The document covers various concepts related to socialization, personality formation, and cultural influences, emphasizing the role of family, environment, and societal interactions in shaping individual identity and behaviors. It discusses theories and contributions from various sociologists and anthropologists, the impact of peer groups, and the processes of enculturation, acculturation, and assimilation. Additionally, it touches on social roles, statuses, and the functions of institutions like schools and mass media in the socialization process.

1. Steve Roland Cabra 1/22/2023
Grade XII-Ecclesiates
POINTERS TO REVIEW
UNDERSTANDING THE CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE
A. SOCIALIZATION
1. Hunt 1982: Without additional context, it's challenging to pinpoint a specific reference to "Hunt 1982" in the
context of socialization. It's possible that you may be referring to a particular author or a work that discusses
socialization around that time. If you can provide more details, I can offer more specific information.
2. Victor Bornouw: It seems there might be a typo in the name. It could be Victor Barnouw, who was an
anthropologist known for his work in cultural anthropology. Bornouw might be a misspelling.
3. R. Deweys and W.J. Humbers: I couldn't find specific information on individuals with these names in the context of
socialization. It's possible there might be a spelling error or the names could be associated with lesser-known
figures in the field.
4. Personality: Personality refers to the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make an
individual unique. In the context of socialization, personality development is influenced by various factors, including
genetics, environment, and social interactions.
5. Identity: Identity refers to the conception and expression of an individual's selfhood or the qualities, beliefs, and
characteristics that make one person or group distinct from others. Socialization plays a crucial role in shaping and
influencing the development of one's identity, including aspects related to culture, gender, and social roles.
B. DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY FORMATION
1. PANOPIO, ET AL(1994): Without more specific details, it's challenging to provide information about Panopio et al. in
1994. It could refer to a research paper, book, or study authored by Panopio and others in the year 1994. If you have
more context or details about the content, I might be able to provide more information.
2. Biological Inheritance (Nature): This term refers to the idea that certain traits and characteristics are passed down
from one generation to the next through genetic material. It suggests that an individual's biology, including genetic
makeup, plays a significant role in shaping their attributes and predispositions.
3. Genes: Genes are segments of DNA that carry instructions for the development, functioning, and maintenance of
living organisms. They play a crucial role in determining various biological traits and characteristics, influencing
aspects of both physical and behavioral traits.
4. Environment (Nurture): This refers to the external factors that influence an individual's development. It's often
contrasted with biological inheritance (nature). The environment includes various elements, and it can be broadly
categorized into different types:
A. Geographic Environment: This refers to the physical surroundings of an individual, including factors like
climate, terrain, and natural resources.
B. Cultural Environment: Culture encompasses the shared beliefs, values, customs, and practices of a group of
people. The cultural environment significantly influences socialization and the development of individuals.
C. Culture: Culture is a broader term that includes the shared beliefs, values, customs, and behaviors of a
particular group. It is transmitted from one generation to the next through socialization.
D. Ralph Linton: Ralph Linton was an American anthropologist who made significant contributions to the study
of culture and human behavior. His work often focused on cultural anthropology.
E. Social Environment: This refers to the interactions and relationships an individual has with others in their
social surroundings. Social environment plays a crucial role in shaping personality, behavior, and
socialization.

2. C. CULTURE AND PERSONALITY
1. Socialization Process: Socialization is the lifelong process through which individuals learn and internalize the values,
beliefs, norms, and behaviors of their culture. It plays a crucial role in shaping an individual's personality and
identity. The socialization process typically begins in early childhood and continues throughout life, involving
interactions with family, peers, educational institutions, media, and other social institutions.
2. Family: The family is one of the primary agents of socialization. It serves as the first and most influential environment
where individuals learn cultural norms, values, and social behaviors. Family members, including parents, siblings,
and extended family, contribute to shaping a person's personality and provide the initial framework for cultural
understanding.
3. Mother: In the context of socialization and personality development, the mother (or primary caregiver) has a
profound influence on a child's early experiences. The mother-child relationship is crucial for emotional and
psychological development. The mother often plays a central role in transmitting cultural values, providing
emotional support, and shaping early social interactions.
4. Child: Children, as individuals in the early stages of development, are highly influenced by their social environment,
especially the family. During the socialization process, children learn cultural norms, language, and social behaviors
from their interactions within the family and broader community. The experiences and influences during childhood
have a lasting impact on the formation of personality.
