhaustive. Our
service is designed to help you recognize and correct your
writing so that you can become a better writer. Except where
otherwise noted, formatting suggestions follow the latest (9th)
edition of A Manual for Writers by Kate L. Turabian. 
Abdirahim Muhumed
Name of Instructor: Comment by Adam: Liberty uses a standard
Turabian title page.
You can find one ready to combine with your text in the
Turabian Template
Essentially, the elements in the title page are double spaced and
there are some extra carriage returns (i.e. you hit [ENTER] to
spaced things out). All of the title page elements should be
centered.
A few pointers on making a title page. It is easiest just to leave
the title page in normal style. Many students are tempted to use
Word’s heading styles on the title page but that is just extra
work and messes up the spacing.
If in doubt, almost everything in Turabian is Times New Roman

12 point black. The style manual is relaxing that, but Liberty
retains the preference.
The foot notes will be in Times New Roman 10 point black.
See the OWC Turabian Format Quick Guide for more help.
Course Title:
Date:
Impact of Faith in Founding America Comment by Adam:
First level section headings are centered, boldface or italic
type, with headline-style (major words are
capitalized) capitalization (Turabian A.2.2.4). See the
OWC’s Turabian Headings Guide for additional information and
examples.
role for the founding fathers. Take, for instance, Jefferson, who
was a Christian and desired to follow Christianity to the core.
As a Christian, he believed in doing what was right for
humankind. He believed that everyone is obliged to do what is
right to other human beings[endnoteRef:2]. However, like
Jefferson, he never thought black Americans could have equal
rights to Native Americans. Comment by Adam: This is
fine…but….leading with the most important idea woud be more
powerful.
For example:
Instead of,
During Thanksgiving our family gathers for a meal.
You could say
Our family gathers for a Thanksgiving meal.
The emphasis is then placed in the gathering.
There is an excellent worksheet on sentence construction

here: https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-
center/wp-
content/uploads/sites/28/2019/04/Sentence_Construction.pdf
APPLY THROUGHOUT Comment by Adam: Footnotes for
journal articles must follow Turabian format. In general,
it is: Author’s First and Last Names, “Title of Article,” Title
of Journal Volume Number, issue no. (date of publication): page
number(s) (Turabian 17.2). For example:
1 John Maynard Smith, “The Origin of Altruism,” Nature 393,
no. 1 (1998): 639–40.
Notice that footnotes being with the same .5 inch indent that
paragraphs use. WORD calls this a “First Line” indent.
Comment by Adam: A footnote belongs at the bottom of
the page on which it is referenced (Turabian 16.3.4). Turabian
formatting requires footnotes to be normal style and a
standard black Times New Roman font size 10 throughout. They
are to be numbered consecutively by a superscript Arabic
numeral and single-spaced with an extra line between
footnotes. They are to be left justified with the first line is
indented 0.5”. The authors’ names are given in conventional
order, first name first. Use of the abbreviations p. or pp. for
page or pages is not needed. See the OWC Turabian Format
Quick Guide for more help.
Comment by Adam: The footnote generally follows the
terminal punctuation of the sentence containing the cited
information, unless a specific word, phrase, or quotation is cited
mid-sentence. In that case the footnote is cited following any
applicable punctuation (Turabian 25.2.1.1). See the OWC
Turabian Format Quick Guide for more help.
APPLY THROUGHOUT Comment by Adam: Jefferson was the

subject. It sounds as if Jefferson is like Jefferson.
Should there be another person identified in this paragraph? [2:
the Common Good." U. St. Thomas LJ 15 (2018): 642.]
this perception. He advocated for others who had ideas like his
to disregard them. He advocated for the respect of all humanity
irrespective of their religion and ethnicity. This means that
Native Americans had to treat even the black people with
equality as native America. This was the impact of faith in the
as their initiative to do well to others and do only what is right
would have been a good beginning for America as a nation.
Comment by Adam: A pronoun - a word such
as she, yourself, her, it, this, who, or which - should clearly
refer to the word or words it replaces (called the antecedent)
elsewhere in the sentence or in a previous sentence. If more
than one word could be the antecedent or if no specific
antecedent is present in the sentence, edit to make the meaning
clear.
Does this refer to the missing character from the first
paragraph?
Comment by Adam: Na·tive A·mer·i·can
/ˈnādiv əˈmerəkən/
Learn to pronounce
noun
plural noun: Native Americans
a member of any of the indigenous peoples of North, Central,
and South America, especially those indigenous to what is now
the continental US.

Be intentional with this term.
Native Americans refers to the pre-colonial indigenous tribes. I
am flagging this because the American founding fathers were
not Native Americans by this definition. The term refers to a
specific ethnic group which is another minority.
being founded. He said that Muslims had equal rights to run for
public office just like Christians. Even though he said that he
could not advocate America to be left under the control of a
Muslim president, they had equal rights just like a person of any
religion. This move by Jefferson impacted the founding of
America and leadership. For instance, there is a religious
qualification used in America today for someone to run for the
presidency. This shows that everyone and anyone can run for
the presidency. Their religion will not limit them because all of
them are treated with the same regard. This is America of
choice for anyone and everyone that does not discriminate
aspirants of political positions based on their religions.
Comment by Adam: Should this have been negated?
Comment by Adam: Again, clarify antecedents
Them could point to the people or the religions in this sentence.
the Common Good." U. St. Thomas LJ 15 (2018): 642.
policies. The way America practices foreign policies shows that
the country is civilized enough even in its exercise of foreign
policies. Different features can be identified from how America
practices its foreign policies as follows:
policies[endnoteRef:3]. America advocates its government as a
peaceful government with other jurisdictions. To ensure that
this is achieved, America used State Department to oversee all
the relationships between America and other jurisdictions. This

is necessary because it promotes America's image as a peaceful
nation that advocates for the peaceful coexist of human beings
across the globe. Comment by Adam: Avoid using a phrase
or a clause where a single word can express the same idea. For
example, instead of “George considered who the murderer was
and why he did it,” the correct alternative would be “George
considered the murderer’s identity and motive.” Please see the
helpful resource on the OWC website
at: https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-center/wp-
content/uploads/sites/28/2019/04/Wordiness.pdf.
Comment by Adam: Avoid repeating words or phrases to
express the same thoughts or ideas, especially within a sentence
or in consecutive sentences. Repeated words are monotonous
and imply a lack of understanding of the topic at hand. For
example, instead of “Different aspects of a thesis
require different expressions, that is, a different word
reflecting a different perspective on your paper's theme as it
relates to different circumstances.” Consider, “Different aspects
of a thesis require their own expressions, that is, a certain word
chosen to reflect each individual perspective on the theme as it
relates to particular circumstances.” See this helpful resource
for more information: https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-
tools/word-choice/
APPLY THROUGHOUT Comment by Adam: A definite article
is used to indicate a specific or particular noun. For example,
instead of "Mary went over to car and got in," or, "Mary went
over to a car and got in," the correct alternative would be "Mary
went over to the car and got in." This indicates Mary got into a
specific car. There is an excellent presentation on articles on
the OWC website
at https://www.liberty.edu/media/1171/Articles.pdf
APPLY THROUGHOUT [3: Adesina, Olubukola S. "Foreign
policy in an era of digital diplomacy." Cogent Social
Sciences 3, no. 1 (2017): 1297175.]

