Plantenbiologie college 2 deel 2

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The document discusses different carbon fixation pathways in plants. C4 plants fix carbon dioxide in mesophyll cells before it is transported to bundle sheath cells, concentrating CO2 around Rubisco and reducing photorespiration. This allows higher photosynthesis rates with lower transpiration. C4 plants evolved in hot, dry climates. Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants fix CO2 at night and store it as malate, releasing CO2 for photosynthesis during the day to reduce water loss. CAM metabolism is inducible by salt or drought stress.

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plasmodesmata PEP-carboxylase Rubisco Mesophyll Vacuole CO 2 CO 2 OAA PEP Malate NADH Pyr CO 2 Bundle Sheath NADPH Calvin Vacuole Malate Pyr 2 ATP

C4 metabolisme CO 2 concentrating mechanism  High pCO 2 in BS  photorespiration reduced

What do C4 species do differently? CO 2 concentrating mechanism photorespiration low higher photosynthesis

What do C4 species do differently? CO 2 concentrating mechanism photorespiration low higher photosynthesis PEP-carboxylase: high affinity for CO 2 high CO 2 fixation rate with low c i low g s possible Transpiration low

When did C4 plants enter the world? Colonization of land by plants

When did C4 plants enter the world? Colonization of land by plants C4 plants

C4 plants like it hot: Oxygenation reactions Rubisco increase with temperature in C3.

Conclusion C 4 : 1. PEP-carboxylase and Rubisco at different places 2. Cost: + 2 ATP 3. Benefits: No photorespiration, low transpiration 4. Sensitive to cold 5. Occurrence: Hot and dry climates

PEP Day Vacuole Night Vacuole CO 2 CO 2 OAA Malate NADH Malate

PEP Day Vacuole CO 2 Pyr NADPH Night Vacuole Malate Malate CO 2 CO 2 OAA Malate NADH Malate G3P CHO Calvin PEP 2 ATP

How is the day-night rhythm achieved? Ppc gene PEPC mRNA - Circ. Clock

How is the day-night rhythm achieved? PEPC PEPC-Kinase P ,[object Object],[object Object],Ppc gene PEPC mRNA - Circ. Clock

How is the day-night rhythm achieved? PEPC PEPC-Kinase P ,[object Object],[object Object],Ppc gene PEPC mRNA - Circ. Clock Malate Ppck gene Circadian Clock + -

Microarray: measurements of up to 25.000 mRNA levels mRNA  cDNA (with green Cy3 dNTP) Mesembryanthemum + NaCl - NaCl mRNA  cDNA (with red Cy5 dNTP) Green: NaCl > Yellow: = Red: control >

Ppc gene PEPC Ppck gene Circadian Clock - Circadian Clock Salt Drought mRNA PEPC PEPC-Kinase P ,[object Object],[object Object]

Conclusions CAM: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

C 3 Mesophyll cell Sugarbeet Samenvatting C3, C4, CAM

1) The document discusses the differential localization and functions of PKA regulatory subunits R1b and R2b in the brain. 2) An experiment found that knocking down R1b using shRNA in hippocampal neurons led to decreased levels of pCREB after forskolin treatment, indicating impaired cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling and likely L-LTP impairment. 3) Knocking down R2b did not decrease pCREB levels, suggesting it does not play as important a role in cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling and L-LTP induction.

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Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen through two stages. In the light reactions, solar energy is converted to ATP and NADPH using water as the electron donor. In the Calvin cycle, ATP and NADPH are used to reduce carbon dioxide into organic molecules like glucose. The Calvin cycle converts carbon dioxide into 3-carbon sugar molecules like glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) which can then be converted into other carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids to fuel plant growth and development.

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The document discusses various pathways of carbon fixation during photosynthesis, including: 1. The Calvin cycle, which occurs in the dark reaction and fixes carbon from CO2 into sugars. It was discovered by Melvin Calvin and requires 18 ATP and 12 NADPH to fix 6 molecules of CO2. 2. The C4 pathway, also called the Hatch-Slack pathway, which occurs in plants like maize and fixes carbon into a 4-carbon compound first before the Calvin cycle. It requires 30 ATP and 12 NADPH to fix 6 CO2 molecules. 3. The CAM pathway, which occurs in succulent plants and fixes carbon into malic acid at night, releasing CO2 during

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1. Photosynthesis involves the conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH through a series of light-dependent and light-independent reactions. 2. The light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast and involve the absorption of light by chlorophyll and the splitting of water to produce oxygen, protons, and electrons. 3. The electrons are used to produce ATP and NADPH via a process called photophosphorylation. The light-independent reactions take place in the chloroplast stroma and use the ATP and NADPH to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into sugars like glucose.

