topic 3-fire fighting.pdf

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TOPIK 2 Topic 3 :Fire fighting system
TOPIC
3:
FIRE
FIGHTING
SYSTEM
BUILDING SERVICES 1
• …..jabatan kejuruteraan awam
• …..politeknik kota bharu
DCQ 20052

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TOPIK 2 introduction
TOPIC
3:
FIRE
FIGHTING
SYSTEM
•TOPIC 3 :
•Fire Fighting System

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TOPIK 2 Introduction:
TOPIC
3:
FIRE
FIGHTING
SYSTEM
Topic covers…
~ 1. DEFINITION
~ 2. NEEDS & IMPORTANCES
~ 3. TYPES OF FIRE FIGHTING
~ 4. ACTIVE FIRE FIGHTING
~ 5. PASSIVE FIRE FIGHTING

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TOPIK 2 Definition :
TOPIC
3:
FIRE
FIGHTING
SYSTEM
Definition :
~ The fire system in a building are many. There are
equipment and system for monitoring, communication,
fighting fire, diverting smoke and many others.
Generally they can be classified into two categories:
1. Fire Protection system
2. Fire fighting system

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TOPIC
3:
FIRE
FIGHTING
SYSTEM
Fire Protection system
~ The fire system are used to alert people that a small
fire or something overheating has occurred, and that
there is a danger of fire happening soon.
~ Smoke detectors, and heat detectors are used to
detect such incidents before a big fire occurred.
~ persons detecting a fire need to sound the alarm to
get more assistance.
~ The break glass is the easiest way to sound the
alarm
~ All the fire alarm panels, sub controls panels, bells,
break-glass, smoke detector, heat detectors can be
grouped into this area.

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TOPIC
3:
FIRE
FIGHTING
SYSTEM
Fire fighting system
~ used when a big fire has already started
~ methods of containing fire & limiting its
spread
~ methods to ensure building occupants can
escape to safety
~ there is a need to extinguish
~ sprinkler systems, and hose reel systems
are some of the system used for fire fighting
~ Wet risers are pipes which distribute large
volumes of water to canvas hoses
~the fire fighting systems also contains
pumps, tanks and their own distribution piping,
fire rated doors, staircase, party wall and so.

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Introduction :
~ methods of containing fire & limiting its spread
~ methods to ensure building occupants can escape
to safety
~ methods of controlling fire once its started.
TOPIC 5 : fire fighting system
Topic 3 :Fire fighting system

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Definition of fire protection:
~ Fire protection is a study and practice of
justifying the unwanted effects of
potentially destructive fires. Firefighting
system is the methods to control and
limiting fire spreading to ensure the safety
of building occupants through planning
and installing fire hazard equipment.

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Types of fire fighting system:
1. Active fire systems:
… external devices that is ‘added’ in a
building.
2. Passive fire systems:
… a method of fire protection considered early
in the designing stage.
Active fire protection is about detecting, stopping
and escaping fire. Whereas passive fire protection
means containing the fire and preventing it from
spreading further.

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Active fire fighting system:
~ Active fire protection (manual and automatic
detection and suppression of fires, as in using and
installing a fire sprinkler system or finding the fire
(fire alarm) and/or extinguishing it)
~ methods :
…portable / moveable
…fixed installed / unmovable
a) Fire extinguisher
b) Heat & smoke detector
c) Sprinkler system
d) Wet & dry riser
e) Hose reel

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Portable fire
extinguisher
a) water b) Dry powder
c) foam
d) Carbon dioxide
(CO2)
e) Vaporizing
liquid

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Water :
Installed for each 210m2 floor area, with minimum
two extinguishers per floor
Must not be used on petroleum, burning liquids or
in kitchen as it may spread the fire.
PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS :

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Dry Powder :
Contained 1-11kg of treated bicarbonate of soda
powder pressurized with CO2, nitrogen or dried
air.
The powder interrupts the chemical reactions
within the flame and producing rapid flame knock-
down.
It is non-conducting and does little damage to
electrical motors or appliances.
A deposit of powder is left on the equipment after it
is sprayed.

