How to measure polarization or consensus in citation networks? Can we use community detection to uncover consensus? Presentation given at CWTS, 17 June 2015

1. Polarization and consensus in citation
networks.
V.A. Traag
KITLV & e-Humanities, KNAW, the Netherlands
2 June 2015
eRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Humanities

2. What is a community?
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Community or Cluster

3. What is a community?
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Community or Cluster
But is it a good community?

4. What is a community?
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Community or Cluster
But is it a good community?
Count links in community

5. What is a community?
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Community or Cluster
But is it a good community?
Count links in community
ec = 4

6. What is a community?
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Community or Cluster
But is it a good community?
Count links in community
ec = 4
Expected links?

7. What is a community?
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Community or Cluster
But is it a good community?
Count links in community
ec = 4
Expected links?
ec = k2
c
4m = 122
4·17 ≈ 2.1

8. What is a community?
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Community or Cluster
But is it a good community?
Count links in community
ec = 4
Expected links?
ec = k2
c
4m = 122
4·17 ≈ 2.1
4 links in community,
only 2.1 expected.

9. What is a community?
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Community or Cluster
But is it a good community?
Count links in community
ec = 4
Expected links?
ec = k2
c
4m = 122
4·17 ≈ 2.1
4 links in community,
only 2.1 expected.
Want many links, few expected

10. What is a community?
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Quality overall:
Q =
1
m ∑
c
(ec − ec ) ≈ 0.30
Newman & Girvan. Phys. Rev. E 69, 026113 (2004).

11. What is a community?
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Are there better communities?

12. Better communities
Initial communities: Q ≈ 0.30
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

13. Better communities
Initial communities: Q ≈ 0.30
Move 0: Q ≈ 0.36
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

14. Better communities
Initial communities: Q ≈ 0.30
Move 0: Q ≈ 0.36
Move 5: Q ≈ 0.45
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

15. Better communities
Initial communities: Q ≈ 0.30
Move 0: Q ≈ 0.36
Move 5: Q ≈ 0.45
Move 11: Q ≈ 0.47
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

16. Better communities
Initial communities: Q ≈ 0.30
Move 0: Q ≈ 0.36
Move 5: Q ≈ 0.45
Move 11: Q ≈ 0.47
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Final communities: Q ≈ 0.47

17. Better communities
Initial communities: Q ≈ 0.30
Move 0: Q ≈ 0.36
Move 5: Q ≈ 0.45
Move 11: Q ≈ 0.47
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Final communities: Q ≈ 0.47
Louvain Algorithm
Blondel et al. J. Stat. Mech. 2008, P10008 (2008).

18. Is smoking cancerous?
Community & consensus in networks

19. Is smoking cancerous?
Community & consensus in networks
Shwed & Bearman. Am. Sociol. Rev. 75, 817–840 (2010).

20. Modularity as consensus?
High modularity ⇒ polarization
Low modularity ⇒ consensus

21. Modularity as consensus?
High modularity ⇒ polarization
Low modularity ⇒ consensus
Many graphs have
high modularity,
but no community structure.

22. Modularity as consensus?
Q = 0.31
Reichardt & Bornholdt. Physica D 224, 20–26 (2006).

23. Missing link
What if a paper does not cite another paper?
Disagreement?
Or irrelevance?

24. Missing link
What if a paper does not cite another paper?
Disagreement?
Or irrelevance?

25. Missing link
What if a paper does not cite another paper?
Disagreement?
Or irrelevance?

26. Scientific specialisation
Modularity
0
1
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
adduct, genotyp, dna, gstm1, polymorph
lung, mortal, smoker, risk, cigarett
breast, prostat, women, risk, associ
hpv, cervic, cin, women, sexual
p53, mutat, bladder, gene, tumor
lung, exposur, radon, betacaroten, worker
lung, exposur, risk, nonsmok, smoker
oral, p53, alcohol, patient, risk
exposur, lung, radon, worker, occup
pancreat, risk, pancrea, cancer, mutat
gastric, colorect, risk, intak, adenoma
nnk, nnal, lung, carcinogen, dna
Bruggeman, Traag & Uitermark. Am. Sociol. Rev. 77, 1050–1063 (2012).

