Physiology of Skin and Skeletal system
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
5 likes•3,767 views
This document summarizes an experiment on the physiology of the skin. It describes procedures where a person's skin color was observed before and after compression. The results showed skin colors of pink, pale pink, white and blue. The discussion explains that pink indicates normal blood circulation, white is a disruption of blood flow, and blue is a lack of oxygen. The document discusses several applications of skin color including health indicators, medical conditions that impact skin color, and mapping the distribution of sweat glands.
More Related Content
Similar to Physiology of Skin and Skeletal system
Similar to Physiology of Skin and Skeletal system (20)
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (20)
Physiology of Skin and Skeletal system
- 1. EXPERIMENT 6 PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SKIN
- 2. PROCEDURE
- 3. RESULTS Table 1. Skin color determination Group No. Skin color before compression Skin color in compressed area 1 Pinkish Pale pink, white, blue 2 Pinkish White 3 Pinkish White, pale pink
- 5. APPLICATIONS Healthy skin o Pinkish skin o slightly flushed with blood and full of oxygen o suggests a strong heart and lungs
- 6. o o JAUNDICE o o skin yellowing caused by the build up of bilirubin due to malfunction of the liver eating too many carrots “carotenemia” tanning pills “canthaxanthin”
- 7. o HYPOCHROMIC ANEMIA greenish skin or pallor o hemoglobin levels are too low leading to undersized red blood cells
- 8. o ARGYRIA & CYANOSIS Paul Karason consumed colloidal silver to treat a bad case of dermatitis on his face o and turned blue Caused by inadequate amount of oxygen in the blood
- 9. APPLICATIONS
- 10. predicts your future from the fate lines in the palm and tell about your health and character from the palm colour PALMISTRY
- 11. YELLOW PINK o selfishness in your character o short temper RED o aggressive BLUE o sluggish o cheerful o optimistic
- 12. ATTRACTIVENESS o women rated male faces with a greater amount of golden color in their skin as more attractive
- 13. SYMPTOM OF HORMONAL IMBALANCE o Addison’s disease is caused by low cortisol and aldosterone o Bronzing (hyperpigmentation) o Cushing syndrome caused by exposure to high levels of cortisol o Purple marks (striae) and bruised skin
- 14. PLOTTING THE DISTRIBUTION OF SWEAT GLANDS ECCRINE SWEAT GLAND APOCRINE SWEAT GLAND o produce sweat that is mostly salt, o secrete urea, electrolytes and water (e.g. a thick sweat packed with uric acid, ammonia,fatty acids and proteins amino acids, o glucose, lactic acid)located deep into the skin and opens to protect the o cools the body & help hair skin from bacteriao larger than eccrine and pathogens o causes body odor o no body odor o secreted starting o do not extend as deep into the skin from puberty and they excrete through pores o smaller than apocrine
- 15. PLOTTING THE DISTRIBUTION OF SWEAT GLANDS Eccrine sweat glands Apocrine sweat glands o Distributed over the Occur mainly in arm entire body of nipples pits, areola except lip margins, nail beds, & perineum o nipples, inner surface Also found in ear and of prepuce, labia eyelid minora, glans penis & glans clitoris o Heavily concentrated on soles, palms, armpits, forehead & cheeks o Low in trunk and extremeties
- 16. o Sweating occurs in response to external heat stimuli which alters skin temperature o Cools the skin through evaporative cooling which makes use of the high latent heat of vaporization of water Thermoregulation
- 20. Group 3 ARM PALM
- 21. DISCUSSION Amylopectin + Amylose Iodine trapped in amylose
- 22. DISCUSSION • According to Henry Gray's estimates, the palm has around 370 sweat glands per cm2 while forearm have 155 per cm • Palms contain eccrine glands since it does not have hairs and needs to cool more • Eccrine glands are smaller than apocrine glands of the arm so more glands can fit into the palm
- 23. APPLICATIONS
- 24. o over-active thyroid causes an increase in your metabolic rate o burn more calories (weight loss) and sweat more as your body temperature increases. HYPERHIDROSIS & HYPERTHYROIDISM
- 25. EXPERIMENT 7 PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
- 26. o bones support the body o protect vital organs o allow movement o store minerals o produce red blood cells FUNCTION • ..FUNCTION