D. STATUS AND ROLES
1. Relative to Socialization: Status and roles are fundamental concepts in sociology, particularly in the context of
socialization. Socialization is the process through which individuals learn and internalize the values, norms, and
behaviors of their culture. As individuals go through the socialization process, they acquire different statuses and
roles within society, shaping their identity and behavior.
2. Social Roles: Social roles are the expected behaviors, rights, and obligations associated with a particular social
position or status. Each status that an individual occupies comes with a set of roles that define how they should
behave in a given social context. Social roles help guide behavior and interactions within a society.
3. Status: Status refers to a socially defined position within a society or social group. It can be achieved or ascribed,
and individuals often occupy multiple statuses simultaneously. Status influences an individual's identity, rights,
duties, and how they are perceived by others in a social setting.
4. Ascribed Status: Ascribed status is a social position that an individual is born into or acquires involuntarily. It is often
based on factors such as age, race, gender, or family background. Ascribed statuses are not chosen by individuals
but are assigned by society.
5. Complementary Status: Complementary status refers to a situation where two or more individuals or groups have
statuses that work together to fulfill a particular social function or task. The roles and responsibilities of
complementary statuses are interdependent.
6. Role Strain: Role strain occurs when there are conflicting demands or expectations within a single role. It can result
from the difficulty of fulfilling all the expectations associated with a particular social position. Role strain is a
common challenge individuals may face in trying to meet the expectations of a single status.
E. ANCIENT OF SOCIALIZATION
1. Barkada (Peers): In the Philippines, the term "Barkada" refers to a close group of friends or peers. Peer groups are
significant agents of socialization, especially during adolescence. Members of a barkada influence each other's
attitudes, behaviors, and cultural practices. Peer socialization contributes to the development of shared values and
norms within the group.
2. School: Schools play a crucial role in socialization. They provide formal education, but they also serve as
environments where individuals learn societal norms, values, and behaviors. Students interact with teachers, peers,
and the educational system, shaping their understanding of societal expectations.
3. Socio-Civic Groups: Socio-civic groups involve community-based organizations or clubs that focus on social and civic
activities. Participating in such groups can expose individuals to community values, shared goals, and collaborative
efforts. Membership in socio-civic groups can contribute to socialization by instilling a sense of civic responsibility
and community engagement.

3. 4. Mass Media: Mass media, including television, radio, newspapers, and the internet, is a powerful agent of
socialization. It influences public opinion, shapes cultural norms, and disseminates information on societal
expectations. Mass media exposure can impact individuals' attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors, contributing to the
broader socialization process.
F. SOCIAL PROCESS
1. Enculturation: The process through which individuals learn and acquire the cultural norms, values, beliefs, and
practices of their society or group.
2. Acculturation: The cultural exchange that occurs when two or more different cultures come into continuous
contact, leading to changes in the cultural patterns of one or both groups.
3. Assimilation: The process in which individuals or groups from different cultural backgrounds integrate into a
dominant culture, often losing some of their original cultural characteristics.
4. John Wesley Powell: An American geologist, ethnologist, and explorer known for his exploration of the Colorado
River and the Grand Canyon. He also contributed to the understanding of Native American cultures.
5. Feng Shui Values: Feng Shui is a Chinese philosophical system that emphasizes harmonizing individuals with their
environment. It involves arranging spaces to enhance the flow of "qi" (energy) for better health and fortune.
6. Cooperation: The act of working together for a common goal, involving mutual assistance and collaboration.
7. Panopio and Raymundo: I couldn't find specific information on Panopio and Raymundo in the context provided. If
you have more details or context, I may be able to provide a better explanation.
8. Bayanihan: A Filipino tradition of community cooperation, where neighbors and friends come together to help
someone in need, often involving the physical relocation of a house.
9. Hunt and Horton: It seems you might be referring to sociologists Robert Hunt and Paul Horton. If you have specific
topics or works in mind, please provide more context for a more accurate explanation.
10. Differentiation: The process of becoming distinct or specialized. In sociology, it can refer to the development of
different social structures or functions within a society.
11. Shmuel Eisenstadt: An Israeli sociologist known for his work on modernization theory and comparative civilizations.
He contributed to understanding social change and development.
12. Amalgamation: The blending or merging of different elements, often referring to the merging of different cultural or
social groups.
13. Stratification: The hierarchical arrangement of individuals or groups in a society based on various factors such as
wealth, power, and social status.