27. Scientific specialisation
Modularity
0
1
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
adduct, genotyp, dna, gstm1, polymorph
lung, mortal, smoker, risk, cigarett
breast, prostat, women, risk, associ
hpv, cervic, cin, women, sexual
p53, mutat, bladder, gene, tumor
lung, exposur, radon, betacaroten, worker
lung, exposur, risk, nonsmok, smoker
oral, p53, alcohol, patient, risk
exposur, lung, radon, worker, occup
pancreat, risk, pancrea, cancer, mutat
gastric, colorect, risk, intak, adenoma
nnk, nnal, lung, carcinogen, dna
97 1998 1999 2000
adduct, genotyp, dna, gstm1, polymorph
lung, mortal, smoker, risk, cigarett
breast, prostat, women, risk, associ
hpv, cervic, cin, women, sexual
Bruggeman, Traag & Uitermark. Am. Sociol. Rev. 77, 1050–1063 (2012).

28. Scientific specialisation
Modularity
0
1
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
adduct, genotyp, dna, gstm1, polymorph
lung, mortal, smoker, risk, cigarett
breast, prostat, women, risk, associ
hpv, cervic, cin, women, sexual
p53, mutat, bladder, gene, tumor
lung, exposur, radon, betacaroten, worker
lung, exposur, risk, nonsmok, smoker
oral, p53, alcohol, patient, risk
exposur, lung, radon, worker, occup
pancreat, risk, pancrea, cancer, mutat
gastric, colorect, risk, intak, adenoma
nnk, nnal, lung, carcinogen, dna
97 1998 1999 2000
adduct, genotyp, dna, gstm1, polymorph
lung, mortal, smoker, risk, cigarett
breast, prostat, women, risk, associ
hpv, cervic, cin, women, sexual
p53, mutat, bladder, gene, tumor
lung, exposur, radon, betacaroten, worker
Bruggeman, Traag & Uitermark. Am. Sociol. Rev. 77, 1050–1063 (2012).

29. Scientific specialisation
Modularity
0
1
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
adduct, genotyp, dna, gstm1, polymorph
lung, mortal, smoker, risk, cigarett
breast, prostat, women, risk, associ
hpv, cervic, cin, women, sexual
p53, mutat, bladder, gene, tumor
lung, exposur, radon, betacaroten, worker
lung, exposur, risk, nonsmok, smoker
oral, p53, alcohol, patient, risk
exposur, lung, radon, worker, occup
pancreat, risk, pancrea, cancer, mutat
gastric, colorect, risk, intak, adenoma
nnk, nnal, lung, carcinogen, dna
adduct, genotyp, dna, gstm1, polymorph
lung, mortal, smoker, risk, cigarett
breast, prostat, women, risk, associ
hpv, cervic, cin, women, sexual
p53, mutat, bladder, gene, tumor
lung, exposur, radon, betacaroten, worker
lung, exposur, risk, nonsmok, smoker
Bruggeman, Traag & Uitermark. Am. Sociol. Rev. 77, 1050–1063 (2012).

30. Scientific specialisation
Modularity
0
1
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
adduct, genotyp, dna, gstm1, polymorph
lung, mortal, smoker, risk, cigarett
breast, prostat, women, risk, associ
hpv, cervic, cin, women, sexual
p53, mutat, bladder, gene, tumor
lung, exposur, radon, betacaroten, worker
lung, exposur, risk, nonsmok, smoker
oral, p53, alcohol, patient, risk
exposur, lung, radon, worker, occup
pancreat, risk, pancrea, cancer, mutat
gastric, colorect, risk, intak, adenoma
nnk, nnal, lung, carcinogen, dna
lung, mortal, smoker, risk, cigarett
breast, prostat, women, risk, associ
hpv, cervic, cin, women, sexual
p53, mutat, bladder, gene, tumor
lung, exposur, radon, betacaroten, worker
lung, exposur, risk, nonsmok, smoker
Bruggeman, Traag & Uitermark. Am. Sociol. Rev. 77, 1050–1063 (2012).

31. Negative links
When does a citation relate to polarization?
If the citation is critical.
Negative link

32. Negative links
When does a citation relate to polarization?
If the citation is critical.
Negative link

33. Negative links
When does a citation relate to polarization?
If the citation is critical.
Negative link
Traag & Bruggeman. Phys. Rev. E 80, 036115 (2009).

34. Effect of negative links
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
0.00.20.40.60.81.0
Year
NMI
q q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q q q
q
q
q
Independent
5%
10%
Bruggeman, Traag & Uitermark. Am. Sociol. Rev. 77, 1050–1063 (2012).

35. Dutch debate citation network
Data
• Opinion articles in newspapers (LexisNexis)
NRC, Volkskrant, Trouw
• Long articles (> 1 000 words)
• Concerning integration:
minorities, foreigners, muslims & integration.
• In total 784 articles.
Citation network
• From author to authors (not articles)
• For each reference indicate valence:
Negative, Neutral, Positive
• 2 027 authors, 8 395 references
53% neutral, 19% positive, 29% negative.