- 27. Canaliculi Osteon Osteocytes in lacunae Volkmann’s canal Lamellae Haversian canal TYPES OF OSSEOUS TISSUES Osteon: SPONGY BONE Lamellaeo functionaltubes of concentric unit is bone spicule bone matrix called trabeculae o less dense canalHaversian o site of metabolic passageway for activity e.g. exchange of blood vessels and calcium ions nerves Volkmann’s canals- connect the blood and nerve COMPACT BONE o functionalthe is supply of unit the osteon or periosteum to Haversian systems o matrix is solidly filled Haversian canal with organic ground substance and Canaliculi- hairinorganic salts like channels connecting osteocytes and central canal
- 28. BONE CELLS o Osteoclastslarge cells that dissolve the bone o Osteoblastscells that form new bones o Osteocytesmature osteoblasts found in lacunae o Osteoid- new bone made up of collagen and ground substance
- 29. BONE REMODELLING
- 30. EFFECT OF MECHANICAL STRESS TO BONE STRENGTH
- 31. PROCEDURE Removal of inorganic components o Fresh chicken leg was soaked in 10% nitric acid overnight o Gently apply pressure Skin color
- 32. ACID DECALCIFICATION Migrates Calcium in bone Acid solution “Ionic exchange”
- 33. RESULTS
- 34. o make up 65% of bone by mass o Hydroxyapatite(Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 ) a mineral salt giving the bone compressive strength and hardness o Osteocalcium phosphate (brushite) soft rubbery consiste nt BRITTLEness HARDness Removal of INORGANIC DISCUSSION COMPONENTS
- 36. RESULTS
- 37. OXIDATION OF ORGANIC COMPONENTS OF BONE Collagen Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water
- 38. o BONE CELLS (osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts) o OSTEOID (ground substance and collagen fibers) RESILIENC E FLEXIBILI TY BRITTLE HARD • collagen • 90% of organic component • primarily type I collagen • provides tensile strength • proteoglycans • responsible for compressive strength • inhibit mineralization • matrix proteins • includes noncollagenous proteins • function to promote mineralization and bone formation 1. Osteocalcin 2. Osteonectin 3. Osteopontin 4. Cytokine and growth factors DISCUSSION ORGANIC COMPONENTS
- 39. APPLICATIONS
- 40. OSTEOMALACIA AND RICKETS o softening of the bones due to a lack of vitamin D or a problem with the body's ability to break down and use this vitamin o Rickets is osteomalacia in growing bones of children
- 41. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome o result of abnormal genes that produce abnormal proteins that confer an inherited frailty of collagen o typical features are stretchy skin, loose joints and fragile body tissues
- 42. Stephen ID et al (2009). Facial skin coloration affects perceived health of human faces. International Journal of Primatology DOI 10.1007/s10764009-9380-z. Shanghai Daily March 31, 2009) <http://www.china.org.cn/health/200903/31/content_17530186_2.htm> Rachael Rettner (2012) A Man's Golden Skin Puts a Gleam in a Woman's Eye. Retrieved from < http://www.livescience.com/36145-skin-tone-healthattractiveness.html> Susan T. McClure (2010) About Addison's Disease and Skin Pigment. Retrieved from <http://www.livestrong.com/article/162213-about-addisonsdisease-and-skin-pigment/#ixzz2mm2B6ET3> Kevin Berman (2011) Hyperhidrosis. Retrieved from <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007259.htm> Tracy Jones (2013) Bone Matrix. Retrieved from <http://www.orthobullets.com/basic-science/9003/bone-matrix> REFERENCES
- 43. Cleveland clinic (2010) Osteomalacia. Retrieved from <http://classes.midlandstech.edu/carterp/Courses/bio210/chap06/lectur e1.html> Shiel, William Jr. (2013) Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. Retrieved from <http://www.medicinenet.com/ehlers-danlos_syndrome/article.htm> Akpan, Nsikan (2013) A Half-Red Baby And 3 Other Ways Biology Can Change Skin Color. Retrieved from http://www.medicaldaily.com/half-red-baby-and-3other-ways-biology-can-change-skin-color-graphic-photos-247995 REFERENCES
Editor's Notes
- 1. Press the watch glass firmly against the plate for a few seconds2. Observe and record the color of the skin in the compressed area
- data
- Blue- if the pressure is continued for an extended period in this area
- The color of the palm, says Ma, reveals the general health condition, just like qise of the face. It reflects blood circulation.
