This document discusses plural forms in English. It provides four cases for forming plurals in English: 1) adding 's' for words ending in a vowel, 2) adding 'es' for words ending in 'ch', 'sh', 'ss', or 'x', 3) adding 's' or changing 'y' to 'i' and adding 'es' for words ending in 'y' or 'o', and 4) irregular plurals that change the word. Examples are given for each case. Instructions are also provided to identify singular and plural nouns in passages and to transform singular nouns to plurals.

1. Comprensión de Lectura en Ingles I para Informática
Ing. Nahum López Gómez
Plurales
1
PLURALES
Plural proviene del latín plurālis que significa múltiple, vario o numeroso. Es una noción que se emplea para aludir a aquello
que comporta, representa o se compone con o por más de un elemento. En gramática, el plural constituye la flexión
gramatical con la cual indicamos la referencia a más de un elemento o cosa.
Caso1: La forma plural del sustantivo deriva de su modo singular y la adición de la letra ‘s’ al final del mismo.
SINGULAR PLURAL
English Spanish English Spanish
Calculation [Cálculo] Calculations [Cálculos]
Operation [Operación] Operations [Operaciones]
Problem [Problema] Problems [Problemas]
Tu(s) ejemplo(s): _______________________________________________________________
Caso2: Cuando el sustantivo termina con ‘ch’, ‘sh’, ‘ss’, y ‘x’ en su forma singular, el plural se construye agregando la
terminación ‘es’.
SINGULAR PLURAL
English Spanish English Spanish
Process [Proceso] Processes [Procesos]
Watch [Reloj] Watches [Relojes]
Box [Caja] Boxes [Cajas]
Wish [Deseo] Wishes [Deseos]
Tu(s) ejemplo(s): _______________________________________________________________
Caso3a: La forma plural de un sustantivo que termina en “y” o en “o” puede construirse con la adición de la letra ‘s’,
siempre que antes de dichas letras exista una vocal.
SINGULAR PLURAL
English Spanish English Spanish
Radio [Radio] Radios [Radios]
Valley [Valle] Valleys [Valles]
Tu(s) ejemplo(s): _______________________________________________________________
Caso3b: No obstante, si antes de dichas letras existe una consonante, y no una vocal como en el caso anterior, entonces
habría una permutación de la ‘y’ por la ‘i’ acompañada de la adición de ‘es’ al final del sustantivo plural.
SINGULAR PLURAL
English Spanish English Spanish
Fly [Mosca] Flies [Moscas]
Party [Fiesta] Parties [Fiestas]
Tu(s) ejemplo(s): _______________________________________________________________
Caso4: En inglés existen sustantivos que tienen una forma plural denominada irregular debido a que al momento de
trascender de singular a plural no registran ninguna adición, más un cambio en la palabra.
SINGULAR PLURAL
English Spanish English Spanish
Man [Hombre] Men [Hombres]
Child [Niño] Children [Niños]
Woman [Mujer] Women [Mujeres]
Mouse [Raton] Mice [Ratones]
Foot [Pie] Feet [Pies]
Tooth [Diente] Teeth [Dientes]
Tu(s) ejemplo(s): _______________________________________________________________

2. Comprensión de Lectura en Ingles I para Informática
Ing. Nahum López Gómez
Plurales
2
HOW PC’s WORK
P1
The word computer refers to an object that can accept some input and produce some output. In fact, the human brain
itself is a sophisticated computer, and scientists are learning more about how it works with each passing year. Our most
common use of the word computer, though, is to describe an electronic device containing a microprocessor.
P2
A microprocessor is a small electronic device that can carry out complex calculations in the blink of an eye. You can find
microprocessors in many devices you use each day, such as cars, refrigerators and televisions. The most recognized device
with a microprocessor is the personal computer, or PC. In fact, the concept of a computer has become nearly synonymous
with the term PC. https://computer.howstuffworks.com/pc.htm
Instrucción: Después de haber leído el extracto anterior, identifica…
• Párrafo I: Todos los sustantivos en forma singular [9 sustantivos]
• Párrafo II: Todos los sustantivos en forma plural [6 sustantivos]
Singular [x9] Plural [x6]
P3
When you hear the term PC, you probably envision an enclosed device with the capability of processing data by an
attached video screen, keyboard and some type of a pointing device, like a mouse or touchpad. You might also envision
different forms of PCs, such as desktop computers, towers and laptops that man can use. The term PC is associated with
certain brands, such as Intel processors or Microsoft operating systems.
Instrucción: Después de haber leído el párrafo anterior, identifica…
• Todos los sustantivos en forma singular [9 sustantivos]
• Todos los sustantivos en forma plural [9 sustantivos]
• Transforma los sustantivos singulares en plurales utilizando los criterios de los casos 1-4 expuestos
Singular [x10] Plural [x7] Transformación S-P
Core PC Components
P4
To see how a PC works, let's start with the pieces that come together to make up the machine. The following are the
components common to PCs in the order they're typically assembled:
P5
Drives: Within the box, a drive is a device intended to store data when it's not in use. A hard drive or solid state drive
stores a PC's operating system and software. This category also includes optical drives such as those used for reading and
writing CD, DVD and Blu-ray media. A drive connects to the motherboard based on the type of drive controller technology
it uses, including the older IDE standard and the newer SATA standard.
Instrucción: Después de haber leído los párrafos anteriores, identifica los sustantivos singulares, transfórmalos en
plural e indica a que caso corresponde su trasformación.
Singular [x8] Plural Caso