36. Dutch debate citation network
Data
• Opinion articles in newspapers (LexisNexis)
NRC, Volkskrant, Trouw
• Long articles (> 1 000 words)
• Concerning integration:
minorities, foreigners, muslims & integration.
• In total 784 articles.
Citation network
• From author to authors (not articles)
• For each reference indicate valence:
Negative, Neutral, Positive
• 2 027 authors, 8 395 references
53% neutral, 19% positive, 29% negative.

37. Attention & polarization
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−120 −100 −80 −60 −40 −20 0
050100150200250
weighted degree
degree

38. Dutch debate community structure
Aad Kosto
Ab Klink
Abraham Kuyper
Abu Nuwas
Ad Melkert
Adri Duivesteijn
AEL
Afshin Ellian
Ahmed Aboutaleb
Ahmet Daskapan
Aisha
AIVD
Ali B.
Ali Lazrak
Ali Madanipour
Al-Qaeda
Amin Saikal
Amitai Etzioni
Anil Ramdas
Anita Bocker
Annelies Verstand
Anne-Ruth Wertheim
Anton Zijderveld
Arie Slob
Arie van der Zwan
Arie van Deursen
Aristoteles
Averroes
Avicenna
Avishai Margalit
Ayaan Hirsi Ali
Ayatolah Khomeini
Bart Jan Spruyt
Bart Tromp
Bas Heijne
Bas van Stokkom
Bernard Lewis
Bert Middel
Bertrand Russell
Bert Wagendorp
Betsy Udink
Osama Bin Laden
Britta Bohler
Camiel Eurlings
CDA
CIDI
Claude Lefort
Claude Steele
Commissie Blok
Commissie-Stasi
Commissie van Montfrans
CPB
D66
Daniel Garrison Brinton
David Brooks
David Lilienthal
David Pryce-Jones
De Volkskrant
Dick Cheney
Dick de Ruijter
Dick Pels
Dick van Eijk
Dietrich Thranhardt
Driss el Boujoufi
Dyab Abou Jahjah
Ebru Umar
Ed Leuw
Edmund Burke
Edward Said
Een Ander Joods Geluid
Ella Kalsbeek
Elsbeth Etty
Els Borst
Erasmus
Erica Terpstra
Erik Snel
Ernest Renan
Fadima Orgu
Fatima Elatik
Fatma Katirci
Federatie Nederlandse Zionisten
Femke Halsema
FNV
Fokke Obbema
Forum
Freek de Jonge
Frits Bolkestein
Frits van veen
Frits Wester
Fuad Hussein
Gabriel van den Brink
Geert Mak
Geert Wilders
George W. Bush
Gerard de Vries
Gerard Smink
Gerard Spong
Gerrit Zalm
Gijs Weenink
Gilles Kepel
Groen Links
Haci Karacaer
Hafid Bouazza
Halim El Madkouri
Han Entzinger
Hans Boutellier
Hans Dijkstal
Hans Janmaat
Hans Siebers
Hans Visser
Harry van Doorn
Hendrik Colijn
Henk Doll
Herbert Gans
Herman Philipse
Herman Vuijsje
Hilbrand Nawijn
H.J.A. Hofland
Hoge Commissariaat voor Vluchtelingen
Hugo Brandt Corstius
Human Development Report
Ian Buruma
Ibn Hazam
Ibn Warraq
Ilhan Akel
imam El-Moumni
Immanuel Kant
Irshad Manji
Ivo Opstelten
Jacob Kohnstamm
Jaco Dagevos
Jacqueline Costa-Lascoux
Jacqueline Draaijer
Jacques Wallage
James C. Kennedy
Jan Beerenhout
Jan Blokker
Jan Brugman
Jan Drentje
Jan Jacob Slauerhoff
Jan-Peter Balkendende
Jan Pronk
Jan Rijpstra
Jan Schaefer