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Foam :
May contain foaming chemicals that reacts
upon mixing a CO2 pressure driven foam.
They cool the combustion, exclude oxygen
and can be applied to wood, textile or liquid
fires.
Normally used in a garage.
Carbon Dioxide :
CO2s are designed for Class B and
C. (flammable liquid and electrical) fires only.
Its work by displacing oxygen, or taking away
the oxygen element of the fire triangle.
The carbon dioxide is also very cold as it

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Class of fire :

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Heat
detector
Rate-of -rise
Fixed temperature

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HEAT DETECTOR :
A heat detector is a fire alarm device designed to
respond when the convected thermal energy of a
fire increases the temperature of a heat sensitive
element. Its classification are based on the
operation system = rate of rise & fixed temp.
system.

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Rate-Of-Rise:
These sound an alarm when the temperature in the
immediate vicinity rises higher than the preset rate per time
factor (minutes, etc.).
Operate on a rapid rise in element temperature of 120° to
150°F (67° to 83°C) increase per minute.
It has two heat-sensitive thermocouples/ thermistor. One
thermocouple monitors heat transferred by convection or
radiation. The other responds to ambient temperature.
detectors may not respond to low energy release rates of
slowly developing fires.
To detect slowly developing fires combination detectors add
a fixed temperature element that will ultimately respond
when the fixed temperature element reaches the design
threshold.

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Fixed Temperature:
These detectors are preset to sound an alarm when the air
temperature exceeds the fixed temperature.
The most popular fixed temperature detectors used in
homes are preset to sound an alarm when the temperature
exceeds 135 degrees F.
Other units are available to be preset up to temperatures
of approximately 200 to 225 degrees F.
These detectors may be used in an attic where summer
temperatures normally may reach 135 degrees F.

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Smoke
detector
Ionization.
Photoelectric.

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SMOKE DETECTOR :
is a device that detects smoke, typically as an indicator of
fire. Smoke detectors are typically housed in a disk-shaped
plastic enclosure about 150 millimetres (6 in) in diameter
and 25 millimetres (1 in) thick, but the shape can vary by
manufacturer or product line.

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SMOKE DETECTOR :
work either by optical detection (photoelectric) or by
physical process (ionization), both methods to increase
sensitivity to smoke.
in large commercial, industrial, and residential buildings
usually powered by a central fire alarm system, which is
powered by the building power with a battery backup.

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SMOKE DETECTOR :
In smaller multiple family housings, a smoke alarm
is often powered only by a single disposable
battery.

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Ionization :
The ionization uses a radioactive source (typically Americium-241, an
alpha-emitting radionuclide) to ionize the air within the sensing
chamber. The ionization of air by the radioactive particle causes a very
small flow of electrical current. When smoke from a fire enters the
chamber, its presence causes a reduction in the current's flow. The
electronic circuitry senses the reduced flow and triggers the alarm horn
(Figure 1).

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Ionization :

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Photoelectric:
use the principle of scattered or reflected light to indicate the presence
of visual smoke. They work much like the automatic eyes used to open
doors. When there's no smoke, the chamber is dark. The light shines
across the chamber and is received in a light trap on the far side. When
smoke is present in the chamber, a photocell located at right angles to
the light source senses the light scattered off the smoke particles and,
at a certain level of illumination, triggers the alarm horn (Figure 2).

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Photoelectric:
Both detectors sense the presence of smoke. The photoelectric
detector senses the large, visible smoke particles. The ion chamber
detector senses the small, invisible particles.
If a fire starts slowly without visible flame, a good photoelectric unit
would be superior to a good ion chamber detector in terms of detection
time. But, if the fire has flames, a good ion chamber will detect it faster
than a good photoelectric detector. For this reason, it's a good idea to
use both types in your detection system.

