Please Tell Them We're Not Mongolian: Identity and History Among the Dordo of Northeast Tibet
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This document summarizes an academic presentation about the Dordo people of northeast Tibet. It discusses how the Dordo have rejected claims that they are descended from 13th century Mongols, despite their last traditional leader previously making this claim. It examines the predicament of the Dordo people who find themselves between Tibetan and Chinese identity. It also notes that the Dordo language appears to be endangered with more children acquiring Tibetan rather than their traditional language. The document questions what the future may hold for linguistic diversity in Tibet.
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About the course (syllabus)
Language and Culture (Anthropology)
Course Description
This course is an introduction to linguistic anthropology, a subfield of cultural anthropology, which focuses
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Rethinking the Language of Language Endangerment
The year 2022 will bring both an important anniversary and a new beginning. It will be the 30th anniversary of a collection of articles in the journal Language that helped consolidate and popularize the field of endangerment linguistics. And, it will also be the first year of the United Nations Decade of Indigenous Languages. This presentation will examine the intersection of these two events, in order to think through how linguists can contribute to the goals of the upcoming decade, and to positive interventions in the ongoing crisis of linguistic diversity around the world more generally. I will argue that a meaningful engagement in the UN Decade, and in support of languages more broadly, will require a critical re-examination of the precedents established 30 years ago, and of the impacts that endangerment linguistics has had. In particular, I will focus on endangerment linguistics as a discourse, rather than a field of practice. I want to suggest that as a discourse, endangerment linguistics has had harmful, though largely unintended, effects that work against the aims and practices of the field. I will describe these harms and how they are produced, and discuss options for dismantling and replacing language endangerment discourses, while maintaining some of the practices and goals of the field. I will also suggest that this rethinking of endangerment discourses will require sustained and good faith interdisciplinary dialog. As an anthropologist researching the intersections of race, colonialism, and language oppression, I will point out where I think some of those conversations could happen.
Sustaining Linguistic Diversity in Tibet’s Emerging Cities
Tibet is linguistically diverse, home to up to sixty languages spoken by both Tibetans and other ethnic groups living in the region. With intensifying urbanization in the last ten years, this linguistic diversity is increasingly concentrated in cities. The challenges this poses for creating culturally vibrant cities and for sustaining the region’s linguistic diversity must be understood in the unique context of Chinese urbanization. In China, cities are not only sites where human populations are concentrated and sociocultural worlds transformed through shifts in economy, demography, and infrastructure. Chinese cities are also apparatuses of governance that allow for populations to be managed through the administrative transformation of territory. The unique nature of Chinese urbanization presents a number of risks to Tibet’s linguistic diversity—this presentation will focus on three. The first of these is policy—how the administration of ethnic populations in cities undermines linguistic diversity. The second is planning—how urban spaces erase linguistic diversity through practices of ‘ethnic branding’. The third is demography—how small linguistic minorities are pressured to assimilate to larger ethnic groups or the mainstream Han Chinese population. Meanwhile, Chinese cities also present opportunities for the maintenance of linguistic diversity in Tibet. Again, I focus on three. First is the existence of urban hubs—spaces for negotiating cultural continuity and creativity in cities. Second is the phenomenon of language brokerage in cities—the ways in which cities provide opportunities for multilingual individuals that can empower them and their community. The final opportunity for sustaining Tibet’s linguistic diversity afforded by cities is networks—the ways in which cities allow the formation of intra and cross-ethnic networks that can support linguistic diversity. The future of linguistic diversity in Tibet’s cities depends to a large extent on the way that these challenges are met and these opportunities are taken advantage of. This presentation will discuss these issues, based on both anthropological research in a variety of urban sites throughout Tibet, as well as a review of literature on the topic, and engagement with Tibetan language social media.
Linguistic Diversity and Language Revitalization in Tibet
This document discusses the linguistic diversity and revitalization efforts in Tibet. It notes that Tibet has a complex linguistic ecology, with Putonghua, Tibetan varieties, and many minority languages. However, the promotion of Putonghua threatens these other languages. While Tibetan revitalization efforts have increased the status and role of the Tibetan language, they may be devitalizing local Tibetan varieties and minority languages. The dynamics of revitalization and devitalization are complex. Unrecognized minority languages face the highest risks and lowest chances of revitalization.
The Alphabetical Order of Things: The Language of Place and the Place of Lang...
This presentation focuses on the links between place, song, and language in Tibet, examining how social diversity is represented in musical constructions of place, and how this impacts on the maintenance of that diversity – specifically, linguistic diversity – in Tibet. I take as my starting point the observation that Tibet is linguistically diverse, but culturally integrated, and that song played a crucial role in this integration. Many speakers of non-Tibetic minority languages across the plateau traditionally sang in Tibetan, giving the language the status of what I call a ‘singua franca’ – a sung, rather than spoken, common language. Lyrics in traditional Tibetan songs expressed visions of place and space that described, and ascribed positive value to, linguistic and other forms of social diversity in Tibet. These visions of place, encoded in song, and reproduced amongst Tibet’s diverse populations, including its linguistic minorities, were part of a broader ideological environment of ‘banal cosmopolitanism’ in pre-modern Tibet. Since the late twentieth century, however, the lyrics of Tibetan songs began to imagine space and place in terms of a national geobody - a bounded, internally homogenous unit populated by people that speak the same language, share a common history (of descent), and share the same identity. Importantly, language - the Tibetan language - is portrayed as the soul or life-force of this geobody. This new expression of place in song, focused on a national geobody enlivened by a single language, is part of a pervasive environment of ‘banal nationalism’ in Tibet that has placed Tibet’s linguistic minorities under significant assimilatory pressure. Now, instead of singing themselves into a place within the diverse Tibetan world, Tibet’s linguistic minorities are singing their own alienation from the national geobody. The region’s ‘singua franca’ has lost its function as a shared medium of exchange between diverse peoples, and has instead become a shibboleth for national belonging and boundary marking. In tracking this change, I will explore how visions of place in song contribute to the maintenance or suppression of linguistic and other forms of social diversity.