Jantine Nipius
Jantine Oldersma
Jan Willem Duyvendak
Jean Tillie
Jefferson
Jelle van der Meer
Jerome Heldring
Job Cohen
Johan Norberg
Johan Remkes
John Coetzee
John Gray
John Jansen van galen
John Leerdam
John Mollenkopf
John Stuart Mill
Jola Jakson
Joodse Gemeente Amsterdam
Joods Journaal
Joost Eerdmans
Joost Niemoller
Joost Zwagerman
Jorg Haider
Jos de Beus
Jos de Mul
Jozias van Aartsen
Justus Veenman
Jytte Klausen
Kader Abdollah
Karel van het Reve
Karen Adelmund
Kees van der Staaij
Kees van Kooten
Kees Vendrik
Khalifa
KMAN
Kohnstamm Instituut
Kohnstamm-rapport
Laurent Chambon
Leefbaar Rotterdam
Leo Lucassen
Likud Nederland
LPF
Maarten Huygen
Malcolm X
Mansour Khalid
Marc de Kessel
Marcel van Dam
Marco Borsato
Marco Pastors
Maria van der Hoeven
Marijke Vos
Marion van San
Mark Bovens
Marlite Halbertsma
Martien Kromwijk
Martin Luther
Maududi
Maurits Berger
Maxime Verhagen
Meindert Fennema
Menno Hurenkamp
Micha de Winter
Michele de Waard
Michele Tribalat
Milli Gorus
Mimount Bousakla
Mirjam de Rijk
Mohammed Arkoun
Mohammed Benzakour
Mohammed Cheppih
Mohammed Iqbal
Mohammed Reza Pahlavi
Mohammed Sini
Naema Tahir
Naima Elmaslouhi
Nazih Ayubi
Nazmiye Oral
NCB
Neal Ascherson
Nebahat Albayrak
Nico de Haas
Nico van Nimwegen
Nieuw Israelitisch Weekblad
Norman Podhoretz
Nout Wellink
NRC Handelsblad
Olivier Roy
Orhan Pamuk
Oscar Garschagen
Oscar Hammerstein
Osdorp Posse
Paul Cliteur
Paul de Beer
Paul Gerbrands
Pauline Meurs
Paul Meurs
Paul Rosenmuller
Paul Scheffer
Paul Schnabel
Peter Langendam
Peter Smit
Pierre Bourdieu
Pierre Heijnen
Pieter Lakeman
Piet Hein Donner
Pim Fortuyn
PPR
President Eisenhower
Prinses Maxima
Profeet Mohammed
Professor Peters
PvdA
Qotb
Ramsey Nasr
Renate Rubinstein
Rene Cuperus
RIAGG
Ria van Gils
Rita Verdonk
Rob Oudkerk
Roger van Boxtel
Ronald van Raak
Rudy Kousbroek
Ruud Koopmans
Ruud Lubbers
Saddam Hussein
Said Benayad
Salman Rushdie
Samuel Huntington
Schelto Patijn
SCP
Senay Ozdemir
Shervin Nekuee
Shukri
Silvio Berlusconi
Simone van der Burg
SISWO
Sjaak van der Tak
Sjeik Ahmed Yassin
Sjoerd de Jong
Soedish Verhoeven
SP
Spinoza
Stef Blok
Susan Moller Okin
S.W. Couwenberg
Sylvain Ephimenco
Tara Singh Varma
Theodor Adorno
Theo van Gogh
Theo Veenkamp
Thijs Woltgens
Thorbecke
Timothy Garton AshTiny Cox
Tony Blair
Tzvetan Todorov
Van Montfrans
Vlaams Blok
VN Committee for elimination of all forms of racism
Volkert van der Graaf
VVD
VVN
Wasif Shadid
Werner Schiffauer
Wiardi Beckman Stichting
Willem Vermeend
Wim de Bie
Wim Kok
Wim Willems
Wouter bos
WRR
WRR 1989
WRR 2001
WRR 2003
Yucel Yesilgoz
Zekeriya Gumus
Zeki Arslan
Bruggeman, Traag & Uitermark. Am. Sociol. Rev. 77, 1050–1063 (2012).