regional security. This is a feature used to represent America as
a nation determined to see United Nations coexist with each
other without any crisis. This feature implies that America
collaborates with necessary institutions to make life and
livelihood safe in United Nations that cannot settle differences
among themselves. It is a feature that shows the readiness of
America to collaborate with a peace-making institution in its
exercise of foreign policies. Comment by Adam: Again, this
is a term with a specific meaning.
There is the organization
The United Nations (UN)
I think you would be fine using this specifically “the United
Nations” (both capitalized and with a definite article)
Or generally, as united nations
But the capitalization and article need to point the reader in the
same direction.
international monetary structure. America promotes the
development of economic institutions that bring on bond every
economy from the world. It advocates for the use of IMF as an
infrastructure to realize this policy. Here, America argues that
policies of other nations should be designed in a way that
allows for international trade between local jurisdictions and
foreign markets. Comment by Adam: Clarify here
Might be a wrong word (bring of board, maybe)
Or wordiness….if you simply mean that the policies bond
economies….as in link them.
The meanings are close enough I can not differentiate by
context…but again, they are not identical.

2 Adesina, Olubukola S. "Foreign policy in an era of digital
diplomacy." Cogent Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (2017): 1297175.
exports from different jurisdictions. On the other hand,
American multinational corporations also import in other parts
international monetary structure[endnoteRef:4]. Comment by
Adam: Wrong word errors can involve mixing up words that
sound alike, using a word with the wrong shade of meaning, or
using a word with a completely wrong meaning. Many wrong-
word errors are due to the improper use of homonyms - words
that are pronounced alike but spelled differently, such
as their and there.
For example, “Paradise Lost contains many illusions to classical
mythology.” Illusion means "false ideas or appearances,"
and allusion means "references." Instead use, “Paradise
Lost contains many allusions to classical mythology.”
For example, “Working at a computer all day often means
being sedate for long periods of time.” Sedate means
"composed, dignified," and sedentary means "requiring much
sitting." Instead use, “Working at a computer all day often
means being sedentary for long periods of time.”
For more information, see this helpful resource on commonly
misused words from the writing center.
[4: Gourinchas, Pierre-Olivier, Hélène Rey, and Maxime
Sauzet. "The international monetary and financial
system." Annual Review of Economics 11 (2019): 859-893.]
policies[endnoteRef:5]. Since World War II, America has been
on the lead to aid different jurisdictions and economies. This
has been meant to help those who were adversely affected by
World War II recover. This feature has been seen, for instance,

during this time of the Covid-19 pandemic. America has been at
the forefront to donate vaccines to developing nations. This has
been to attain a global vaccination level to the extent of
defeating the virus. America also issues other aids, such as
education, food, nutrition, sports, pharmaceutical aids, and
other forms of aids to developing nations. Comment by
Adam: Footnotes for books must follow Turabian format. In
general, it is: Author’s First and Last Names, Title of Book:
Subtitle of Book (Publisher’s City, Publisher’s State [unless
city is well-known]: Publisher’s Name, Date of Publication),
page number(s) (Turabian 17.1.1). For example:
1 Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson and A.
Cleveland Coxe, The Ante-Nicene Fathers: Translations of the
Writings of the Fathers Down to A.D. 325 (Oak Harbor, WA:
Logos Research Systems, 1997), 182.
Comment by Adam: Many words in English are regularly
used with a particular preposition to express a particular
meaning. Throwing a ball to someone is different from throwing
a ball at someone. Because many prepositions are short and not
stressed or pronounced clearly in speech, they are often
accidentally left out or mixed up in writing. Check out the
writing resources on the OWC website.
[5: O'Leary, Michael Kent. The politics of American foreign
aid. Routledge, 2017.]
Fathers
policymakers learn from the past. There is a lot to illustrate
from modern policies that were ideally lifted, and these are
America has been able to learn from the past policies is its

internal protection. America has been able to rise to a level
where it has protected itself significantly as a country. Even
though there are internal security issues reported, America has
guarded itself against terror attacks. Comment by Adam: Be
carefull not to over-qualift your statements.
It is your paper.
That being said, be careful not to overstate your expertise.
There is an area between apologizing and hubris that makes a
good tone for a paper.
See GrammarBook.com for more information.
Comment by Adam: This phrase is not clear.
I will preappoligize, worried this comes across wrong
But it sounds like a bad translation.
I can vaguely see the idea being expressed but the word choices
are not optimal. Comment by Adam: Writers must remember
that adjectives are relative to a reader’s experiences. Describing
a character as tall without specifying a height allows every
reader to imagine a different measurement. Some writers prefer
to allow audiences a lot of freedom, but doing so can be
dangerous.
amazing / wonderful / etc. - Avoid overstating how special a
person, thing, or event is. Romance novels, in particular,
overuse these words.
big / small, short / tall - Remember each reader has a unique
perspective from which he or she views other people. Give
precise descriptions of characters when possible.
all / every - “All” and “every” imply absolute quantities.
perfect - Nothing real is perfect. However, one makes
exceptions for perfect scores, perfect angles, and the perfect
tense of verbs.
See GrammarBook.com for more information.
Security is also relative to the reader’s experience