3. Comprensión de Lectura en Ingles I para Informática
Ing. Nahum López Gómez
Plurales
3
L1
Case: If you're using a laptop, the computer case includes keyboard and screen. For desktop PCs, the case is typically
some type of box with lights, fans, and places for attaching cables. The size of the case can vary from small tabletop units
to tall towers. A larger case doesn't always imply a more powerful computer; it's what's inside that counts. PC builders
design or select a case based on the type of motherboard that should fit inside.
L5
Motherboard: The primary circuit board inside your PC is its motherboard. All components, inside and out, connect
through the motherboard in some way. Several important components, though, are attached directly to the motherboard.
These include the complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS), which stores some information, such as the system
clock, when the computer is powered down. Motherboards come in different sizes and standards, the most common as of
this writing being ATX and MicroATX. From there, motherboards vary by the type of removable components they're
designed to handle internally and what ports are available for attaching external devices.
L12
Central processing unit (CPU): The CPU, often just called the processor, is the component that contains the
microprocessor. That microprocessor is the heart of all the PC's operations, and the performance of both hardware and
software rely on the processor's performance. Intel and AMD are the largest CPU manufacturers for PCs, though you'll find
others on the market, too. The two common CPU architectures are 32-bit and 64-bit, and you'll find that certain software
relies on this architecture distinction.
L17
Random-access memory (RAM): Even the fastest processor needs a buffer to store information while it's being
processed. The RAM is to the CPU as a counterstop is to a cook: It serves as the place where the ingredients and tools you're
working with wait until you need to pick up and use them. Both a fast CPU and an ample amount of RAM are necessary for
a speedy PC. Each PC has a maximum amount of RAM it can handle, and slots on the motherboard indicate the type of RAM
the PC requires.
L22
Power supply: Other than its CMOS, which is powered by a replaceable CMOS battery on the motherboard, every
component in your PC relies on its power supply. The power supply connects to some type of power source, whether that's
a battery in the case of mobile computers, or a power outlet in the case of desktop PCs. In a desktop PC, you can see the
power supply mounted inside the case with a power cable connection on the outside and a handful of attached cables
inside. Some of these cables connect directly to the motherboard while others connect to other components like drives and
fans.
Instrucción: Responde falso o verdadero en función de la información en el texto y escribe la linea en la que se
encuentra la información que sustenta tu selección.
1: Una desktop incluye en si misma los componentes periféricos. F V L: ___
2: El tipo de tarjeta madre define el diseño y/o el tamaño del estuche. F V L: ___
3: Los estándares más comunes para tarjeta madre son CMOS y ATX. F V L: ___
4: La tarjeta madre varía en función de los componentes removibles o de los puertos. F V L: ___
5: Al CPU se le conoce como el corazón de la computadora. F V L: ___
Instrucción: Selecciona la letra de la opción correcta y escríbela dentro del paréntesis.
1: Los fabricantes más grandes de microprocesadores son: …( )
A] ATX y AMD B] Intel y AMD C] Intel y CPU
2: La ejecución del software depende de: …( )
A] La arquitectura del CPU B] La tarjeta madre C] Los fabricantes de procesadores
3: El tamaño de la memoria RAM depende de: …( )
A] Los slots en la tarjeta madre B] El microprocesador C] La arquitectura del CPU
4: Existe una batería en: …( )
A] La memoria RAM B] La fuente de alimentación C] La tarjeta madre