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Sprinkler
system
Fusible
Link
Chemical
Glass
Bulb
Deluge/Open
Head

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SPRINKLER SYSTEM:
fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection measure,
consisting of a water supply system, providing adequate
pressure and flowrate to a water distribution piping system,
onto which fire sprinklers are connected. Although
historically only used in factories and large commercial
buildings, home and small building systems are now
available at a cost-effective price

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SPRINKLER SYSTEM:

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SPRINKLER SYSTEM:

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SPRINKLER SYSTEM:
sprinkler water outlet located about 3 meters (c/c),
normally at ceiling level & spray water in circular pattern. A
deflector plate directs the water jet over the hazard.
Acceptable sources of sprinkler water should be;
➢ a water main fed by 1000m3 capacity where the
correct pressure & flowrate is guaranteed.
➢ an elevated private reservoir of 500m3 or more
depending on risk category.
➢ a gravity tank on-site, which can be refilled in 6 h,
capacity of 9-875m3 depending on risk
➢ an automatic pump arranged to draw water from main
or a break tank of 9-875m3 capacity.
➢ a pressure tank; pneumatic pressure tank source can
be used for certain light risk category or as backup
facility.

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SPRINKLER SYSTEM:

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SPRINKLER SYSTEM:

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SPRINKLER SYSTEM:
Each sprinkler installation must be provided with the
following;
➢ main stop valve = which is strapped & padlocked in the
open position to enable the water flow to be stopped
after the fire is extinguished.
➢ alarm valve = differential pressure caused by water
flow through the valve opens as branch pipe to the
alarm gong motor.
➢ water motor alarm & gong = water flow through a
turbine motor drives a rotary clapper within a domed
gong to give audible warning of sprinkler operation and
commence evacuation of the building.

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SPRINKLER SYSTEM:
caption:
1.main water tank
2.main water pump
3.main pilot valve (dry)
4.pilot valve (wet)
5.sprinkler head - standing
configuration
6.sprinkler head - hanging
configuration
7.pressure tank
8.testing piping
9.testing piping
10.filling piping
11.compressor
12.alarm bell
13.fire central
14.alarm bell
15.pressure gauge
16.switchboard

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SPRINKLER SYSTEM:
Each sprinkler installation must be provided with the
following;

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Fusible Link :
a soldered link in a system of levers holds the water outlet
shut. At a predetermined temp. of 68C or greater, the solder
melts and water flow start.
A mechanical fusible link is a device consisting of two strips of
metal soldered together with a fusible alloy that is designed to
melt at a specific temperature, thus allowing the two pieces to
separate. Mechanical fusible links are utilized as the triggering
device in fire sprinkler systems and mechanical automatic
door release mechanisms that close fire doors in warehouses,
etc

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Fusible Link :

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Chemical:
Similar to fusible link but using a block of chemical, which
melts at 71C or greater, depending on the application.
It includes a dry supply of chemical, and it spreads a gas,
normally nitrogen. Detection devices, fixed piping and nozzles
are used for spreading the dry chemical in the area
preventing the fire from its propagation.
It is normally applied in two ways: flooding and local flooding.
Local flooding is used to content fire in isolated areas where
there is no chance of further propagation

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Glass Bulb :
a quartz bulb containing a colored fluid with a high coefficient
expansion, which fractures at 57C or more.
a sprinkler which opens under the influence of heat by the
breakage of a glass bulb; the bulb breaks as a result of the
pressure exerted by the expansion of the liquid which it
contains.

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Deluge /open head:
Used to combat high-intensity fires & protect storage tanks
or structural steelworks. Controlled by a quick opening
valve actuated from a heat detector or a conventional
sprinkler arrangement. A drencher system provides a
discharged of water over the external openings of a
building to prevent spreading
In the deluge system, all sprinklers are open and normally
there is no water in the piping. When fire occurs, a
supplementary detection system senses the fire and
automatically opens a water control valve. This allows
water to flow through the piping system to all sprinklers.

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Deluge /open head:

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Deluge /open head:

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Benefits of sprinkler system…
1) Immediate identification and control of a
developing fire.
2) Immediate alert.
3) Reduced heat and smoke damage.
4) Enhanced life safety.
5) Design flexibility.
6) Enhanced Security.
7) Decreased insurance expenditure.