APPLY THROUGHOUT
3 Gourinchas, Pierre-Olivier, Hélène Rey, and Maxime Sauzet.
4 O'Leary, Michael Kent. The politics of American foreign aid.
Routledge, 2017.
Even though there are some cases of HIV, the number of those
who are infected has gone down. America has been educating its
people expansively on protecting themselves from contracting
HIV, among other deadly viruses. America has also been able to
protect its population against mass destruction. There has been
no mass destruction by security threats or even pandemics. As a
country, America has protected its territory sufficiently.
Comment by Adam: Good presentation of your argument in
this paragraph.
Good work including context ,
America has earned how to advocate for common interests
among its people. These common interests enable people to
assume their religious differences, ethnic differences and
coexist as one. Thus, these common interest advocated by the
American government brings cohesion and solidarity among
Americans. The US also uses its governmental institution to
travel abroad and engage with a foreign audience. This brings
understanding between the United States and foreign nations.
The overall result for this is running for one dream of
togetherness and cohesion between America and its foreign
jurisdictions. Comment by Adam: Wrong word
Comment by Adam: You can group adjectives with a
conjunction

The bright and shiney car.
ALTERNATIVELY
A comma is used between coordinate adjectives. To determine if
a comma is appropriate, substitute the word and for the
comma. If the and makes sense, then a comma is needed. For
example, “Jim had a short happy life.” Try “Jim has a
short and happy life.” Since that makes sense, use a
comma: “Jim had a short, happy life.” There is an excellent
presentation on comma usage on the OWC’s
website: https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-
center/wp-content/uploads/sites/28/2019/04/Commas.pdf
Comment by Adam: Words that modify nouns must agree
in number with the noun they modify. For example, instead of
“these picture,” the correct alternative would be “this picture”
or “these pictures.” See GrammarBook.com for more
information.
Comment by Adam: William Strunk, in his Elements
of Style, offered this thought on efficiency and conciseness in
writing:
Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain no
unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for
the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary
lines and a machine no unnecessary parts. This requires not that
the writer make all his sentences short, or that he avoid all
detail and treat his subjects only in outline, but that every word
tell.
See the OWC’s website for a helpful article on writing
concisely: https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-
center/wp-
content/uploads/sites/28/2019/04/On_Writing_Concisely.pdf

global interests. There are many ways that American policies
advanced global interests and human rights are one of them.
gives necessary regard to human rights. For instance, there are
many contexts of democracy that America advances. This
includes but is not limited to multilateral and bilateral
diplomacy, foreign assistance, economic sanctions, public
outreaches, among others. Comment by Adam: Consider
varying the types of sentences used to achieve the desired
effect. Short simple sentences attract attention. Compound
sentences invite comparison. Complex sentences show
relationships and priorities. Compound-complex
sentences provide lots of information. There is an excellent
worksheet on sentence
construction here: https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-
success-center/wp-
content/uploads/sites/28/2019/04/Sentence_Construction.pdf
Comment by Adam: A comma is used before the
conjunction preceding the last item in a list or series of three or
more items to give all items equal importance. For example,
instead of “In the baseball game, Sue got a walk, made a hit and
scored a run,” the correct alternative would be “In the baseball
game, Sue got a walk, made a hit, and scored a run.” There is an
excellent presentation on comma usage on the OWC’s
center/wp-content/uploads/sites/28/2019/04/Commas.pdf
use democracy to achieve security and prosperity, and stability
of the entire world[endnoteRef:6]. America's policymakers have
also learned how to advocate against regimes that deny their
citizens from electing leaders that they wish to hold offices.
Policymakers in America have also learned how to lend a
helping hand to new jurisdictions on how to achieve democracy

in their own countries. Policymakers in America have also
learned how to take government in foreign jurisdictions
responsible for human rights. This is a way of ensuring that
each government takes it as its initiative to protect its people.
Policymakers in America have been at the forefront to protect
observance of the rule of law. This is also something that was
learned from the founding father and ancient policymakers.
Comment by Adam: When a sentence contains a list or
series of three or more items, do not join each item with a
coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, yet). Instead,
place commas between all items and place a coordinating
conjunction only between the final two items. For example,
instead of “For dinner, Ellery wanted fish and broccoli and
sweet potatoes,” the correct alternative would be “For
dinner, Ellery wanted fish, broccoli, and sweet potatoes.” There
is an excellent presentation on conjunctions on the OWC’s
center/wp-content/uploads/sites/28/2019/04/Conjuctions.pdf
Comment by Adam: Wrong word Comment by Adam: Be
consistent with references.
In mostof the paper it has been the group
founding fathers (plural) [6: Dunlop, Claire A., Claudio M.
Radaelli, and Philipp Trein. "Introduction: The family tree of
policy learning." In Learning in public policy, pp. 1-25.
Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2018.
]
for other jurisdictions to understand America's policies. This is
manifested in many ways example, by welcoming foreign
people from other nations. America partners with health
ministries in other jurisdictions to eradicate severe death

suffered by people with chronic diseases and infections.
America is also at the forefront to advocate for green energy
and the protection of the environment. Comment by Adam:
one word
policymaker
[ pol-uh-see-mey-ker ]
noun
a person responsible for making policy, especially in
government.
Comment by Adam: The phrase “such as” serves to
introduce examples narratively
For example
Many first-year teachers struggle with issues such as time
management, classroom management, routines, etc.
APPLY THROUGHOUT
Christin World Views
not compatible with the Christian worldview for several
reasons. One, it is not compatible from a world order point of
view.
5 Dunlop, Claire A., Claudio M. Radaelli, and Philipp Trein.
"Introduction: The family tree of policy learning." In Learning
in public policy, pp. 1-25. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2018.
America has tried its best to advocate for morality (Providence,
2016). A Christian Declaration on American Foreign Policy,
Comment by Adam: Your paragraph here consists of only
one sentence. Proper paragraph development requires a clear

topic sentence followed by two or more supporting sentences
that substantiate your topic sentence. Either develop this as a
paragraph more fully or incorporate the sentence into your
preceeding paragraph if appropriate in order to avoid one- or
two-sentence paragraphs. There is an excellent presentation on
paragraph construction on the OWC website
at: https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-center/wp-
content/uploads/sites/28/2019/04/Paragraph_Construction.pdf
Comment by Adam: Footnotes for websites must follow
Turabian format. In general, it is: First Name Last Name,
Title, Organization, or Website, publication or revision date (or
access date if publication or revision date cannot be
determined), URL (Turabian 17.5). For example:
1 Richard Morningside, “Georgia County Agrees to Remove Ten
Commandments Display from Courthouse,” American Civil
Liberties Union, last modified March 4,
2006, http://www.aclu.org/religion/tencomm/
20163prs20050719.html.
When no author is given for a website article, the
citation begins with the title of the webpage or article (Turabian
17.5). For example:
5 “2013 Annual Meeting,” American Academy of Religion, last
modified December 8,
2012, http://www.aarweb.org/Meetings/Annual_Meeting/Curren
t_Meeting/default.asp.
See the OWC Turabian Format Quick Guide for more help
declaration-american-foreign-policy/. However, the CVW feels
that America has been focusing on single issues, the morality of