14. Social Stratification: The systematic ranking of people in a society based on various criteria, leading to unequal
distribution of resources and opportunities.
15. Conflict and Competition: Sociological concepts that highlight the role of conflict and competition in shaping social
structures and relationships.
16. Lewis Lorwin: An economic historian and sociologist known for his studies on labor movements and industrial
relations, particularly in the United States.
G. SOCIAL CONTROL, CONFORMITY AND DEVIANCE
1. Levelling Off: In the context of social control, it may refer to a state where efforts to control behavior reach a plateau
or equilibrium, possibly indicating a stabilization of societal norms.
2. Social Control and Conformity: Social control involves the mechanisms, strategies, and institutions that societies use
to regulate individual and group behavior. Conformity refers to the act of adhering to social norms and expectations.
3. Social Control: The process by which societies maintain order and regulate the behavior of individuals, ensuring
conformity to established norms.
4. Formal: Formal social control involves official institutions and mechanisms, such as laws, police, and judicial systems,
to enforce rules and norms.
5. Informal: Informal social control relies on unofficial means, such as social norms, values, and peer pressure, to shape
behavior without the need for official sanctions.
6. Social Rules: Norms, expectations, and guidelines that govern behavior within a society.
7. Violating Social Rules: Acting contrary to established social norms and expectations.

4. 8. Abstraction: The process of generalizing specific instances to formulate broader concepts or principles.
9. Following Social Rules: Adhering to established norms and behaving in a manner acceptable to society.
10. Rewards: Positive consequences or incentives given to individuals for conforming to social rules or norms.
11. Deviance: Behavior that violates social norms, leading to negative reactions from others in society.
12. Innovation: A type of deviant behavior where individuals accept societal goals but reject conventional means,
seeking alternative paths to achieve those goals.
13. Mark Zuckerberg: Co-founder and CEO of Facebook, now Meta. While not directly related to the sociological
concepts listed, Zuckerberg has influenced social interactions through the development of social media.
14. Ritualism: A form of deviance where individuals rigidly adhere to societal means but abandon the pursuit of cultural
goals.
15. Realism: In sociology, this term may refer to the perspective that deviance is a real and inevitable part of society.
16. Rebellion: A form of deviance where individuals reject both societal goals and means, seeking to replace them with
alternative values and structures.
17. Human Dignity, Rights, and the Common Good: Concepts related to ethical and moral considerations in society,
emphasizing the value of each individual, their rights, and the collective well-being.
18. 1987 Philippine Constitution: The constitution of the Philippines, providing the legal framework for the government
and defining the rights and responsibilities of citizens.
19. Preamble: The introductory statement of the constitution, outlining the purpose and principles that guide the legal
document.
20. Bill of Rights: A section of the constitution that enumerates the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals.
21. Article III, Bill of Rights: A specific section of the Philippine Constitution that elaborates on the rights of individuals
and limitations on state power.
H. GROUPS (ORGANIZATION OF SOCIETY)
1. Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: A psychological theory proposed by Abraham Maslow that categorizes
human needs into a hierarchy, ranging from basic physiological needs (such as food and shelter) to higher-order
needs (such as self-actualization). The theory suggests that individuals strive to fulfill lower-level needs before
progressing to higher-level ones.
2. No Man Is an Island: This phrase, often attributed to the poet John Donne, expresses the idea that individuals are
interconnected and interdependent on each other. It emphasizes the importance of social relationships and
cooperation in human life.
3. Richard Schaefer: Richard T. Schaefer is a sociologist known for his contributions to the field of sociology. He has
authored several textbooks, including "Sociology: A Brief Introduction," which is widely used in introductory
sociology courses.
4. Group: In sociology, a group is a collection of individuals who interact with each other, share common goals or
interests, and have a sense of unity. Groups can vary in size, structure, and purpose, and they play a crucial role in
shaping social behavior.
5. People Power Revolution: Refers to the series of nonviolent and largely peaceful demonstrations in the Philippines
in 1986, which led to the ousting of President Ferdinand Marcos. The movement is an example of the collective
power of people coming together to bring about social and political change.
I. GROUP VARIATION
1. Primary Group: Coined by sociologist Charles Horton Cooley, a primary group is a small, intimate, and long-term
social group characterized by face-to-face interaction. Examples include family, close friends, and small community
groups. Primary groups play a significant role in shaping an individual's identity and providing emotional support.