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FIRE ALARM:
An automatic fire alarm system is
designed to detect the unwanted
presence of fire by monitoring
environmental changes associated with
combustion. In general, a fire alarm
system is classified as either
automatically actuated, manually
actuated, or both. Automatic fire alarm
systems are intended to notify the
building occupants to evacuate in the
event of a fire or other emergency, report
the event to an off-premises location in
order to summon emergency services,
and to prepare the structure and
associated systems to control the spread
of fire and smoke

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Purpose of fire alarm:
A properly designed, installed, operated, and maintained
fire alarm system can reduce the losses associated with an
unwanted fire in any building. These losses include
property and, more importantly, human life. The primary
motivation for fire alarm system requirements in building
and fire codes is to provide early notification to building
occupants so they can exit the building, and to notify the
fire service so it can respond to the fire. In settings such
as hospitals the fire alarm system provides notification to
staff so they can respond to the fire emergency (as
opposed to evacuating the building). This module will
explain the basic features of fire alarm systems and the
inspection of these systems. It should be noted that fire
alarm systems also are called "protective signaling
systems,”

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Riser
Wet riser
Dry riser

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DRY RISER:
DRY RISER = is a main vertical pipe intended to distribute
water to multiple levels of a building as a component of the
fire suppression systems.
The pipe is maintained empty of water. The dry riser is the
opposite of a "wet riser" or "wet standpipe" system where
the pipes are kept full of water for manual or automatic fire
fighting operations.
Dry risers have to have fire engine access within 18m of
the dry riser inlet box. Dry Risers in occupied buildings
have to be within a fire resistant shaft, usually one of a
building's fire escape staircase enclosures.

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DRY RISER:
A dry riser is a dry hydrant installation for building 18-40
meter high. The riser pipe is 100-150mm dia. Is sited within
a staircase enclosure with 65mm instantaneous valve
outlet terminal at each landing.
All parts of the building floor are to be within 60m of the
hydrant, measured along the line on which a hose would be
laid. A test hydrant is fitted at roof level, and also 25mm
automatic air vent.
A double inlet breeching piece with two 65mm
instantaneous terminals is located in a red wired glass box
in an external wall,760mm above ground level and not
more than 12m from the riser.
A brass blank cap and chain is fitted to each landing valve.
Landing valves are 1m above floor level.

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DRY RISER:

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DRY RISER:

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DRY RISER:

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WET RISER:
A Wet Riser is a system of valves and pipe work which are
kept permanently charged with water. Permanently charged
rising pipe 100mm dia or greater supplies a 65mm
instantaneous valve outlet terminal at each floor at a
pressure between 140 and 520 kPa.
Each hydrant valve is strapped and padlocked in the closed
position. They are 1m above the floor level and used only
by fire brigade for building over 60m high which extends
out of reach of turnable ladder. Higher building have
saperate supply tank and pump set for each 60m height.

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WET RISER:

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WET RISER:

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Hosereel

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HOSEREEL :
Hose Reel is a cylindrical spindle made of either metal, fiberglass, or
plastic and is used for storing a hose. The most common styles of hose
reels are spring driven (which is self retracting), hand crank, or motor
driven. Hose reels are categorized by the diameter and length of the
hose they hold, the pressure rating and the rewind method. Hose reels
can either be fixed in a permanent location, or portable and attached to
a truck, trailer, or cart.

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HOSEREEL :
is a high-pressure hose used to carry water or other fire
retardant (such as foam) to a fire to extinguish it. Outdoors,
it is attached either to a fire engine or a fire hydrant.
Indoors, it can be permanently attached to a building's
standpipe or plumbing system.
The usual working pressure of a firehose can vary between
800 and 2,000 kPa; 116 and 290 psi, while its bursting
pressure can be up 8,300 kPa; 1,204 psi
After use, a fire hose is usually hung to dry as standing
water that remains in a hose for an extended period of time
can deteriorate the material and render it unreliable or
unusable

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HOSEREEL :
Hose Reel is a cylindrical spindle made of either metal,

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HOSEREEL :
Hose Reel is a cylindrical spindle made of either metal,

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Passive fire fighting system:
~ Passive fire protection (use of integral, fire-resistance rated
wall and floor assemblies that are used to form fire
compartments intended to limit the spread of fire, or
occupancy separations, or firewalls, to keep fires, high
temperatures and flue gases within the fire compartment of
origin, thus enabling firefighting and evacuation)
~ the topic will cover ;
a) Fire rated door
b) Staircase
c) Means of escape
d) Party wall