human rights has been upheld in America as per the Christian
world views. America has not protected different cultural
institutions sufficiently as per the CWV. Take, for instance,
liberal politics in America. Politics are manifested by greed and
corruption and the promotion of unacceptable moral degradation
concepts, for instance, LGBTQ. Comment by Adam:
Abbreviations are allowed for names, titles, or other terms
used frequently in your paper. Give the full term on first
reference followed by the abbreviation in
parentheses. For subsequent references, use the abbreviation
consistently (Turabian 24.1.2). See the OWC Turabian Format
Quick Guide for more help. Comment by Adam: A comma
splice is a specific kind of run-on sentence which incorrectly
joins two or more independent clauses using only a comma. The
following is a simple example of a comma splice, along
with 5 ways to correct it:
Incorrect: Rachel is very smart, she began reading when she was
3 years old.
Method 1: Use a period and a capital letter to separate the
clauses into 2 sentences. Rachel is very smart. She began
reading when she was 3 years old.
Method 2: Replace the comma with a semicolon. Rachel is very
smart; she began reading when she was 3 years old.
Method 3: Insert a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor,
for, yet). Rachel is very smart, and she began reading when she
was 3 years old.
Method 4: Use a subordinating conjunction to reduce one of the
clauses to an incomplete thought. Because Rachel is very
smart, she began reading when she was 3 years old.
Method 5: Add a semicolon and a transitional word or phrase
(however, moreover, on the other hand, nevertheless, etc.)
before the comma. Rachel is very smart; as a result, she began
reading when she was 3 years old.
There is a helpful resource on comma splices on the OWC’s

center/wp-content/uploads/sites/28/2019/04/Run-
on_Sentences.pdf
of respect for human rights. There are many instances where
racial minority groups have suffered, yet policymakers have
never addressed this sufficiently. The law is eve applied ore
ruthlessly to these racial minorities. Therefore, policymakers in
America have much remaining for them to address. The
of government as viewed by the church. Since government and
policymakers are ordained from God, they should not promote
support sins. Comment by Adam: Consider various
proofreading methods such as reading aloud, printing the
document, or viewing on a different screen. Comment by
Adam: The conclusion of a research report is usually a very
short section that introduces no new ideas. The conclusion is
important because it is your last chance to convey the
significance and meaning of your research to your reader by
concisely summarizing your findings and generalizing their
importance. It is also a place to raise questions
that remain unanswered and to discuss ambiguous data. The
conclusions you draw are opinions, based on the evidence
presented in the body of your report, but because they are
opinions, you should not tell the reader what to do or what
action they should take. Refer
to https://writing.wiscweb.wisc.edu/wp-
content/uploads/sites/535/2018/07/conclusions_uwmadison_writ
ingcenter_aug2012.pdf for further guidance.

Bibliography: Comment by Adam: “Bibliography” needs to
be in normal style and a boldface Times New Roman font
size 12, centered at the top of the first page. Double space
after (Turabian A.2.3.5). See the OWC Turabian Format Quick
Guide for more help. Comment by Adam: Bibliographic
entries should be left justified, single-spaced, unnumbered,
and alphabetized by the first author’s last name. Lines after the
first are to be indented .05”. Use normal style and a
standard black Times New Roman font size 12. Double space
between entries (Turabian A.2.3.5). See the OWC Turabian
Format Quick Guide for more help.
Comment by Adam: Bibliographic citations for books must
follow Turabian format. In general, it is: Author’s Last Name,
Author’s First Name. Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. Place of
Publication: Publisher’s Name, Date of Publication (Turabian
16.1). See the OWC Turabian Format Quick Guide for more
help. For example:
Atnip, Mike. Scenes from the Life of
David Zeisberger. Newmanstown, PA: Primitive Christianity,
2005.
Comment by Adam: Bibliographic citations for journal
articles must follow Turabian format. In general, it is: Author’s
Last Name, Author’s First Name. “Title of Article: Subtitle of
Article.” Title of Journal volume number, issue number (Issue
date): page(s) (Turabian 16.1). See the OWC Turabian Format
Quick Guide for more help. For example:
Koester, Craig R. “Jesus the Way, the Cross, and the World
according to the Gospel of John.” Word & World XXI, no. 4
(Fall 2001): 360-369.
Comment by Adam: Thank you for allowing me to review
your assignment today. You have done a good job organizing
the sections of the paper. The section on disease control was

especially well formed. However, some improvement is needed
in sentence structure and word choice. I recommend reviewing
the Chart of Citations and Turabian Sample Paper which should
be good references as you learn the formatting and improve
your writing. Please be sure to complete the Student
Satisfaction Survey located at the bottom of your completed
request. If you have any additional questions, please contact the
OWC at [email protected]. If you would like further assistance
with this assignment, schedule a live appointment here or
contact us using our live chat feature. Finally, you may avail
yourself of the many writing aids on the OWC website.
2
NOTE: Content highlighted in green throughout should NOT be
included in any student’s
paper. Such content is included herein as flags to note and bring
attention to special rules.
Prepared by Christy Owen, Liberty University’s Online Writing
Center, [email protected]
LIBERTY UNIVERSITY
JOHN W. RAWLINGS SCHOOL OF DIVINITY
A Sample Paper for the Purpose of Correct Formatting In

Notes-Bibliography Style for All Students Using Turabian
Format
Submitted to Dr. Full M. Name
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the completion of
OBST 515
Old Testament Orientation I
by
Claudia S. Sample
August 5, 2020
mailto:[email protected]
ii
Contents
(not Table of Contents)
Only include in graduate/doctoral level papers; shown here for

ease of access and visualization
Introduction
...............................................................................................
.................................. 1
Ibid.
...............................................................................................
................................................ 3
Basic Formatting
...............................................................................................
.......................... 4
Overview
.................................................................................... ...........
.............................. 4
Title Page
...............................................................................................
............................. 5
Page
Numbering..............................................................................
.................................... 5
Table of Contents
...............................................................................................
................. 5
Thesis
Statements...............................................................................
................................. 6
Capitalization
...............................................................................................