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CAM photosynthesis allows plants to take up carbon dioxide at night and store it as malic acid. During the day, the plant's stomata are closed to reduce water loss through transpiration, and the stored malic acid is broken down to release carbon dioxide for the Calvin cycle. Key aspects of CAM include nocturnal stomatal opening and CO2 fixation, storage of fixed carbon as malic acid, and daytime decarboxylation of malic acid to release CO2. CAM provides an advantage over C3 and C4 pathways in arid conditions by minimizing water loss.

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This document summarizes three carbon fixation pathways: C3, C4, and CAM. The C3 pathway fixes carbon through the Calvin cycle in one chloroplast type. The C4 pathway fixes carbon through the Hatch and Slack cycle across two chloroplast types. The CAM pathway alternates between acidification at night and deacidification during the day. C4 pathways allow for higher photosynthesis rates compared to C3, while CAM pathways allow succulent plants to conserve water through nighttime stomatal closure.

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Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration where glucose is broken down to produce a small amount of ATP. It occurs in the cytosol of cells and was one of the earliest metabolic pathways to evolve in prokaryotes under anaerobic conditions. Glycolysis yields two ATP, two NADH, and two pyruvate molecules per glucose molecule. The NADH produced must be recycled to NAD+ to allow glycolysis to continue through pathways like lactic acid fermentation, alcohol fermentation or the Krebs cycle. While glycolysis yields little energy, it was crucial for early life and remains the initial pathway for all cellular respiration.

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This document provides an overview of photosynthesis and the dark reaction phase. It discusses key topics like the Calvin cycle, the structures of chloroplasts, and the C4 and CAM pathways. The Calvin cycle fixes carbon dioxide into organic molecules like glucose. It consists of carbon fixation, reduction reactions, and ribulose bisphosphate regeneration. The C4 pathway occurs in some plants and involves a four-carbon compound to concentrate carbon dioxide and prevent photorespiration. CAM plants open their stomata at night to fix carbon dioxide into malic acid, then release it for the Calvin cycle during the day.

47 ch10calvincycle2008

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The document discusses the Calvin cycle, which is the second stage of photosynthesis that incorporates carbon dioxide into organic molecules like glucose. It begins with light reactions that produce ATP and NADPH, providing energy for the Calvin cycle to fix carbon from CO2 into three-carbon sugar phosphates like glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). The Calvin cycle then reduces and regenerates the carbon compounds using the ATP and NADPH produced earlier, ultimately converting CO2 into sugars like glucose that plants can use for growth.

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Photosynthesis has two phases - the light reaction which uses energy from sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH in the thylakoid membrane, and the dark reaction (Calvin cycle) which uses these products to fix carbon and produce glucose. The Calvin cycle fixes carbon dioxide into a three-carbon molecule (G3P) in three turns of the cycle requiring 6 molecules of CO2, 6 NADPH, 9 ATP, and producing one G3P molecule. Some plants like maize use the C4 pathway to concentrate carbon dioxide around RuBisCO and prevent photorespiration. CAM plants open their stomata at night to fix carbon dioxide into malic acid then release it for the Calvin cycle in

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The document summarizes the key reactions of photosynthesis, including the light-dependent reactions that trap energy from sunlight and produce ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent Calvin cycle that uses these products to incorporate carbon dioxide into organic compounds like glucose. It describes the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis used to generate ATP. It also discusses challenges like photorespiration and how C4 and CAM plants have evolved adaptations to concentrate carbon dioxide and increase photosynthetic efficiency.

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Aerobic respiration occurs in four main stages: glycolysis, acetylation, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport system. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvic acid, producing a small amount of ATP. Acetylation converts pyruvic acid into acetyl-CoA. The Krebs cycle further oxidizes acetyl-CoA, producing more ATP and NADH/FADH2. Finally, the electron transport system uses oxygen to further oxidize NADH/FADH2, producing the most ATP through chemiosmosis. Aerobic respiration is highly efficient, producing 38 ATP from one glucose molecule.

