This description is all about Peumonia...go through this it will be surely helpful to you....

1. THE RESPPIRATORY SYSTEM
PULMONARY infection
infection includes

3. DEFINITION
Pneumonia is defined as acute
inflammation of the lung parenchyma
distal to the terminal bronchioles which
consist of the respiratory bronchiole,
alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli.

6. PATHOGENESIS
The normal lung is free from the bacteria because
of presence of the defense mechanisms…..as
follows-
›› nasopharyngeal filtering action
››mucociliary action of lower respiratory
››airways phagocytosing alveolar macrophages
›› Immunoglobulins.
Failure of these mechanisms gives chance for
infection.
Microorganism enter into the lungs by
following ways›››

7. MICROORGANISM ENTER
Enters Through these
routes›
• Inhalation
• Aspiration
• Haematogenous spread
• Direct spread

8. CLASSIFICATION
 Mainly the pneumonia classify by three main
heading››››››
BACTERIAL
• Lobar
pneumonia
• Lobular
pneumonia
VIRAL OR
MYOPLASMA
L (Primary
Atypical
Pneumonia)
OTHER
TYPES
• Pneumocystis
carinii
pneumonia
• Legionella
pneumonia,
>Aspiration
pneumonia
>Hypostatic
pneumonia
>Lipid
pneumonia

9. BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA››››››
 Bacterial infection is the most common cause of the of the
pneumonia or the consolidation of the one or both the
lungs.
Bacterial
pneumonia
caused by
Streptococcus
pneumonia
Streptococ
cal
pneumoni
a
Aerobic
bacteria
Staphylococ
cus
pneumonia

11. PNEUMOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA
Most common
• 90% occurs
• Lancet shaped diplococcus
CAUSED BY
• Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Majority of cases is community
acquired infection.

12. STAPHYLOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA
CAUSED BY
• Staphylococcal aureus
• It causes pneumonia by
heamatogenous spread.
Causes infection
• By another focus or
• Viral infection

14. STREPTOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA
Beta heamolytic
streptococci
Causes in the children
after measles and influenza
Severely debilitated
elderly patients and
diabetics

15. GRAM NEGATIVE AEROBIC BACTERIA››››
Haemophil
ius
influenza
causes it
Klebsiella
pneumonia
is the gram
negative
bacteria
causes
Pseudomonu
s, proteus
also causes
Escheriac
hia coli
causes it

16. PATHOGENIC PHASE
 Pneumonia ,particularly the lobar
pneumonia is occurs in the four phases, it
means the pathology describes as follows›››
1)Initial phase-
stage of
congestion Lasts
for 1 to2 days
2)Red hepatisation its
called early consolidation
and its lasts for 2 to 4 days
3)grey hepattisation called
late consolidation and its
lasts for 4 to 8 days
4)Resolution-it begins at 8th
and 9th day if the
chemotherapy is not
administrated and is
completed in 1to 3weeks.
Otherwise if the antibiotics
is given resolution is induce
on the 3rd day

17. SYMPTOMS>>>
 >Shaking of the chills
>fever
>malaise with pleuritic
chest >pain
>dyspnoea
>cough with
expectoration of
mucoid,purulent,or even
bloody .
>cynosis (hypoxaemic
patient)
 >Tachycardia
>tachypnoea
>>blood investigation
shows the neutrophilic
leucocytosis
PHYSICALLY PHISIOLOGICAL

18. COMPLICATIONS>>>
oragnisation
Pleural
effusion
empyema
Lung
abscess
METASTATIC
INFECTION

19. TREATMENT>>>>>
* ANTIBIOTICS is basic treatment
for the bacterial infection.
* MEDICATION for the pain relef
* PARACETAMOL for the fever
* REST

20. DIFF BET LOBAR N LOBULAR
PNEUMONIA
 * DEFINATION-Infection
in the part of the lobe or
lobe.
* Age group More
common in adults
* Predisposing factors-
more often in the healthy
individuals
*Common etiologic
agents-Pneumococci,
klebsiella pneumoniae,
staphylococci,streptococci
 * DEFINATION-Infection
in the terminal bronchiole
and adjoining alveoli.
* Age groupin infant and
old age
* preexisting disease e.g
chronic debility,terminal
Illness,flu,measles.
* Common etiologic
agent-
staphylococci,streptococci
,pseudonomus,haemophilli
us influenzae
LOBAR PNEUMONIA LOBULAR PNEUMONIA

21. # Pathologic feature-four
phase-
*congestion
*early consolidation
*late consolidation
*resolution
# Investigation-
Neutrophillic leucocytosis,
positive blood culture, x-ray
consolidation
 # Pathologic feature-
patchy consolidation
with central granularity,
alveolar exudation,
thickened septa #
Investigation-common
upto blood culture, x-ray
consolidation shows the
mottled opacities.
LOBAR LOBULAR