....................... 8
Chapters versus Subheadings
..............................................................................................
8
Contemporary Art (First-
level)......................................................................................
.......... 10
What Are the Major Styles? (Second-level)
..................................................................... 10
Abstract Expressionism (Third-level)
................................................................... 10
Major painters and practitioners (Fourth-level)
................................................... 10
Pollack as the leader (Fifth-level).
.......................................................... 10
“Voice” and Tense
...............................................................................................
............. 10
Organizing a Paper Using an Outline
..................................................................................... 11
Quotations and Paraphrases
...............................................................................................
..... 11
Citations
...............................................................................................
...................................... 12

iii
Special Applications
...............................................................................................
................... 17
Examples of Citing the Bible
............................................................................................
17
Map, Photography, Figure, or Table
................................................................................. 19
Crediting Authors of Chapters in Edited Collections
....................................................... 19
Numbering
...............................................................................................
......................... 19
Permalinks..............................................................................
........................................... 20
Turabian – Videos
...............................................................................................
.............. 20
Turabian – Ebooks with No Page Numbers
...................................................................... 20
Bibliography Entries and Tips
...............................................................................................

.. 21
Conclusion
...............................................................................................
................................... 22
Bibliography
...............................................................................................
............................... 27
1
Introduction
“Turabian” style is an abbreviated version of the more-
comprehensive “Chicago” style.
Turabian is named for Kate L. Turabian, the author of A Manual
for Writers of Research Papers,
Thesis, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students &
Researchers, which is currently in its
9th printed edition.1 This sample paper will strive to provide
students with all the foundational
elements of a Turabian paper using the Notes-Bibliography
format for students majoring in
History, (some) Government, and Divinity programs of study.
All class assignments will follow

the Notes-Bibliography format except book reviews, which use
the Author-Date format (see
the Author-Date section of the OWC’s Turabian Quick Guide
for resources on that format).
Many incoming students have opted not to purchase the
Turabian manual; this can have
significant negative effects on those students’ ability to learn
and master Turabian format.
Fortunately, Liberty University subscribes to the Chicago
Manual of Style (CMOS) database in
its Online Library for those students who do not have a current
Turabian manual readily
available to them. Since the Turabian manual is the official
resource commonly used in
academia, the Online Writing Center (OWC) strongly
encourages students to buy the current
Turabian manual (about $10 for hard copy or electronic
version). This sample paper, however,
includes references to the correlating CMOS section(s),
delineated by red hyperlinked text to
denote the relevant CMOS section, in an effort to ensure all
Liberty University students have the
necessary resources to excel academically. It is not proper to
include hyperlinks or colored

lettering in academic class papers; those are merely included
here for ease-of-access purposes.
1 Kate L. Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Research Papers,
Theses, and Dissertations, 9th ed. (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2018).
https://www-chicagomanualofstyle-
org.ezproxy.liberty.edu/home.html
2
This paper will focus primarily on the stylistic elements
discussed in Chapters 16 and 17
of the Turabian manual2 —with some minor revisions.3
Students will need to incorporate proper
grammatical elements to their papers as well, but those will not
be addressed in detail herein.
It is important to delineate that undergraduate students will not
use headings,
subheadings, or a contents page in most of their class papers.
Graduate and doctoral students
are recommended to include these elements for any paper with

at least ten pages in the body,
and required to do so in all papers with twenty or more pages in
the body. Those elements are
all included and illustrated throughout this sample paper for
organization and ease-of-access
purposes, but students should adhere to the parameters in their
specific class assignment to
determine whether or not they should include subheadings (and
a contents page, when
appropriate) in that class paper and use the appropriate template
provided on the OWC’s
Turabian Quick Guide page.
Many students’ papers will require an introductory section that
summarizes or previews
the argument of the whole paper, though this is not universally
required for all papers.4 It should
be set apart as a separate First-Level Subheading (addressed
below). Leave one double-spaced
line beneath the word Introduction and the text that follows, as
shown above.5 Turabian suggests
that “most introductions run about 10 percent of the whole.”6
She also suggests that conclusions
are typically shorter than introductions.

2 Turabian, A Manual for Writers, 149-235.
3 For example, footnote numbers in standard Turabian are not
superscripted and are followed by a period
(pages 149-50, 162, and 406 of the Turabian manual), but
Liberty University programs require superscripted
numbers with no periods, as depicted throughout this paper.
4 Turabian, A Manual for Writers, 400, 402.
5 Ibid., 402.
6 Ibid., 107.
org.ezproxy.liberty.edu/book/ed17/part1/ch01/psec047.html
3
Ibid.
The abbreviation ibid. is used in most cases to refer to “the
same” source cited
immediately before on the same page7—in this case, footnotes
#5 and #6 on the prior page. One
of the changes in the 9th edition of the Turabian manual was to

discourage the use of the term
ibid. However, all schools and departments within Liberty
University have universally decided to
continue to require and encourage its use at this time, as it is a
long-used historical term that will
occur in many scholarly resources printed prior to 2018,
including most seminal works. As such,
students are instructed to disregard Turabian’s 2018 position on
the use of ibid. for all Liberty
University coursework.
The term ibid. itself is a Latin abbreviation (which is why it is
italicized in the text of a
sentence), so do include the period. Capitalize it when it begins
the footnote, since it depicts the
beginning of a sentence, but do not italicize the term in notes.8
If the page numbers for that
footnote and the one preceding it differ, use Ibid. followed by a
comma and the correct page
number(s), as shown in footnotes #5 and #6 on the previous
page. If the page number is the same
for both the current footnote and the one that precedes it,
simply use the word Ibid. for that
second footnote, as shown in footnote #8 below.

Liberty University’s History Department allows students to
carry forward the use of
ibid. onto subsequent pages as long as there are no other
sources cited between them. For
all other students, however, each new page of a student’s paper
restarts the requirements, so the
first footnoted citation to a source on each page would include
the author’s name and a shortened
title (if previously cited), then students can resume using ibid.
for subsequent consecutive
8 Ibid.
4
citations on that page, as shown in footnotes #8 above and #12
below. Standard Turabian format
allows two forms of shortened notes,9 but Liberty University
programs of study require the
author-title version that includes both the author’s name and a
shortened version of the source’s
title. Footnote #11 below (and the first footnote on each new

page referring to the Turabian
manual) depicts a shortened note—where the author’s name is
given, along with a few words of
the title. Always include the page number, whether using a full
footnote or a shortened note.
Basic Formatting
Overview
Turabian generally offers writers great flexibility in the choices
they make regarding
many stylistic elements.10 However, Liberty University’s
schools and departments have adopted
specific requirements as detailed herein. General formatting
elements11 required include:
-inch margins on all four sides of the paper.
-pt.
font for all content in the
paper itself, except Times New Roman 10-pt. font for all
footnote content.
-spacing throughout the body of the paper, except in
the footnotes, block quotes,
table titles, and figure captions. Lists in appendices should be
single-spaced, too.12
s should be blocked if the citation is five or more