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This document describes the C4 pathway found in certain plants. It notes that in 1965, researchers discovered that in sugarcane leaves, the primary products of photosynthesis were 4-carbon dicarboxylic acids like malate and aspartate, rather than 3-carbon compounds as in the Calvin cycle. This pathway, known as the Hatch-Slack or C4 cycle, concentrates CO2 in the bundle sheath cells before it enters the Calvin cycle. Plants that use this pathway, called C4 plants, have a Kranz-type leaf anatomy and higher photosynthetic efficiency than C3 plants.

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Plantenbiologie college 2 deel 2

2. plasmodesmata PEP-carboxylase Rubisco Mesophyll Vacuole CO 2 CO 2 OAA PEP Malate NADH Pyr CO 2 Bundle Sheath NADPH Calvin Vacuole Malate Pyr 2 ATP

3. C4 metabolisme CO 2 concentrating mechanism  High pCO 2 in BS  photorespiration reduced

4. What do C4 species do differently? CO 2 concentrating mechanism photorespiration low higher photosynthesis

5. What do C4 species do differently? CO 2 concentrating mechanism photorespiration low higher photosynthesis PEP-carboxylase: high affinity for CO 2 high CO 2 fixation rate with low c i low g s possible Transpiration low

6. What do C4 species do differently? CO 2 concentrating mechanism photorespiration low higher photosynthesis PEP-carboxylase: high affinity for CO 2 high CO 2 fixation rate with low c i low g s possible Transpiration low WUE >

7. When did C4 plants enter the world? Colonization of land by plants

8. When did C4 plants enter the world? Colonization of land by plants C4 plants

9. C4 plants like it hot: Oxygenation reactions Rubisco increase with temperature in C3.

10. Conclusion C 4 : 1. PEP-carboxylase and Rubisco at different places 2. Cost: + 2 ATP 3. Benefits: No photorespiration, low transpiration 4. Sensitive to cold 5. Occurrence: Hot and dry climates

11. The dark side of life

12. CAM plants:

13. How do CAM-plants grow?

14. Diurnal pattern:

15. Diurnal pattern:

16. Diurnal pattern of malate and starch:

17. PEP Day Vacuole Night Vacuole CO 2 CO 2 OAA Malate NADH Malate

18. PEP Day Vacuole CO 2 Pyr NADPH Night Vacuole Malate Malate CO 2 CO 2 OAA Malate NADH Malate G3P CHO Calvin PEP 2 ATP

19. How is the day-night rhythm achieved? Ppc gene PEPC mRNA - Circ. Clock

20.

21.

22. Induction of CAM: The Ice Plant

23. Microarray: measurements of up to 25.000 mRNA levels mRNA  cDNA (with green Cy3 dNTP) Mesembryanthemum + NaCl - NaCl mRNA  cDNA (with red Cy5 dNTP) Green: NaCl > Yellow: = Red: control >

24. What happens after NaCl addition?

25.

26.