39. Dutch debate community structure
Aad Kosto
Ab Klink
Abraham Kuyper
Abu Nuwas
Ad Melkert
Adri Duivesteijn
AEL
Afshin Ellian
Ahmed Aboutaleb
Ahmet Daskapan
Aisha
AIVD
Ali B.
Ali Lazrak
Ali Madanipour
Al-Qaeda
Amin Saikal
Amitai Etzioni
Anil Ramdas
Anita Bocker
Annelies Verstand
Anne-Ruth Wertheim
Anton Zijderveld
Arie Slob
Arie van der Zwan
Arie van Deursen
Aristoteles
Averroes
Avicenna
Avishai Margalit
Ayaan Hirsi Ali
Ayatolah Khomeini
Bart Jan Spruyt
Bart Tromp
Bas Heijne
Bas van Stokkom
Bernard Lewis
Bert Middel
Bertrand Russell
Bert Wagendorp
Betsy Udink
Osama Bin Laden
Britta Bohler
Camiel Eurlings
CDA
CIDI
Claude Lefort
Claude Steele
Commissie Blok
Commissie-Stasi
Commissie van Montfrans
CPB
D66
Daniel Garrison Brinton
David Brooks
David Lilienthal
David Pryce-Jones
De Volkskrant
Dick Cheney
Dick de Ruijter
Dick Pels
Dick van Eijk
Dietrich Thranhardt
Driss el Boujoufi
Dyab Abou Jahjah
Ebru Umar
Ed Leuw
Edmund Burke
Edward Said
Een Ander Joods Geluid
Ella Kalsbeek
Elsbeth Etty
Els Borst
Erasmus
Erica Terpstra
Erik Snel
Ernest Renan
Fadima Orgu
Fatima Elatik
Fatma Katirci
Federatie Nederlandse Zionisten
Femke Halsema
FNV
Fokke Obbema
Forum
Freek de Jonge
Frits Bolkestein
Frits van veen
Frits Wester
Fuad Hussein
Gabriel van den Brink
Geert Mak
Geert Wilders
George W. Bush
Gerard de Vries
Gerard Smink
Gerard Spong
Gerrit Zalm
Gijs Weenink
Gilles Kepel
Groen Links
Haci Karacaer
Hafid Bouazza
Halim El Madkouri
Han Entzinger
Hans Boutellier
Hans Dijkstal
Hans Janmaat
Hans Siebers
Hans Visser
Harry van Doorn
Hendrik Colijn
Henk Doll
Herbert Gans
Herman Philipse
Herman Vuijsje
Hilbrand Nawijn
H.J.A. Hofland
Hoge Commissariaat voor Vluchtelingen
Hugo Brandt Corstius
Human Development Report
Ian Buruma
Ibn Hazam
Ibn Warraq
Ilhan Akel
imam El-Moumni
Immanuel Kant
Irshad Manji
Ivo Opstelten
Jacob Kohnstamm
Jaco Dagevos
Jacqueline Costa-Lascoux
Jacqueline Draaijer
Jacques Wallage
James C. Kennedy
Jan Beerenhout
Jan Blokker
Jan Brugman
Jan Drentje
Jan Jacob Slauerhoff
Jan-Peter Balkendende
Jan Pronk
Jan Rijpstra
Jan Schaefer
Jantine Nipius
Jantine Oldersma
Jan Willem Duyvendak
Jean Tillie
Jefferson
Jelle van der Meer
Jerome Heldring
Job Cohen
Johan Norberg
Johan Remkes
John Coetzee
John Gray
John Jansen van galen
John Leerdam
John Mollenkopf
John Stuart Mill
Jola Jakson
Joodse Gemeente Amsterdam
Joods Journaal