lines.
10 For example, Turabian does not specify a font size or style,
although all programs of study at Liberty
University using Turabian require Times New Romans, 12-point
font. Many other elements are also left by Turabian
up to individual writers; the OWC has incorporated its own
educated judgment for those in this sample paper, but
students have freedom to stray from those, where permitted in
the Turabian manual.
12 Ibid., 385.
5
Title Page
The Turabian manual provides two different examples and
details for the title page
format options.13 Liberty University has adopted the more
formal one, as shown in this sample

paper and in the templates provided to students.
Page Numbering
The title page should not include any page number,14 although
it is considered the first
page of any paper. The front matter (anything between the title
page and the first page of the
body of the paper) should be numbered with lowercase Roman
numerals centered in the footer,
beginning with ii, to correspond with the fact that it begins on
page two.15 The paper’s body,
bibliography, and appendices display Arabic numerals (i.e., 1,
2, 3) placed flush-right in the
header, beginning with page 1 on the first page of the body of
the paper.16 Liberty University
now offers students templates that are already formatted with
pagination, margin, font, etc.
Table of Contents
Although this page/section is commonly referred to as the “table
of contents,” only the
word “Contents” should appear at the top, centered, without the
quotation marks.17 Students may
not need a table of contents, but one was included in this sample
paper as a visual aid, and

because it is lengthy enough to include subheadings. Liberty
University assignments will specify
if students are required to include subheadings and/or a contents
page. Generally, subheadings
14 Ibid., 385.
15 Ibid., 386.
16 Ibid., 386.
17 Ibid., 390, 394-395.
org.ezproxy.liberty.edu/book/ed17/part1/ch01/figures/fig005.ht
ml
6
and a contents page are required for assignments with twenty
pages or more of content, and both
are encouraged for assignments of ten to nineteen pages of
content.

The table of contents can span more than one page when
necessary, as it does in this
sample paper. Double-space between each item but single-space
the individual items themselves.
Add an extra line between each of the major sections (including
the front and back matter). It is
important to note that a table of contents does not list the pages
that precede it; only those pages
that follow it. Be sure that the first letter of each word is
capitalized (other than articles and
prepositions within the phrase).
“Leaders” —the dots between the words on the left margin and
their corresponding page
numbers at the right margin in a table of contents—are
acceptable. Only include the first page
each element begins on; not the full page-span.18 MS Word will
automatically populate this.
Number all pages of this element with Roman numerals. If the
table of contents is more
than one page, do not repeat the title. Leave two blank lines
between the title and the first listed
item.19 Single-space individual items listed but add a blank line
after each item. Between the lists

for the front and back matter and the chapters, or between parts
or volumes (if any), leave two
blank lines. This video tutorial shows how to format
subheadings and convert those into a
Contents page for larger projects.
Thesis Statements
Section A.2.1.4 of the Turabian manual discusses the placement
and labeling of an
abstract or thesis statement. Specifically, it acknowledges that
“most departments or universities
18 Turabian, A Manual for Writers, 390.
19 Ibid.
https://watch.liberty.edu/media/t/0_uf2oezog
7
have specific models … that you should follow exactly for
content, word count, format,
placement, and pagination.”20 This paper does not include a
separate sample thesis statement
page; some classes will require such. Do not confuse a purpose

statement with a thesis statement,
however. A purpose statement states the reason why the paper is
written. For all practical
purposes, the purpose statement introduces the thesis statement.
An example of a purpose
statement is, “The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that
when one recognizes God’s
freedom, he/she can find biblical inerrancy defensible.” An
example of a thesis statement is,
“Biblical inerrancy is defensible in the context of divine
freedom.” Remember, the purpose and
thesis statements determine the form and content of an outline.
The distinction between a purpose statement and a thesis
statement is important. The
purpose of this sample paper is to provide a template for the
correct formatting of a research
paper. The thesis is, “Students who use this paper as a sample
or template are more likely to
format their papers correctly in the future.”
Line Spacing
Section A.1.3 of the Turabian manual addresses line spacing.21
As mentioned above, all
text in papers should be double-spaced except for block quotes,

table titles, figure captions, and
lists in appendices. The table of contents, footnotes, and
bibliography entries should be single-
spaced internally, but double-spaced between each entry.22
Turabian specifies in Section A.2.2.4
to “put more space before a subheading than after.”23 Liberty
University recommends adding an
21 Ibid., 385.
22 Ibid., 385.
23 Ibid., 404.
8
extra single-spaced line before each subheading, so the total
space between the end of one
section and the next subheading should be the equivalent of
three single-spaced lines (or one-
and-a-half double-spaced lines); this is demonstrated throughout
this sample paper and pre-
programmed into the Turabian templates. For those students

who wish to learn how to format
this element themselves, see the tutorial on formatting
subheadings. There should only be one
space after periods and other punctuation at the end of each
sentence, before beginning a new
sentence.24
Capitalization
Turabian style has two forms of capitalization for titles:
headline-style and sentence-style.
In headline style, all major words in a title (usually those with
four or more letters, excepting
prepositions) begin with capital letters.25 In sentence-style,
only the first word of a title, the first
word of a subtitle, and proper nouns begin with capital
letters.26 Liberty University courses use
headline style for subheadings.
Chapters versus Subheadings
Turabian allows each writer to determine whether to use
subheadings or chapters to
divide his or her paper into sections.27 There are separate rules
for both. Chapters are usually
reserved for thesis projects and dissertations; subheadings are
often used for class papers of

25 Ibid., 325-26.
26 Ibid., 326.
27 Ibid., 402, 404.
9
graduate and doctoral students. Class assignments will specify
whether subheadings are
permitted or required.
Turabian allows great flexibility and individuality in how one
formats the various
subheading levels, when used. Liberty University has adopted

the format for heading levels
shown herein, for the sake of consistency and uniformity.
The title of a heading should never be “orphaned” at the bottom
of a page, without its
supporting text.28 If there is not enough room on the previous
page for both the heading title and
at least the first line of the paragraph, begin a new page.
Authors can, however, have two
headings in a row29 as shown on page 17 below. The formats
used and recommended in this
sample paper reflect that:
1. First-level headings should be centered, bolded, and use
headline-style capitalization.
2. Second-level subheadings should be centered, not bolded, and
use headline-style
capitalization.
3. Third-level subheadings should be left-justified, bolded, and
use headline-style
capitalization.
4. Fourth-level subheadings—though rare in Turabian style—
should be left-justified, not
bolded, with only the first letter of the first word capitalized.

