Piaget identified 4 primary stages of cognitive development: 1. Sensorimotor (birth-2 years) - thinking involves senses; develops object permanence 2. Preoperational (2-7 years) - uses symbols but lacks logic; egocentric 3. Concrete operational (7-11 years) - understands conservation; logical thinking 4. Formal operational (11+ years) - abstract reasoning, hypothesis testing, reflection Teachers should provide developmentally appropriate activities at each stage to support children's growing cognitive abilities and help them make sense of the world.