Joost Eerdmans
Joost Niemoller
Joost Zwagerman
Jorg Haider
Jos de Beus
Jos de Mul
Jozias van Aartsen
Justus Veenman
Jytte Klausen
Kader Abdollah
Karel van het Reve
Karen Adelmund
Kees van der Staaij
Kees van Kooten
Kees Vendrik
Khalifa
KMAN
Kohnstamm Instituut
Kohnstamm-rapport
Laurent Chambon
Leefbaar Rotterdam
Leo Lucassen
Likud Nederland
LPF
Maarten Huygen
Malcolm X
Mansour Khalid
Marc de Kessel
Marcel van Dam
Marco Borsato
Marco Pastors
Maria van der Hoeven
Marijke Vos
Marion van San
Mark Bovens
Marlite Halbertsma
Martien Kromwijk
Martin Luther
Maududi
Maurits Berger
Maxime Verhagen
Meindert Fennema
Menno Hurenkamp
Micha de Winter
Michele de Waard
Michele Tribalat
Milli Gorus
Mimount Bousakla
Mirjam de Rijk
Mohammed Arkoun
Mohammed Benzakour
Mohammed Cheppih
Mohammed Iqbal
Mohammed Reza Pahlavi
Mohammed Sini
Naema Tahir
Naima Elmaslouhi
Nazih Ayubi
Nazmiye Oral
NCB
Neal Ascherson
Nebahat Albayrak
Nico de Haas
Nico van Nimwegen
Nieuw Israelitisch Weekblad
Norman Podhoretz
Nout Wellink
NRC Handelsblad
Olivier Roy
Orhan Pamuk
Oscar Garschagen
Oscar Hammerstein
Osdorp Posse
Paul Cliteur
Paul de Beer
Paul Gerbrands
Pauline Meurs
Paul Meurs
Paul Rosenmuller
Paul Scheffer
Paul Schnabel
Peter Langendam
Peter Smit
Pierre Bourdieu
Pierre Heijnen
Pieter Lakeman
Piet Hein Donner
Pim Fortuyn
PPR
President Eisenhower
Prinses Maxima
Profeet Mohammed
Professor Peters
PvdA
Qotb
Ramsey Nasr
Renate Rubinstein
Rene Cuperus
RIAGG
Ria van Gils
Rita Verdonk
Rob Oudkerk
Roger van Boxtel
Ronald van Raak
Rudy Kousbroek
Ruud Koopmans
Ruud Lubbers
Saddam Hussein
Said Benayad
Salman Rushdie
Samuel Huntington
Schelto Patijn
SCP
Senay Ozdemir
Shervin Nekuee
Shukri
Silvio Berlusconi
Simone van der Burg
SISWO
Sjaak van der Tak
Sjeik Ahmed Yassin
Sjoerd de Jong
Soedish Verhoeven
SP
Spinoza
Stef Blok
Susan Moller Okin
S.W. Couwenberg
Sylvain Ephimenco
Tara Singh Varma
Theodor Adorno
Theo van Gogh
Theo Veenkamp
Thijs Woltgens
Thorbecke
Timothy Garton AshTiny Cox
Tony Blair
Tzvetan Todorov
Van Montfrans
Vlaams Blok
VN Committee for elimination of all forms of racism
Volkert van der Graaf
VVD
VVN
Wasif Shadid
Werner Schiffauer
Wiardi Beckman Stichting
Willem Vermeend
Wim de Bie
Wim Kok
Wim Willems
Wouter bos
WRR
WRR 1989
WRR 2001
WRR 2003
Yucel Yesilgoz
Zekeriya Gumus
Zeki Arslan
Bruggeman, Traag & Uitermark. Am. Sociol. Rev. 77, 1050–1063 (2012).

