1) Culture media are used to grow microorganisms and can take liquid or solid forms. They must provide the necessary physical, chemical, and organic requirements for microbial growth.
2) There are several types of culture media including general purpose, selective, enrichment, differential, and chemically defined media. Each type is designed for specific purposes like isolating organisms or distinguishing between types.
3) The production of culture media involves weighing and dissolving ingredients, adjusting the pH, dispensing the media, and sterilizing it through autoclaving or boiling to kill any microbes.
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1) Culture media are used to grow microorganisms and can take liquid or solid forms. They must provide the necessary physical, chemical, and organic requirements for microbial growth.
2) There are several types of culture media including general purpose, selective, enrichment, differential, and chemically defined media. Each type is designed for specific purposes like isolating organisms or distinguishing between types.
3) The production of culture media involves weighing and dissolving ingredients, adjusting the pH, dispensing the media, and sterilizing it through autoclaving or boiling to kill any microbes.
This document provides an overview of participatory learning and action techniques used in health projects in India. It discusses fundamentals of participatory learning and action including working with communities to understand their needs from their perspective. It also describes various techniques used, such as focus group discussions, resource mapping, and sociograms. Focus group discussions are explained in detail as a method for obtaining in-depth information from community members to inform programs.
A description of the framework currently in development for New Media Literacies' PLAY! (Participatory Learning and You!) Program which includes educators, students and community new media literacy and participatory learning development through workshops, professional training and online collaborative platform development.
This presentation provides an overview of participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and participatory learning and action (PLA). It discusses the definitions, history, concepts, principles, tools, uses, benefits, and limitations of PRA/PLA. PRA/PLA aim to empower local communities to analyze problems and plan/take action to change their own situations by facilitating participation, discussion, and learning between outsiders and community members. The presentation reviews methods like social mapping, trend analysis, and seasonal diagrams that are used in PRA/PLA.
This document outlines the key differences between positivism and interpretivism research approaches. Positivism assumes objective social facts and influences on society, using quantitative data collection and aiming for objectivity. Interpretivism views reality as constructed by individual meanings and actions resulting from personal meanings rather than external forces, using qualitative data and focusing on subjective meaning. Positivism takes a macro approach seeking reliability through detached research, while interpretivism takes a micro approach developing rapport and emphasizing validity through unstructured interviews and observation.
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- Literature supports that project-based learning can boost underserved students' achievement and interest in science when implemented with clear goals, resources, and alignment to standards. Teacher experience and school culture also influence successful incorporation of social justice themes.
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3. Factors to consider when planning student activities, such as teaching styles, sociocultural learning theory, and tools/artefacts.
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Using Participatory Learning Action Techniques in Higher Education
1. Using Participatory Learning Action
Techniques in Higher Education
Vivienne Bozalek
University of the Western Cape
vbozalek@uwc.ac.za
CHEC Research T&L course
1
2. What is PLA?
• A growing family of approaches, methods,
attitudes and behaviours to enable people
to share, enhance and analyse their
knowledge of life and conditions and to
plan, act and monitor, evaluate and reflect.
(Chambers 2006:3)
CHEC Research T&L course 2
3. Origins of PLA
• Democratisation of research
• Developed in the South in 1970s and also in
North as cooperative inquiry and then by Robert
Chambers in UK
• Examines issues from political, social and
economic perspectives
• Interiorisation of disadvantage (human
capabilities approach concurs with this view)
• Interactive process using visual methods for
action and reflection
CHEC Research T&L course
3
4. PLA techniques
• PLA techniques are open ended, flexible
visual methods which are used in the
learning process
• Examples of such techniques are
mapping, visioning, matrix ranking,
problem and objective trees etc
CHEC Research T&L course 4
5. Key elements of the PLA approach
• A concentration on people as experts of their own lives
and the facilitator as a learner and enabler;
• A focus on equity and giving voice to marginalised and
socially excluded groups of people such as women,
children, those who are rural and poor;
• The use of visual learning methods which are adaptable
and used flexibly to learn from and to evaluate people’s
concerns;
• A commitment to the quality of the interaction and a
recognition and concern with diversity;
• An emphasis on self-critical awareness of both
facilitators and participants;
• A conscious move away from knowledge for the sake of
knowledge to knowledge for action and empowerment.
(Cornwall, 1999:1)
CHEC Research T&L course
5
6. Different Views of Higher Education
6
Taylor & Fransman (2004:6)
CHEC Research T&L course
7. The usefulness of PLA for
higher education
• Participatory parity- inclusive
• Good reflective tool – alternate ways of
expressing
• Often leads to new insights
• Provides stimulus for discussion
• Non-threatening “playful” techniques
• Promotes social learning
• Includes emotional aspects
• Opportunities to challenge and deepen
knowledge CHEC Research T&L course 7
8. Ways in which we have found
PLA useful in higher education
• Dealing with difference
• Promoting collaboration between students
and the institution/faculty/department
• Learning techniques to use in own
disciplines
• Modelling democratic and respectful forms
of practice
• Active form of learning >participation
CHEC Research T&L course 8
9. Limitations of PLA techniques
• Drawings are only a springboard for
discussion and analysis
• Drawings and discussions reflect
subjective experiences
• Can be unsettling/discomforting – needs
management
• How useful it is depends on skills of
facilitator
• Time consuming to plan and implement
• Resistance from some participants
CHEC Research T&L course 9
10. Examples of how PLA techniques
have been used in HE
• Research techniques for social work students at
UWC
• Factors affecting student learning at UWC
• Community, Self and Identity module for students
across the universities
• Women’s Health and Well-Being collaborative
course
• Masters in Child and Family Studies course
• Professional development course on teaching and
learning at UWC
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11. What students said about PLA
techniques
The drawing exercises let us
‘play’, and took the ‘seriousness’
and nervousness out of the
situation we were placed in…
Helped us in working together
as a team in the way that we
were no longer worried about
expressing our feelings even
though they sometimes were
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conflicting.