- Other abnormal variations in skin color Bilirubin is a yellow chemical in hemoglobin, the substance that carries oxygen in your red blood cells. As red blood cells break down, your body builds new cells to replace them. The old ones are processed by the liver. If the liver cannot handle the blood cells as they break down, bilirubin builds up in the body and your skin may look yellow.Carrots packed with a compound called carotene, which belongs to family of orange pigments called carotenoids. Our cells need carotene to make vitamin A, which is important for eye and skin health. Regular levels of carotene are easily excreted by the body by sweating or urinating, but too much consumption can lead to 'carotenaemia' — orange skin — as the compound accumulates. The condition is typically harmless and dissipates after a few months.Tanning pills, which the Mayo Clinic and FDA deem as unsafe, contain canthaxanthin, which is a carotenoid that sometimes turns skin orange.
- PictureCyanosis
- Consuming chemical compounds with silver can turn a person blue, which is known as argyria, The most famous case of argyria arguably belongs to Paul Karason, who believed that drinking silver in his water on a daily basis could cure his skin dermatitis, even though FDA says otherwise.Blue skin can also be caused by genetic blood disorder called methemoglobinemia. People with the disease produce large amounts of methemoglobin, a type of hemoglobin, which is the protein that blood cells use to carry oxygen. Methemoglobin struggles to release the oxygen, leading to the change to smurf-dom.
- Yellow-less blood in your body Pink- liveliness and good healthBlue- blood movement is slow in the body
- Distribution of sweat glandsEccrine sweat glands develop in utero (during foetal development) and are distributed over the entire body, with the exception of the lip margins, nail beds, nipples, the inner surface of the prepuce (foreskiheavily concentrated include:Soles of the feet: 620 ± 20 per cm2;Palms of the hands: 300 ± 80 per cm2;Armpits: 360 ± 60 per cm2;Forehead: 360 ± 60 per cm2; andCheeks: 300 ± 80 per cm2.Sites which have a low concentration of eccrine glands include:Trunk: 65 ± 20 per cm2; andExtremities (arms and legs): 120 ± 30 per cm2.n), labia minora(outer folds of skin of the vulva/vagina), glans penis (head of the penis) and glans clitoris.Apocrine glands occur mainly in the arm pit, the areola of the nipples, and the perineum (region separating the anus from the genitals). They can also be found in the ear and eyelid.
- Sweating is primarily a thermoregulatory response to control the body temperature. Normal thermoregulatory sweating occurs in response to external heat stimuli which alters skin temperature. However, it is thought to be primarily controlled by the body's internal temperature and particularly the temperature of the centralbrain. Thermoregulatory sweating is regulated by signals from thehypothalamus (a structure in the brain), and occurs diurnally (in the day) and nocturnally (at night).
- With paperPainted a region in the palm and another region in the forearm with iodine solution and allowed to dry thoroughlyPlaced 2 squares of bondpaper (1 cmx 1 cm) to the painted regions and tape it securelyand leave for 20 minutesAfter 20 minutes, removed the paper squares and count the number of blue-black dots on the square
- Estimated based on the intensity of the color to determine with part has the more concentration of sweat glands
- Generally based on the results, sweat glands are more concentrated on the palms
- Our palms often heat up when we are nervous or anxious, but if this is happening to you on a regular basis, your thyroid could be to blame. An over-active thyroid causes an increase in your metabolic rate. This means you burn more calories and sweat more as your body temperature increases. You may also experience unexplained weight loss, a constant feeling of nervous energy and a swelling of the thyroid gland in the throat. An overactive thyroid can be treated with medication
- Pic background
- Due to their function, it is necessary that the skeletal system is strong but flexible.
- How mechanical stress affects strength? Dietary factors?
- Procedure
- Acidreleases calcium from its chemical combinations with phosphates and carbonates in bone through ionic exchange
- Soft and bendable without breaking
- Structure of hydroxyapatite and osteocalcium
- Burn the bone completely using the alcohol lamp
- Application of pressure made the bones easily break into pieces
- What we accessed in the first experiment is the importance of the organic components of the bone and the function of the remaining organic material