5. Fifth-level subheadings are extremely rare; they should be
indented ½” from the left
margin, not bolded, italicized, in sentence case (including a
period), followed by one
space, with the text following on the same line.
29 Ibid., 404.
10
Except for fifth-levels, all text would begin on the line beneath
the heading. Note that
there must be at least two of any subheading used under a larger
heading.30 Turabian also does
not allow orphaned headings, where the heading appears at the
bottom of the page, isolated from
its content on the next page.31 First- and second-level
subheading levels are used throughout this
sample paper, but below is a visualization of each of five levels.
Contemporary Art (First-level)

What Are the Major Styles? (Second-level)
Abstract Expressionism (Third-level)
Major painters and practitioners (Fourth-level)
Pollack as the leader (Fifth-level). This one is unique in that the
text begins on the same
line.
“Voice” and Tense
As a general rule, use active voice and avoid first person (I, me,
we, us, our) or second
person (you, your) pronouns in academic writing unless
permitted by the assignment
instructions. This paper uses third person (one, this author). In
historical writing, use simple past
tense verbs, but when referring to an author’s written work, use
present tense.
31 Ibid., 405.

11
Organizing a Paper Using an Outline
When writing a paper, students should organize their outline
first so that they are able to
plan how they will make their argument and then give their
reasoning and evidence to support
their thesis statement. The first paragraph of each section
should explain how this will fit into the
author’s reasoning, and then each section will end with a
summary of how the evidence has
shown such reasoning to be correct. Also, transitions are very
helpful at the end of each major
section so that the reader anticipates how the next section is
connected to the logical progression
of the reasoning the author uses to support his or her thesis.
Liberty University undergraduate papers will generally be less
than ten or twelve pages
and most will not use subheading levels or a contents page at all
(unless specified in the
instructions); most Liberty University graduate and doctoral

research papers will be no longer
than twenty pages and generally will not have long and detailed
outlines or subheadings beyond
the third level.32 Details that would be appropriate for the
fourth or fifth heading level tend to
distract the reader’s attention from the overall thesis within a
short essay (typically fewer than 20
pages). Even if a fourth level is unavoidable, a fifth level is
discouraged.
Quotations and Paraphrases
All content gleaned from another source will be presented as
either a quote or a
paraphrase. A paraphrase means that the original wording has
been change sufficiently into the
student’s own words while keeping the same meaning (not
simply just rearranging the order of
the words or replacing only a few of them); a direct quote
means that the words are used
verbatim, which requires quotation marks. Both require a
citation with a page number to the
32 Papers with ten to nineteen pages in the body are
recommended to include subheadings and a contents
page; those with twenty pages or more are required to do so; the

instructions will specify what is required.
12
original source. Quotes with four or fewer lines of text in the
student’s paper will be incorporated
into the text of the paragraph, as has been demonstrated herein
(such as the bottom of the first
paragraph on page ten).
Quotes that span five lines or more, however, must be block
quoted. Blocked quotations
are single-spaced with one blank line before and after each
excerpt, and the entire left margin of
the block quote is indented one half-inch. No quotation marks
are used when using a blocked
quotation, but do use them if it contains an internal quote.
Turabian requires blocked quotes to be
introduced in the writer’s own words.33 For example, Jackson
evokes the supremacy of home:
Housing is an outward expression of the inner human nature; no
society can be fully
understood apart from the residences of its members. A
nineteenth-century melody

declares, “There’s no place like home,” and even though she
had Emerald City at her
feet, Dorothy could think of no place she would rather be than
at home in Kansas. Our
home are our havens from the world.34
Citations
All content that is taken from another source must include a
citation, whether direct-
quoted or paraphrased. Though Turabian allows two forms of
citing sources in the body of a
paper, this sample paper focuses exclusively on the notes-
bibliography style. Chapters 16 and 17
of the Turabian manual focus on these elements (Chapter 14 in
the CMOS). The “N” denotes
(foot)notes, and the “B” denotes bibliography entries. Be sure to
use the correct format for each
since there are some variances between them for each resource.
Notably, the first/only author’s
name is inverted (i.e., last name first) in bibliography entries,
but not in notes.35

34 Kenneth T. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The
Suburbanization of the United States (New York: Oxford
Press, 1985), 3.
org.ezproxy.liberty.edu/book/ed17/part3/ch14/toc.html
https://bookshop.org/a/132/9780195049831
13
When formatting a footnote, indent the first line of each
footnote the same amount as the
first line of the paragraphs within the paper (1/2”). The
indentation should be before the
superscripted footnote number. Insert one space after the
superscript number before the first
word of the footnote.36 The footnotes should be single-spaced,
and there should be a single blank
space between (or 12-pt. line space after) each footnote.37 Font
within the footer should be 10
point (the OWC recommends Times New Roman, 10-pt.).

There is one notable exclusion to notes formatting that most
Liberty University students
will encounter. The version or translation of the Bible being
used must be identified in the text
with a parenthetical reference (e.g., 1 Cor 1:13, ESV).38 If an
author chooses to use the same
Bible translation (such as the English Standard Version)
throughout the paper, he or she should
add a footnote in the first usage stating, “Unless otherwise
noted, all biblical passages referenced
are in the English Standard Version.” This means that that
author will not need to reference the
version of the Bible in subsequent citations unless he or she
changes the version (otherwise, each
citation must also include a footnote entry crediting the source).
For example, if the student
identified the English Standard Version as the primary version
but chose to use the New
International Version (NIV) when quoting a particular verse
such as John 14:6, the parenthetical
citation following the passage would be (John 14:6, NIV).
36 This rule is specific to Liberty University. In standard
Turabian, the footnote number is not superscripted,

and it is followed by a period.
38 Ibid., 204; see also section 24.6.
14
When citing one source quoted in another, Turabian encourages
students to go to the
original source and cite it directly.39 In those cases where the
original cannot be located or
accessed, cite both resources as detailed in Section 17.9.3.
An example of each of the major types of footnoted resources is
included herein for
sample purposes. Note that writers would only include footnotes
and bibliography entries for
resources whose content was actually used in supporting the
author’s position in a paper. Note
also that author names are never inverted in notes. These
samples that follow are for illustration
purposes only, and each source footnoted herein is also included
in the bibliography section. See

the Chart of Turabian Citations to show correlating note and
bibliography entries, side by side,
for each major type of resource.
.40
the first author
followed by et al. In the bibliography entry, however, list all
authors if a resource
has four to ten authors, or up to the first seven authors followed
by et al. if the
resource has more than ten authors).43
40 Wendy Doniger, Splitting the Difference (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1999), 65.
41 David Baggett and Jerry L. Walls, Good God: The Theistic
Foundations of Morality (New York: Oxford
University Press, 2011), 110.