as soon as you start
drawing one thing you
immediately think of all
the other things that
link up with your initial
idea. After the
drawings had been
made, I was suprised
to see the things that
were in front of me on
my paper.
11
12. Learnings: Knowledge of Self
Through mapping my own community and the
available (and blatant scarcity of) resources, I got
the opportunity to reflect on my community not
only in terms of resources, but also communal
ethos (including prevailing prejudices, attitudes
towards gender, and even racism), ‘Coloured’
culture (as I’ve always had immense difficulty
defining to others what it means to be a
‘Coloured’ person, or defining myself as for
example a ‘Coloured male’
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12
13. Learnings: Change Agents
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The most thing that i also
learnt about myself is that, i
can have the potential to
change my own community
after that drawing
experience
I was reminded of just how fortunate I
am to have resources so readily
available to me. I also learned the
conditions that many of my colleagues
have faced. Many of them do not have
the most basic of resources available
to them in the places where they live.
The impact that this exercise had on
me cannot be emphasised enough. It
strengthened my desire to get involved
in the community and to make a
change, as small as it may be
13
16. Visioning
• People come up with their vision for how
things might be and it can widen their
thinking as well as indicating the things
that are important to them. This could be
drawn, modelled, acted or sung. It serves
as a starting point for discussion of what
actions could be taken.
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18. Visioning Exercise
What are the sort of things that would
make a satisfactory learning experience at
university? Draw or represent the things
that you would find conducive to learning
at university.
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21. Mapping
• Includes mapping of social, demographic,
health and service issues, opportunities or
resources
• Can be drawn on the ground or on paper,
models can be made, natural resources
used
• Provides a starting point for discussion or
for prioritising issues for change
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28. Matrix ranking
• Used to prioritise. The group brainstorms
what it thinks is important in relation to a
particular issue and then votes on which is
most important.
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31. Venn diagrams
• Shows influence of different service
providers, resources and information
sources
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32. Adolescents’ sources of information on sex
reproduction
(Analysed by a group of boys, Old Kanyama Compound)
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33. Mood or Life Lines
• Can be done individually or as a group
• People can track how they felt about
particular events in their lives or even ae
programme over time.
• Need to be used sensitively.
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38. Positives and negatives wall/
tree
• This provides a quick indication of the key
perceptions of the topic under discussion.
Can be done as an introduction to draw
out common themes for further exploration
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40. What helped and hindered
learning at UWC
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41. Conclusion
• PLA effective tool in terms of students’ and higher educators’
knowledge of positioning and resources
• Students have found it useful as methodology themselves
• Enabled safer kind of sharing
• Richer understanding of power relations – privilege and deprivation
• Participatory parity
• Respect for abilities as learners and co-creators of knowledge
• Question world and place in it
• Critical and compassionate worldview
• Skills and willingness for transformation in contemporary SA
• Enhances inquiry based learning approaches
41
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T&L course
42. USEFUL RESOURCE
• http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids/particip/
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43. 43
References
Bozalek, V. & Biersteker, L. (2010) ‘Exploring Power and Privilege using Participatory
Learning and Action Techniques’ Social Work Education, 29(5):551-572.
Bozalek, V. (2011) Acknowledging privilege through encounters with difference:
Participatory Learning and Action techniques for decolonizing methodologies in
Southern contexts International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 4(6):
465-480.
Bozalek, V. (2013) Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) Techniques for Community
Work. In A.K. Larsen, V. Sewpaul, G.O. Hole (eds.) Participation in Community
Work: International Perspectives. London: Routledge. Pp. 57-71.
Chambers, Robert (2006) ‘Notes for Participants in PRA-PLA Familiarisation
Workshops in 2006’.Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex
http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids/particip/
Cornwall, A. (1999) Introduction to PRA Visualisation Methods. In The Participation
Group (1999) Introduction to PRA and Health: A reader. Institute of Development
Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton.
Hodge, D.R. (2005) ‘Spiritual life maps: A client-centered pictorial instrument for
spiritual assessment, planning and intervention’, Social Work, vol 50(1) pp 77-87.
Taylor, Peter & Fransman, Jude (2004) ‘Learning and Teaching Participation: The Role
of Higher Learning Institutions as AgInstitute ents of Development and Social
Change’ IDS Working Paper 219. Brighton: for Social Development, University of
Sussex.