22.  # Prognosis-Better
responds to the
treatment ,resolution
common prognosis is
good #
Complication- less
common pleural
effusion, empyema, lung
abscess orgnisation .
 # Prognosis- Responds to
the treatment is variable
,oragnisation may occurs,
prognosis is poor
Complication-Bronchiectasi
may occur other lobar
pneumonia.
LOBAR LOBULAR

24. VIRAL OR ATYPICAL PNEUMONIA
Viral pneumonia is characterised by
patchy immflamatory changes largely
confined to interstitial tissue of the lungs
without any alveolar exudate.
>its called atypical as atypically alveolar
exudate is absent commonly present in
the pneumonia.
It may occur in all ages.Most of the cases
are mild and transient, exceptionally it
may be severe and fulminant.

26. CAUSES OF THE VIRAL PNEUMONIA
 By respiratory syncytial virus
influenza virus
parainfluenza virus
adenovirus
rhinovirus
coxsackievirus

27. ABOUT INFECTION-
** Infection through these organism are
quite common.
** Most of the time the infection remains
in the upper respiratory track and
presenting as the common cold.
The circumstances of these infection
favouring condition are malnutrition,
chronic debilitating disease,alcholism.

28. PATHOLOGIC CHANGES-
 Here the lungs are **heavy,congested,subcrepitant.
**Fluid is frothy and bloody
Inflammator
y reaction
Interstiti
al
inflammt
ion
Alevolar
changes
Reactive
changes
Necrotis
ing
Bronchi
olities

29. COMPLICATIONS-
Major complication is Superimposed
bacterial infection and its complications .
In severe case the damage is permanent
otherwise it cure completely.

30. SYMPTOMS-
*FEVER
*HEADACH
*MUSCLE ACHES
***Dry hacking and non productive
cough with retrosternal burning
*radiograph shows the patchy or the
diffuse consolidation.

31. TREATMENT-
 Antibiotics are not used in the viral pneumonia, anti viral
medicine are used in only if the pneumonia is influenza
pneumonia or it cause by the herpes family.
ANTIVIRAL MEDICATION MAY BE USED.
TREATMENT may also involves-
*corticosteroid medicines
*increased fluids
*oxygen
*use of humidified air
viral infection is in the either in the children and older
people.


32. OTHER TYPE OF PNEUMONIA-
*Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
#symptoms-
*dyspnoea
*tachycardia
*cynosis
*non productive cough
If it is untreated it will cause death in two
weeks.
Chest radiograph shows the diffuse
alveolar and interstitial infiltrate.

33. LEGIONELLA PNEUMONIA
--Legionella pneumonia is an epidemic
illness cause by gram negative bacilli,
It is thrives in aquatic environment .
--It was first recognised following
investigation into high mortality among
those attending American Legion
Convention in Philadelphia in July 1976.
--It was spread through the contaminated
water and air.

35. CLINICAL FEATURES:-
 * Malaise
* Headache
* Muscle ach
* High fever
* Chills
* Cough
* Tachypnoea
* Abdominal pain
* Watery diarrhea
* Proteinurea
* Mild hepatic dysfuction

36. ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA
 Aspiration pneumonia is result from the inhaled the
different thing into the lungs. These
different things includes food , gastric contents , foreign
body and infected material from oral cavity.
CLINICAL FEATURES:-
Unconsciousness
drunkenness
neurological disorders affecting swallowing, drowning,
neurotic oropharyngeal tumors, in premature infants,
etc. Some patients die
immediately from asphyxial fistula.

38. HYPOSTATIC PNEUMONIA:-
 ** Hypostatic pneumonia is the collection of the
oedema fluid and secretion in the dependent parts
of the lungs in severely debilitated bed-ridden
patient.
** The accumulated fluid in the basal zone And
posterior part of lungs gets infected by bacteria
from the upper respiratory tract and sets in
bacterial pneumonia.
* Hypostatic pneumonia is a common terminal
event in the old, feeble, comatose patient.

39. LIPID PNEUMONIA:-
Another type of the non infective pneumonia is lipid
pneumonia.
It have two types :-1)exogenous pneumonia and
2)endogenous pneumonia
EXOGENOUS
PNEUMONIA
Causes due to the
aspiration of the oily
materials. Example- nasal
drops, regurgitation oil
ENDOGENOUS
PNEUMONIA
It is more common
Caused due to the
obstruction in the
airway. Example-
bronchoogenic
cancer,tuber
culosis,bronchiectasis.