27. C 3 Mesophyll cell Sugarbeet Samenvatting C3, C4, CAM

Editor's Notes

C4. Extra kosten de regeneratie van Pyruvaat. Met de malaat wordt reducerend vermogen naar de vaatbundelschede “gesmokkeld”
Wat is het gevolg van het C4 mechanisme. Enerzijds een hogere fotosynthese, anderzijds een geringere verdamping.
Wat is het gevolg van het C4 mechanisme. Enerzijds een hogere fotosynthese, anderzijds een geringere verdamping.
Wat is het gevolg van het C4 mechanisme. Enerzijds een hogere fotosynthese, anderzijds een geringere verdamping.
Check: Is de yucca wel een CAM-plant? Opm.: Ananas is een CAM plant. OPm. Saguaro cactussen kunnen 20 meter hoog worden.
Allerlei planten vertonen overdag fotosynthese, maar CAM planten niet. Merkwaardig, hoe kunnen ze groeien?
Zie volgende slide Merkwaardig, fotosynthese ‘s nachts, en transpiratie ook.
Zie volgende slide Merkwaardig, fotosynthese ‘s nachts, en transpiratie ook.
Na het verloop in de vorige slide, en in deze grafieken te hebben laten zien, vragen: Welke van de 4 grafieken laat hetzelfde verloop zien als bij een gewone C3 plant? Antw: de laatste. Dus wat concludeer je over de activiteit van Rubisco? Antw: Overdag. Maar hoe kan dat als de huidmondjes niet openstaan? Antw: Via afbraak van malaat. En wat is nu het resultaat van deze hele exercitie, wat is het evoltuionaire voordeel? Verdamping vermindert. Maar: groeicapaciteit minder dan bij C3 en C4.
Pas op: Dit lijkt heel veel op een C4 plant. Ook hier is het eerste fixatieproduct een C4 verbinfing, en ook hier is PEP-carboxylase actief. Verschil is dat hier een scheiding in tijd is, bij C4 een in de ruimte. Betekent dus ook dat er een zeer stricte regulatie nodig in de tijd!!!
Pas op: Dit lijkt heel veel op een C4 plant. Ook hier is het eerste fixatieproduct een C4 verbinding, en ook hier is PEP-carboxylase actief. Verschil is dat hier een scheiding in tijd is, bij C4 een in de ruimte. Betekent dus ook dat er een zeer stricte regulatie nodig in de tijd!!!
Hoe wordt die regulatie in de tijd georganiseerd? Borland & Taybi (2004) JXB Moreover, the degree of PEPC phosphorylation is a major determinant of the amount of CO2 taken up and stored as malate overnight in different CAM species, where the extractable activity of PEPC varied by no more than 10%. it has been suggested that the circadian control of PPCK gene expression in CAM is a secondary response to circadian changes in malate transport across the tonoplast membrane of the vacuole Analyses of approximately 40 genes in the inducible CAM plant, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum have indicated rhythmic changes in transcript abundance of more than 30 of the selected genes with expression peaks at various phases throughout the diel cycle (
Hoe wordt die regulatie in de tijd georganiseerd? Borland & Taybi (2004) JXB Moreover, the degree of PEPC phosphorylation is a major determinant of the amount of CO2 taken up and stored as malate overnight in different CAM species, where the extractable activity of PEPC varied by no more than 10%. it has been suggested that the circadian control of PPCK gene expression in CAM is a secondary response to circadian changes in malate transport across the tonoplast membrane of the vacuole Analyses of approximately 40 genes in the inducible CAM plant, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum have indicated rhythmic changes in transcript abundance of more than 30 of the selected genes with expression peaks at various phases throughout the diel cycle (
Hoe wordt die regulatie in de tijd georganiseerd? Borland & Taybi (2004) JXB Moreover, the degree of PEPC phosphorylation is a major determinant of the amount of CO2 taken up and stored as malate overnight in different CAM species, where the extractable activity of PEPC varied by no more than 10%. it has been suggested that the circadian control of PPCK gene expression in CAM is a secondary response to circadian changes in malate transport across the tonoplast membrane of the vacuole Analyses of approximately 40 genes in the inducible CAM plant, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum have indicated rhythmic changes in transcript abundance of more than 30 of the selected genes with expression peaks at various phases throughout the diel cycle (
The Ice plant komt voor in het Middellandse zee gebied, in heel warme gebieden, en dankt zijn naam aan het feit dat er een laagje ijs op zijn blad lijkt te liggen. CAM induceerbaar, zodra de vochtvoorziening van de bodem te wensen overlaat, daardoor wordt er veel onderzoek aan verricht. Dagen op de x-as zijn Juliaanse dagen, dus vanaf 1 januari.
Hoe wordt die regulatie in de tijd georganiseerd? Borland & Taybi (2004) JXB Moreover, the degree of PEPC phosphorylation is a major determinant of the amount of CO2 taken up and stored as malate overnight in different CAM species, where the extractable activity of PEPC varied by no more than 10%. it has been suggested that the circadian control of PPCK gene expression in CAM is a secondary response to circadian changes in malate transport across the tonoplast membrane of the vacuole Analyses of approximately 40 genes in the inducible CAM plant, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum have indicated rhythmic changes in transcript abundance of more than 30 of the selected genes with expression peaks at various phases throughout the diel cycle (
C3: alles tegelijk in dezelfde cel C4: Spatiële scheiding CAM: temporele scheiding

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