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FIRE RATED DOOR :
~ fire door is a door with a fire-resistance consideration used
as part of a passive fire protection system to reduce the
spread of fire or smoke between compartments and to
enable safe egress from a building or structure or ship.
Often referred to as a closure, this barrier is not a firewall
or an occupancy separation.
~ Fire doors may be made of a
combination of materials, such as:
1) timber
2) steel
3) gypsum (as an endothermic fill)
4) vermiculite-boards
5) glass sections
Fire-resistance rated door, with wire mesh glass window

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FIRE RATED DOOR :
~ fire doors are required to minimize the transmission of heat
from one side of the door to the other. If the door can limit
the transmission of heat for a period of time, it is possible
for people in a burning building to safely pass below the
floor of fire origin.
~ These doors are built with a specifically designed core and
are referred to as temperature rise doors. In addition to the
hourly rating, the fire door label will also state the door
temperature.
i. Three-hour (180 minute) doors.
ii. 1-1/2-hour (90 minute) doors
iii. One-hour (60 minute) doors
iv. 3/4-hour (45 minute) doors
v. 1/3-hour (20 minute) doors

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FIRE RATED DOOR :
~ selection of doors based on fire rating;
CLASS (A) -3 hour approved for doors in dividing fire walls
with openings not exceeding 1,200 sq. ft. in area.
CLASS (B) -1.5 hour approved for doors, in vertical shall
openings not exceeding 1,200 sq. ft. in area.
CLASS (C) -0.75 hour approved for doors in corridor or room-
partition opening not exceeding 1,200 sq. ft. in
area.
CLASS (D) -1 .5 hour approved for doors in exterior wall
opening not exceeding 1,200 sq. ft. in area.

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FIRE RATED DOOR :
Industrial grade fire door rated to
hydrocarbon curve and blast
resistance.
Double fire door immediately after 3
hour fire test inside a 4 hour rated

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STAIRCASE:
~ A fire escape is an emergency exit,
mounted to the outside of a
building or inside but separate
from the main areas of the
building. It provides a method of
escape in the event of a fire or
other emergency that makes the
stairwells inside a building
inaccessible.
~ Fire escapes are often found on
multiple-story residential buildings,
such as apartment buildings. At
one time, they were a very
important aspect of fire safety for
all new construction in urban areas

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STAIRCASE:
~ Exit from the interior of a building to the fire escape may be
provided by a fire exit door, but in some cases the only exit
is through a window. When there is a door, it is often fitted
with a fire alarm to prevent unauthorized entry

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STAIRCASE:
~

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MEANS OF ESCAPE:
means of escape is a structural means, whereby a safe
route is provided for persons to escape in case of fire, from
any point in a building to a place of safety, without outside
assistance When assessing the means of escape you
should take account of the loss of exits or routes as a
result of any fire.

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MEANS OF ESCAPE:
All exit routes must be free of any obstruction and floors or
floor coverings should be in a good condition. It is
important to ensure exit routes are adequately lit especially
where there is a change in floor level. Wherever possible,
exit doors should open outwards and display an exit sign.

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PARTY WALL:
~ A Party wall is a dividing partition between two adjoining
buildings (or units) that is shared by the tenants of each
residence or business. The wall is sometimes constructed
over the center of the property line dividing two terraced
flats or row houses so that one half of the wall is on each
property.
~ The term can be also used to describe a division between
separate units within a multi-unit apartment complex. Very
often the wall in this case is non-structural but designed to
meet established criteria for sound and/or fire protection
between residential units.

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PARTY WALL:
~ Party walls are typically made of non-combustible material.
Where required by code, the party wall could be a fire wall.
The wall starts at the foundation and continues up to a
parapet, creating two separate and structurally independent
buildings on either side.

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PARTY WALL:

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IMPORTANCE OF FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM:
~ Continuity of operations - on a public scale, this is
intended to prevent the interruption of critical services
necessary for the public welfare (emergency call center).
~ Property protection - on a public scale, this is intended to
prevent area wide conflagrations. At an individual building
level, this is typically an insurance consideration (e.g., a
requirement for financing), or a regulatory requirement.
~ Life safety - the minimum standard used in fire and
building codes

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Importance of fire fighting system:
- THE END -

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