40. Dutch debate community structure
Aad Kosto
Ab Klink
Abraham Kuyper
Abu Nuwas
Ad Melkert
Adri Duivesteijn
AEL
Afshin Ellian Ahmed Aboutaleb
Ahmet Daskapan
Aisha
AIVD
Ali B.
Ali Lazrak
Ali Madanipour
Al-Qaeda
Amin Saikal
Amitai Etzioni
Anil Ramdas
Anita Bocker
Annelies Verstand
Anne-Ruth Wertheim
Anton Zijderveld
Arie Slob
Arie van der Zwan
Arie van Deursen
Aristoteles
Averroes
Avicenna
Avishai Margalit
Ayaan Hirsi Ali
Ayatolah Khomeini
Bart Jan Spruyt
Bart Tromp
Bas Heijne
Bas van Stokkom
Bernard Lewis
Bert Middel
Bertrand Russell
Bert Wagendorp
Betsy Udink
Osama Bin Laden
Britta Bohler
Camiel Eurlings
CDA
CIDI
Claude Lefort
Claude Steele
Commissie Blok
Commissie-Stasi
Commissie van Montfrans
CPBD66
Daniel Garrison Brinton
David Brooks
David Lilienthal
David Pryce-Jones
De Volkskrant
Dick Cheney
Dick de Ruijter
Dick Pels
Dick van Eijk
Dietrich Thranhardt
oufi
Dyab Abou Jahjah
Ebru Umar
Ed Leuw
Edmund Burke
Edward Said
Een Ander Joods Geluid
Ella Kalsbeek
Elsbeth Etty
Els Borst
Erasmus
Erica Terpstra
Erik Snel
Ernest Renan
Fadima Orgu
Fatima Elatik
Fatma Katirci
Federatie Nederlandse Zionisten
Femke Halsema
FNV
Fokke Obbem
Forum
Freek de Jonge
Frits Bolkestein
Frits van veen
Frits WesterFuad Hussein
Gabriel van den Brink
Geert Mak
Geert Wilders
George W. Bush
rard de Vries
Gerard Smink
Gerard Spong
Gerrit Zalm
Gijs Weenink
Gilles K
Groen Links
Haci Karacaer
Hafid Bouazza
Halim El Madkouri
Han Entzinger
Hans Boutellier
Hans Dijkstal
Hans Janmaat
Hans Siebers
Hans Visser
Harry van Doorn
Hendrik Colijn
Henk Doll
Herbert Gans
Herman Philipse
Herman Vuijsje
Hilbrand Nawijn
H.J.A. Hofland
Hoge Commissariaat voor Vluchtelingen
Hugo Brandt Corstius
Human Development Report
Ian Buruma
Ibn Hazam
Ibn Warraq
Ilhan Akel
imam El-Moumni
Immanuel Kant
Irshad Manji
Opstelten
Jacob Kohnstamm
Jacqueline Costa-Lascoux
Jacqueline Draaijer
Jacques Wallage
James C. Kennedy
Jan Beerenhout
Jan Blokker
Jan BrugmanJan Drentje
Jan Jacob Slauerhoff
Jan-Peter Balkendende
Jan Pronk
Jan Rijpstra
Jan Schaefer
Jantine Nipius
Jantine Oldersma
uyvendak
Jean Tillie
Jefferson
Jelle van der Meer
Jerome Heldring
Job Cohen
Johan Norberg
Johan Remkes
John Coetzee
John Gray
John Jansen van galen
John Leerdam
John Mollenkopf
John Stuart Mill
Jola Jakson
Joodse Gemeente Amsterdam
Joods Journaal
Joost Eerdmans
Joost Niemoller
Joost Zwagerman
Jorg Haider
Jos de Beus
Jos de Mul
Jozias van Aartsen
Justus Veenman
Jytte Klausen
Kader Abdollah
Karel van het Reve
Karen Adelmund
van der Staaij
Kees van Kooten
Kees Vendrik
Khalifa
KMAN
Kohnstamm Instituut
Kohnstamm-rapport
L
Leefbaar Rotterdam
Leo Lucassen
Likud Nederland
LPF
Maarten Huygen
Malcolm X
Mansour Khalid
Marc de Kessel
Marcel van Dam
Marco Borsato
Marco Pastors
Maria van der Hoeven
Marijke Vos
Marion van San
Mark Bovens
Marlite Halbertsma
mwijk
Martin Luther
Maududi
Maurits Berger
Maxime Verhagen
Meindert Fennema
Hurenkamp
Micha de Winter
Michele de Waard
Michele Tribalat
Milli Gorus
Mimount Bousakla
Mirjam de Rijk
Mohammed Arkoun
Mohammed Benzakour
Mohammed Cheppih
Mohammed Iqbal
Mohammed Reza Pahlavi
Mohammed Sini
Naema Tahir
Naima Elmaslouhi
Nazih Ayubi
Nazmiye Oral
NCB
Neal Ascherson
Nebahat Albayrak
Nico de Haas
Nico van Nimwegen
Nieuw Israelitisch Weekblad
Norman Podhoretz
Nout Wellink
NRC Handelsblad
Olivier Roy
Orhan Pamuk
Oscar Garschagen
Oscar Hammerstein
Osdorp Posse
Paul Cliteur
Paul de Beer
Paul Gerbrands
Pauline Meu
Paul Meurs
Paul Rosenmuller
Paul Scheffer
Paul Schnabel
Peter Langendam
Peter Smit
Pierre Bourdieu
Pierre Heijnen
Pieter Lakeman
Piet Hein Donner
Pim Fortuyn
PPR
President Eisenhower
Prinses Maxima
Profeet Mohammed
Professor Peters
PvdA
Qotb
Ramsey Nasr
Renate Rubinstein
Rene Cuperus
RIAGG
Ria van Gils
Rita Verdonk
Rob Oudkerk
Roger van Boxtel
n Raak
Rudy Kousbroek
Ruud Koopmans
Ruud Lubbers
Saddam Hussein
Said Benayad
Salman Rushdie
Samuel Huntington
Schelto Patijn
SCP
Senay Ozdemir
Shervin Nekuee
Shukri
Silvio Berlusconi
Simone van der Burg
SISWO
van der Tak
Sjeik Ahmed Yassin
Sjoerd de Jong
Soedish Verhoeven
SP
Spinoza
Stef Blok
Susan Moller Okin
S.W. Couwenberg
Sylvain Ephimenco
Tara Singh Varma
Theodor Adorno
Theo van Gogh
Theo Veenkamp
Thijs WoltgensThorbecke
Timothy Garton Ash
Tiny Cox
Tony Blair
Tzvetan Todorov
Van Montfrans
Vlaams Blok
VN Committee for elimination of all forms of racism
Volkert van der Graaf
VVD
VVN
Wasif Shadid
Werner Schiffauer
Wiardi Beckman Stichting
Willem Vermeend
Wim de Bie
Wim Kok
Wim Willems
Wouter bos
WRR
WRR 1989
WRR 2001
Yucel Yesilgoz
Zekeriya Gumus
Zeki Arslan
Bruggeman, Traag & Uitermark. Am. Sociol. Rev. 77, 1050–1063 (2012).

