2. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) refers to an acute
infection of the pulmonary parenchyma acquired outside of the
hospital.
Nosocomial pneumonia refers to an acute infection of the
pulmonary parenchyma acquired in hospital settings and
encompasses both hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and
ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).
HAP refers to pneumonia acquired ≥48 hours after hospital
admission.
VAP refers to pneumonia acquired ≥48 hours after endotracheal
intubation.
3.
4.
5.
6. Risk factors
●Older age
●Chronic comorbidities
●Viral respiratory tract infection
●Impaired airway protection
●Smoking and alcohol overuse
7.
8.
9. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
Pulmonary signs and symptoms
Cough (with or without sputum production), dyspnea, and
pleuritic chest pain are among the most common
symptoms associated with CAP.
Systemic signs and symptoms
Systemic symptoms such as chills, fatigue, malaise, chest
pain and anorexia are also common. Tachycardia,
leukocytosis with a leftward shift, or leukopenia are also
findings that are mediated by the systemic inflammatory
response.
10.
11. DIAGNOSIS
The diagnosis of CAP generally requires the
demonstration of an infiltrate on chest imaging in a
patient with a clinically compatible syndrome (eg, fever,
dyspnea, cough, and sputum production).
Treatment
Antibiotic according to suspected microorganism
12. Aspiration pneumonia resulting from aspiration of
oropharyngeal or gastric contents.
Chemical pneumonitis refers to the aspiration of
substances (eg, acidic gastric fluid).
Bacterial aspiration pneumonia refers to an active
infection caused by inoculation of large amounts of
bacteria into the lungs via orogastric contents.
13. Clinical features
Abrupt onset of symptoms, such as dyspnea, cough,
hypoxemia, and tachycardia in a patient with risk factors
for aspiration.
Fever, which may be low-grade.
Diffuse crackles or wheezes on lung auscultation.
Opacities on chest imaging involving dependent
pulmonary segments.
14. Diagnosis
The diagnosis of chemical pneumonitis is usually
presumptive based upon the clinical features and course
noted above. After a suspected aspiration event, chest
radiograph abnormalities typically appear within two
hours
15.
16. Lung abscess is defined as a circumscribed area of pus
or necrosis in the pulmonary parenchyma caused by
microbial infection. Lung abscesses can be classified as
primary or secondary.
Primary lung abscesses result from direct infection of
the pulmonary parenchyma in an otherwise healthy
person.
Secondary lung abscesses occur when there is a
predisposing condition.
17. CLINICAL FEATURES
Typically, nonspecific and mimic those of pneumonia,
albeit with a more subacute presentation.
Symptoms and signs
Fever and chills (80 percent), productive cough (often
putrid, sour-tasting; 55 to 90 percent), dyspnea (10
percent), chest pain when the pleural space is involved
(20 to 35 percent), and hemoptysis (10 percent).
Systemic symptoms such as night sweats, weight loss,
anorexia, and fatigue may also be present
18.
19.
20. Treatment
Antibiotics given for a prolonged period ( up to 2-4
months) are usually the primary method of treatment.
Penicillin has historically been the drug of choice
because of the frequent presence of anaerobic
organisms. According to the recent studies Clindamycin
has been shown to be effective too
21. Surgical Treatment
Drainage: You may need this if your abscess is 6
centimeters or more in diameter. A CT scan guide
inserts the drain through the chest wall into the abscess.
Surgery: It's rare, but some people need surgery to
remove the part of the lung with the abscess Sometimes
the entire lung has to come out to get rid of the infection.
Surgery can also help remove a foreign object.
