The document discusses plagiarism as an academic offense involving unauthorized use of someone else's work without proper citation, outlining its various forms, levels, and consequences. It categorizes plagiarism into types like direct, mosaic, and paraphrasing, and differentiates between accidental and intentional plagiarism. The presentation also highlights the importance of authorship and contributorship in academic settings, addressing complexities in recognizing contributions, managing authorship disputes, and the implications of conflicts of interest.

1. PLAGIARISM
Adithyan M C

2. Plagiarism: Nature, Levels, and Penalties
Plagiarism is a serious academic offense that involves the unauthorized use of another person's work without proper attribution. It
encompasses a wide range of behaviors, from direct copying to paraphrasing without citing sources. This presentation aims to delve into
the nature of plagiarism, its various levels, and the potential consequences that may arise from engaging in this unethical practice.

3. Understanding Plagiarism
Plagiarism essentially means presenting someone else's work as your own. It can take many forms, from copying and pasting entire
passages to paraphrasing without proper acknowledgment. Understanding plagiarism goes beyond simply avoiding copying. It involves
recognizing the importance of originality, respecting intellectual property rights, and acknowledging the contributions of others.
1 Misrepresenting Ideas
Using someone else's thoughts or
ideas without giving them credit.
This includes borrowing from
articles, websites, books, or other
sources without proper attribution.
2 Borrowing Language
Copying or paraphrasing passages
from other sources without using
quotation marks or citing the
source. This applies to both written
and spoken materials.
3 Submitting Others' Work
Presenting a paper, project, or
assignment that is not your own as
if it were. This can involve buying
a paper online, asking someone to
write it for you, or submitting
someone else's work without their
permission.

4. Types of Plagiarism
Plagiarism can be categorized into different types based on the extent and nature of the unauthorized use of another person's work. Some
common types include:
Direct Plagiarism
Copying text verbatim from a source
without using quotation marks or citing
the source.
Mosaic Plagiarism
Taking chunks of text from different
sources and piecing them together
without proper citation. This often
involves using phrases or sentences from
multiple sources without acknowledging
their origins.
Paraphrasing Plagiarism
Restating someone else's ideas in your
own words without acknowledging the
source. Even if the words are different,
plagiarism still occurs if the original
ideas are not attributed to the source.

5. Levels of Plagiarism
Plagiarism exists on a spectrum, with varying levels of severity. The level of plagiarism is determined by the extent of the unauthorized use of another person's
work and the intent behind it. These levels are not always distinct and can overlap. It is crucial to understand the nuances of each level to effectively address
plagiarism.
1 Level 1: Accidental Plagiarism
This involves unintentional copying of a source due to carelessness or lack of understanding of proper citation practices. The intent is usually
not to deceive.
2 Level 2: Intentional Plagiarism
This involves knowingly and deliberately using someone else's work without proper attribution. The intent is to deceive and gain unfair
advantage.
3 Level 3: Global Plagiarism
This involves submitting a paper, project, or assignment that is entirely plagiarized from another source. The entire work is essentially stolen
without any original contribution from the student.

6. Consequences and Penalties
Plagiarism can have serious consequences, ranging from academic penalties to legal repercussions. The severity of the consequences
often depends on the level of plagiarism, the institution's policies, and the context in which it occurred.
Academic Consequences Failing Grade Suspension Expulsion
Professional Consequences Retraction of Publication Loss of Job Damage to Reputation
Legal Consequences Copyright Infringement
Lawsuit
Criminal Charges (in some
cases)
Financial Penalties

7. Authorship and Contributorship
In academic and professional settings, authorship and contributorship are crucial concepts. Authorship refers to the recognition given to
individuals who have made significant contributions to a piece of work. Contributorship, on the other hand, encompasses all the
individuals who have contributed in any way to the creation of the work, regardless of whether they are considered authors.
Authorship
Authors are individuals who have made
substantial intellectual contributions to the
work and take responsibility for its
content.
Contributorship
Contributors are individuals who have
played a role in the creation of the work,
even if they are not considered authors.
These contributions can include data
collection, analysis, writing, editing, or
providing technical expertise.
Collaboration
Collaboration is often essential in research
and scholarly endeavors. It is important to
establish clear guidelines for authorship
and contributorship to ensure fairness and
transparency in recognizing the
contributions of all involved individuals.

8. Defining Authorship
Defining authorship can be a complex process, especially in collaborative endeavors. It is essential to establish clear criteria for
authorship to ensure that only those who have made substantial contributions are recognized. The International Committee of Medical
Journal Editors (ICMJE) provides a set of guidelines for authorship, which are widely accepted in academic publications.
Substantial Contributions
Authors must have made significant
intellectual contributions to the work,
including the conception, design,
analysis, or interpretation of the data.
Drafting and Revising
Authors must have been involved in
drafting or revising the work and have
approved the final version submitted
for publication.
Responsibility for the Work
Authors must take responsibility for
the integrity of the work and agree to
be accountable for its content.

9. Establishing Contributorship
Establishing contributorship involves documenting the contributions of all individuals involved in the project. This documentation is crucial for recognizing the
efforts of each member of the team and for ensuring transparency in the attribution of credit. It is essential to have a clear and comprehensive record of
contributions, regardless of whether they are considered authorship level.
Documenting Contributions
Maintain a detailed record of each individual's contributions throughout the project.
Recognizing Contributions
Acknowledge the contributions of all individuals involved in the project, both authors and contributors.
Transparency and Fairness
Ensure transparency in the recognition of contributions and strive for fairness in the distribution of credit.

10. Authorship Disputes
Authorship disputes can arise when there is a disagreement about who should be credited for a piece of work. These disputes can be complex and
emotionally charged, and they often involve allegations of plagiarism or unfair attribution. When handling authorship disputes, it is essential to be
fair, objective, and transparent.
Communication and Resolution
Encourage open communication and attempt
to reach a mutually agreeable resolution.
Mediation or Arbitration
If resolution cannot be reached through
communication, consider involving a third
party mediator or arbitrator to facilitate the
process.
Institutional Policies
Familiarize yourself with the institutional
policies and procedures for handling
authorship disputes.

11. Conflicts of Interest
A conflict of interest occurs when an individual's personal interests could potentially influence their professional judgment or actions. In
research and scholarly endeavors, conflicts of interest can undermine the integrity of the work and compromise its objectivity. It is
essential to be aware of potential conflicts of interest and to disclose them transparently to maintain trust and ensure ethical conduct.
1 Financial Interests
Receiving funding from a company or organization that
may benefit from the research findings.
2 Personal Relationships
Having close personal ties to individuals involved in the
research project.
3 Professional Affiliations
Being affiliated with an organization that may have a
vested interest in the research findings.
4 Competing Interests
Having competing research interests that could bias the
interpretation of the findings.

12. Thank You!