41. Two camps
Neoculturalists
• Protect Dutch (Western) culture.
• Demand integration of minorities.
• Anti-immigrant, anti-islam.
Anti-neoculturalists
• Oppose neoculturalists
• No common discourse
• Accomodation & moderation
Challengers vs. established

42. Two camps
Neoculturalists
• Protect Dutch (Western) culture.
• Demand integration of minorities.
• Anti-immigrant, anti-islam.
Anti-neoculturalists
• Oppose neoculturalists
• No common discourse
• Accomodation & moderation
Challengers vs. established

43. Two camps
Neoculturalists
• Protect Dutch (Western) culture.
• Demand integration of minorities.
• Anti-immigrant, anti-islam.
Anti-neoculturalists
• Oppose neoculturalists
• No common discourse
• Accomodation & moderation
Challengers vs. established

44. Periods
1990 1995 2000 2005
0
50
100
150
Time
#References/Articles
# Articles
Bolkestein
Scheffer
Fortuyn
HirsiAli

45. Challenger vs. established
Resonance
Consonance
Solidarity
Leadership
Polarization
The Bolkestein period
Neoculturalist 5.7 -3.1 8.9 9.7
14.3
Anti-neoculturalist -5.7 6.4 5.3 1.3
The Scheffer period
Neoculturalist 3.9 0.7 7.7 4.2
18.7
Anti-neoculturalist -3.9 -1.2 3.3 -0.9
The Fortuyn period
Neoculturalist 2.4 -1.5 3.9 3.2
1.5
Anti-neoculturalist -2.4 2.0 3.0 -2.7
The Hirsi Ali period
Neoculturalist 3.4 0.3 13.0 14.2
50.7
Anti-neoculturalist -3.4 -0.4 7.3 3.2

46. Challenger vs. established
Resonance
Consonance
Solidarity
Leadership
Polarization
The Bolkestein period
Neoculturalist 5.7 -3.1 8.9 9.7
14.3
Anti-neoculturalist -5.7 6.4 5.3 1.3
The Scheffer period
Neoculturalist 3.9 0.7 7.7 4.2
18.7
Anti-neoculturalist -3.9 -1.2 3.3 -0.9
The Fortuyn period
Neoculturalist 2.4 -1.5 3.9 3.2
1.5
Anti-neoculturalist -2.4 2.0 3.0 -2.7
The Hirsi Ali period
Neoculturalist 3.4 0.3 13.0 14.2
50.7
Anti-neoculturalist -3.4 -0.4 7.3 3.2

47. Challenger vs. established
Resonance
Consonance
Solidarity
Leadership
Polarization
The Bolkestein period
Neoculturalist 5.7 -3.1 8.9 9.7
14.3
Anti-neoculturalist -5.7 6.4 5.3 1.3
The Scheffer period
Neoculturalist 3.9 0.7 7.7 4.2
18.7
Anti-neoculturalist -3.9 -1.2 3.3 -0.9
The Fortuyn period
Neoculturalist 2.4 -1.5 3.9 3.2
1.5
Anti-neoculturalist -2.4 2.0 3.0 -2.7
The Hirsi Ali period
Neoculturalist 3.4 0.3 13.0 14.2
50.7
Anti-neoculturalist -3.4 -0.4 7.3 3.2

48. Challenger vs. established
Resonance
Consonance
Solidarity
Leadership
Polarization
The Bolkestein period
Neoculturalist 5.7 -3.1 8.9 9.7
14.3
Anti-neoculturalist -5.7 6.4 5.3 1.3
The Scheffer period
Neoculturalist 3.9 0.7 7.7 4.2
18.7
Anti-neoculturalist -3.9 -1.2 3.3 -0.9
The Fortuyn period
Neoculturalist 2.4 -1.5 3.9 3.2
1.5
Anti-neoculturalist -2.4 2.0 3.0 -2.7
The Hirsi Ali period
Neoculturalist 3.4 0.3 13.0 14.2
50.7
Anti-neoculturalist -3.4 -0.4 7.3 3.2

49. Conclusion
• Use modularity to find groups.
• Do not use modularity for measuring polarization.
• Use negative links for analysing polarization.
• Cohesive group of challengers dominate debate.
Thank you!
Questions?

50. Conclusion
• Use modularity to find groups.
• Do not use modularity for measuring polarization.
• Use negative links for analysing polarization.
• Cohesive group of challengers dominate debate.
Thank you!
Questions?