42 Walder Frey, Roose Bolton, and Tywin Lannister, Wedding
Planning in Westeros (King's Landing:
Castamere Publishing, 2013), 300.
43 Mark Orphen et al., Flying Like Eagles (Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 2018), 8-9.
44 Richmond Lattimore, trans., The Iliad of Homer (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1951), 91–92.
45 Jovi Rockwell, The Stray Cats of Lynchburg: A Guide to Cat
Identification, ed. Chris M. Schulz
(Lynchburg, VA: Warwick House Publishing, 2006), 56.
https://www.liberty.edu/casas/academic-success-center/wp-
content/uploads/sites/28/2020/05/Turabian-Chart-of-Citations-
NB-03282020.pdf
15
of a book.47

-reader Book (no page numbers).50,51
46 Andrew Wiese, “‘The House I Live In’: Race, Class, and
African American Suburban Dreams in the
Postwar United States,” in The New Suburban History, ed.
Kevin M. Kruse and Thomas J. Sugrue (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2006), 101–2.
47 James Rieger, introduction to Frankenstein; or, The Modern
Prometheus, by Mary Wollstonecraft
Shelley (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), xx–xxi.
48 Kelsie Bacon, How to Get Famous: The Importance of a
Delicious Last Name (New York: Fake
Publishing Publishers, 2013), 41, ProQuest Ebrary.
49 Note: if the book is a PDF of a hard-copy publication, do not
include the web address (URL); cite it as if
you are holding it in your hand. If a book is available in more
than one format, cite the version you consulted. For
books consulted online, include a URL. If the book was
consulted in a library or commercial database, give the
name of the database instead of a URL.

50 Dave Earley and Rod Dempsey, Disciple Making Is … : How
to Live the Great Commission with Passion
and Confidence (Nashville: B&H Publishers, 2013), Chapter 2,
“Start with Clarity,” para.1, Kindle.
51 If the publication is in digitized form and does not have page
numbers reflecting the actual pages in the
book, include a section title or a chapter or other number in
place of the page number, as shown in the previous
footnote.
52 John Maynard Smith, “The Origin of Altruism,” Nature 393,
no. 2 (April 1998): 639.
53 Note: if the journal has more than one issue per year—i.e.,
(April 1998)—put the month before the date.
54 Mark A. Hlatky et al., "Quality-of-Life and Depressive
Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women after
Receiving Hormone Therapy: Results from the Heart and
Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Trial,"
Journal of the American Medical Association 287, no. 5
(February 2002): page #s or chapter if page numbers are not
available,
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/194612.
55 For a journal article consulted online, include a URL. For
articles that include a DOI, form the URL by
appending the DOI to http:// dx.doi.org/ rather than using the
URL in the address bar. If the article was consulted in

a library or commercial database, give the name of the database
instead.
56 Kenneth T. Jackson, "All the World's a Mall: Reflections on
the Social and Economic Consequences of
the American Shopping Center," American Historical Review
(October 1996): 1111-1121.
57 Kenneth T. Jackson, "Reflections on the Consolidation of
New York," New York Law School Law
Review XLII (1998): 713-721.
58 Steve Martin, “Sports-Interview Shocker,” New Yorker, May
6, 2002, 84.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/194612
16
or dissertation.61
conference, or in class

(unpublished).65
68
bibliography).69
59 William S. Niederkorn, “A Scholar Recants on His
‘Shakespeare’ Discovery,” New York Times, June 20,
2002, Arts section, Midwest edition, B122.
60 James Gorman, “Endangered Species,” review of The Last
American Man, by Elizabeth Gilbert, New
York Times Book Review, June 2, 2002, 16.
61 A. Chadwick Thornhill, “To the Jew First: A Socio-
Historical and Biblical-Theological Analysis of the
Pauline Teaching of ‘Election’ in Light of Second Temple
Jewish Patterns of Thought.” PhD diss., Liberty Baptist
Theological Seminary, 2013.
62 Professor of History Samuel C. Smith at Liberty University,
interview by author, Lynchburg, VA,
February 9, 2016.

63 Ordinarily, “unpublished interviews (including those the
author has conducted him/herself) should
usually be cited only in notes” (Turabian 2018, 197). The
bibliography section of this paper, however, includes an
example of how to format an interview entry when necessary.
64 Robert Ritchie, “Vietnam: Lessons from the War” (video
lecture in HIUS 500 at Liberty University,
Lynchburg, VA, March 19, 2016).
65 Brian Doyle, “Howling Like Dogs: Metaphorical Language
in Psalm 59” (paper presented at the annual
international meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature,
Berlin, Germany, June 19–22, 2002).
66 George Whitefield to Mr. I. Roberts, July 18, 1740, The
Works of the Reverend George Whitefield, vol. 1
(London: Printed for Edward and Charles Dilly, 1771), 199-200.
67 Egerton Leigh, The Man Unmasked: or, the World
Undeceived in the Author of a Late Pamphlet,
Intitled, ‘Extracts from the Proceedings of the High Court of
Vice-Admiralty in Charlestown, South-Carolina,’ &c
with Suitable Remarks on that Masterly Performance in Philip
Hamer, et al., eds., The Papers of Henry Laurens,
vol. 6 (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1969-
2003), 19-23.
68 Silas Deane to Elizabeth Deane, (Letter 16) 7 September
1774, Delegates to Congress: Letters of

Delegates to Congress, 1774-1789, vol. 1, August 1774-August
1775, Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia
Library, 35,
http://etext.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/DelVol01.html.
69 Carolyn Curtis, Farm Work, September 8, 1999, Shreeve,
OH, in author’s possession.
70 Andrew Hanon, “Never Give Up” (music video), directed by
Patrick Keene, October 2, 2011, 4:25,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abcdeQWver.
http://etext.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/DelVol01.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abcdeQWver
17
—
Census.71
Special Applications
Examples of Citing the Bible
Many students struggle with the proper formatting in citing the
Bible. When citing

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