Abandoning the high ground implication for pastoral pastoral abandonment in t...
Though the grasslands of the Tibetan Plateau may appear to be a natural ecosystem, an emerging consensus among a wide range of scholars now suggests that these alpine meadows are, in fact, an anthropogenic landscape, created and maintained by humans. However, over the last thirty years, a variety of factors have led to pastoral abandonment – the removal of humans and livestock from the grasslands. These factors may be grouped into two categories: 'push' factors, referring to government policies that compulsorily remove pastoralists from the grasslands, and 'pull' factors that positively incentivize pastoral abandonment. The repercussions of the abandonment of one of the earth's largest anthropogenic landscapes are likely to be complex and difficult to predict. At a local scale, changes in biodiversity will occur across the Tibetan Plateau. At a regional scale, the hydrological systems of East, Southeast, and South Asia will be impacted. Finally, at a global level, pastoral abandonment may also have an impact of the earth's climate. The importance of human stewardship on the Tibetan alpine pastures, and the rapid increase in pastoral abandonment, highlight the urgent need for ethnographic studies of and with Tibetan nomads, to document the knowledge and practices through which they manage this important ecosystem.
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This document summarizes a presentation on the linguistic diversity of Tibet and how song brings together different language groups. It discusses two concepts - the "Mandalic Order" and the "Alphabetical Order". The Mandalic Order refers to how pilgrimage and diglossia in song create unity among diverse language communities. It focuses on diversity and a cosmopolitan ideology of variation. The Alphabetical Order discusses how nations form and standardize languages, focusing on assimilation and a nationalist ideology of linguistic standardization. Video examples are provided of songs that exemplify these different orders.
A triage process for prioritizing language documentation priorities in Tibet
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Presentation given at the workshop on Minority Languages of the Chinese Tibetosphere at Uppsala University, Nov 3-4 2014.
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Please Tell Them We're Not Mongolian: Identity and History Among the Dordo of Northeast Tibet
- 1. “Please Tell Them We’re Not Mongolian” Identity and History Among the Dordo of Northeast Tibet Gerald Roche DECRA Fellow, Asia Institute, University of Melbourne Mongolian Studies Open Conference Australian National University Nov 3, 2015
- 2. Ethnicity and Assimilation in China: The Case of the Monguor in Tibet • ‘Between two Potatoes’: Minority Languages in Tibet • Examines the predicament of a group of people caught between the Tibetan nation and the Chinese state. • Dordo (a subgroup of the Monguor/ Tuzu)
- 3. Monguor
- 4. Rebgong, in the Guchu Valley. Dordo
- 6. 1,200km from Lhasa; 1,300km from Beijing; 1,400km from Ulaanbaator
- 7. Please Tell Them… • Shawo Tsering • Last traditional leader of the Dordo people. • Wrote a history of the Dordo in Chinese and was involved with the writing of a history in Tibetan.
- 8. • Claimed that Dordo were descended from 13th century Mongols. • Recanted.
- 9. The History of Gomar By Gendun Dondruv
- 10. WeChat, June 2015 “I could never consider Dordo people to be Tibetans. You’re not only not Tibetans, you’re not even people…. You’re worse than garbage… You Dordo are dog shit… You can’t read or write Chinese and you don’t know how to speak it. You don’t read or write Tibetan and you don’t know how to speak that either. You don’t know how to wear Chinese clothes properly and you don’t know how to wear Tibetan clothes properly either...”
- 11. Language Shift … language shift appears to be underway among [Manegacha] speakers… more and more children… are growing up in otherwise [Manegacha] speaking homes and villages, but have Tibetan as their mother tongue. These children appear to be acquiring only passive knowledge of [Manegacha]. Fried 2010:11
- 12. Scaling Up • 59 ‘doculects’ • About 80% endangered to varying degrees • What can the Dordo, and their rejection of their ‘Mongolian’ past tell us about the future of linguistic diversity in Tibet?
- 13. G.Roche@unimelb.edu.au. https://unimelb.academia.edu/GeraldRoche • Roche, Gerald and Kevin Stuart (eds). 2015. Mapping the Monguor. Special Issue of Asian Highlands Perspectives. 36. • Fried, Robert. 2010. A Grammar of Bao’an Tu, a Mongolic Language of Northwest China. • Lcag mo tshe ring and Gerald Roche. 2013. Notes of the Maintenance of Diversity in Amdo: Language Use in Gnyan thog Village Annual Rituals. Studia Orientalia 113: 165-179. • Roche, Gerald. The Vitality of Tibet’s Minority Languages in the 21st Century: Preliminary Remarks. Multiethnica 35: 24- 31. References and Contact