2. William Graham Sumner (1959): William Graham Sumner was a pioneering American sociologist and
anthropologist. However, it's important to note that William Graham Sumner passed away in 1910, and there may
be a mistake in the date provided (1959). Sumner is known for his work on social Darwinism and the concept of
folkways, mores, and cultural norms.
3. Ingroup: A social group to which an individual perceives themselves as belonging. Ingroup members typically share
common interests, values, or identities, fostering a sense of solidarity and belonging.

5. 4. Outgroup: A social group with which an individual does not identify. The distinction between ingroups and
outgroups can lead to the development of social categorizations and, in some cases, prejudice or discrimination.
5. Reference Group: A group to which an individual compares themselves, often serving as a standard for self-
evaluation or aspiration. Reference groups influence individuals' attitudes, behaviors, and perceptions of social
norms.
6. Networks:
A. Micro Level: Networks at the micro level refer to interpersonal connections and relationships among individuals.
These networks may include family, friends, and colleagues.
B. Networks at the meso level involve larger social groups or organizations. This could include community
organizations, clubs, or workplaces.
C. Networks at the macro level encompass broader societal structures, such as national or global networks that
connect various institutions and groups.
J. SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
1. Kinship: The social ties and relationships that connect individuals by blood, marriage, or adoption. Kinship systems
vary across cultures and societies.
2. Consanguineal Kinship: Kinship based on blood relations, such as parents, siblings, and other relatives who share
common ancestry.
3. Lineal Kinship: Kinship based on direct descent, typically traced through a single line, such as a father-to-son or
mother-to-daughter relationship.
4. Bilateral Descent: A kinship system in which individuals trace their descent through both the maternal and paternal
sides of their family.
5. Unilateral Descent: A kinship system in which individuals trace their descent through either the maternal or
paternal side of their family.
6. Patrilineal Descent: A kinship system in which descent is traced through the male line, and ancestral property and
names are passed down through fathers to sons.
7. Matrilineal Descent: A kinship system in which descent is traced through the female line, and ancestral property
and names are passed down through mothers to daughters.
8. Ambilineal Descent: A kinship system that allows individuals to choose their descent group, either patrilineal or
matrilineal, often based on personal preference or social context.
9. Affinal Kinship: Kinship through marriage, linking individuals to their spouses' relatives.
10. Marriage: A social and legal union between two individuals, typically recognized by cultural or legal institutions.
11. Endogamy and Exogamy:
A. Endogamy: The practice of marrying within a specific social, cultural, or religious group.
B. Exogamy: The practice of marrying outside one's social, cultural, or religious group.
12. Monogamy and Polygamy:
A. Monogamy: Marriage between two individuals.
B. Polygamy: Marriage involving multiple spouses, which can be further classified into polygyny (one man with
multiple wives) or polyandry (one woman with multiple husbands).
13. Divorce: The legal dissolution of a marriage, ending the marital relationship.
14. Annulment: A legal declaration that a marriage is null and void, as if it had never taken place.
15. Legal Separation: A legal status where a married couple lives apart without formally ending the marriage.
16. Bigamy: The act of marrying more than one person while still legally married to another.
17. Force Consent: Marital consent obtained under duress or coercion.
18. Fraud: Marital consent obtained through deceit or misrepresentation.
19. Marriage Prohibited by Law: Situations where a marriage is forbidden due to legal restrictions, such as incestuous
relationships.
20. Mental Illness: A condition that may render a person incapable of understanding the nature of marriage.
21. Mental Incapacity: A state of being mentally unfit to consent to marriage.
22. Underage Marriage: Marrying when one or both parties are below the legal age of consent.
23. De Facto Separation: Informal separation where a couple lives apart but has not undergone a legal process.

6. 24. Fictive Kinship: Non-biological or legal kinship, often established through close relationships and emotional bonds.
25. Nuclear Families: Families consisting of parents and their children living together in a single household.
26. Extended Families: Families that include not only parents and children but also other relatives, such as
grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins, living together or maintaining close ties.
27. Reconstituted Families: Families formed through remarriage, combining children from previous marriages into a
new family structure.
28. Household: A group of people living together and sharing common living arrangements, often but not necessarily
related by blood or marriage.
29. Single Household: A household consisting of only one person, regardless of familial ties.
30. Nuclear Household: A household consisting of parents and their children, without additional extended family
members.