1. The document provides a supplemental study guide for physics II covering key concepts in electricity and magnetism, including that electric fields are produced by charges and magnetic fields by moving charges.
2. It defines important terms like voltage, capacitors, current, direct and alternating current, and magnetic fields from current carrying wires. Concepts like Coulomb's law, capacitance, and electromagnetic induction are also explained.
3. Examples and formulas are given for forces on charges and wires in magnetic fields, torque on current loops, magnetic flux, inductors, and resonance in RLC circuits to help students visualize and understand topics in electricity and magnetism.
1. Michael Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction in 1831 when he found that a changing magnetic field can generate an electric current.
2. According to Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction, a changing magnetic flux induces an electromotive force (emf) in a circuit. The magnitude of the induced emf is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux through the circuit.
3. Lenz's law states that the direction of the induced current is such that it creates its own magnetic field to oppose the original change in magnetic flux that created it.
1) The Earth behaves like a giant bar magnet with magnetic north and south poles. Its magnetic field is generated by electrical currents in the liquid outer core due to convection of iron and nickel.
2) The magnetic poles do not align with the geographic poles, as the magnetic axis is tilted about 11 degrees from the Earth's rotational axis.
3) The dynamo effect in the outer core sustains the Earth's magnetic field through convection-driven electrical currents that act like a self-exciting dynamo.
1. The document discusses various topics related to magnetic fields including the magnetic field produced by electric currents, magnetic field lines, the magnetic field of the Earth, and the forces experienced by moving charges and current-carrying conductors in magnetic fields.
2. Key concepts covered include the Biot-Savart law for calculating magnetic fields, the right hand rule for determining magnetic field direction, the motion of charged particles in uniform magnetic fields, and applications such as mass spectrometers and the aurora borealis.
3. Measurement techniques for magnetic fields including using a current balance, search coil, and Hall probe are also summarized.
The document discusses various topics related to magnetism including:
- The ancient discovery of magnetism in lodestone by the Chinese in 2000 BC who used it for navigation.
- The properties of magnets including having magnetic fields with poles that attract or repel other magnets and magnetic materials.
- Induced magnetism caused by an external magnetic influence.
- Differences between magnetic, non-magnetic, and magnetized materials and how to test for magnetism.
- Electrical and physical methods of magnetization and demagnetization.
- Plotting magnetic field lines using a compass to map field patterns.
This document provides an overview of the topic "Electromagnetism" presented by Biniwale Suraj for the 1st year B.E. (C) class at GEC Dahod Mechanical Dept. It covers the following key points in electromagnetism:
1. It introduces electromagnetism and discusses its importance in electrical devices.
2. It reviews the history of discoveries in electromagnetism and Maxwell's unification of electricity and magnetism.
3. It explains electromagnetic concepts such as the magnetic field produced by electric current, Faraday's laws of induction, and induced electromotive force.
4. It also discusses magnetic effects such as the direction
This document provides information about Earth's magnetism and magnetic fields. It explains that Earth's magnetic field is generated by a dynamo effect in the planet's liquid iron core, similar to how a bicycle dynamo works. It also defines key terms related to magnetism, including uniform and non-uniform magnetic fields, magnetic field lines, magnetic poles, dipoles, permeability, and susceptibility. The document discusses how Earth's magnetic field behaves similarly to a bar magnet and protects the planet, while hot temperatures cause metals to lose their magnetic properties.
Magnetic Effects Of Current Class 12 Part-2Self-employed
The document discusses various topics related to the magnetic effects of electric current:
1. It defines Lorentz force and Fleming's left hand rule for determining the direction of force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field.
2. It describes the forces experienced by moving charges and current-carrying conductors in both uniform electric and magnetic fields.
3. It provides the definition of the ampere based on the forces experienced between two parallel current-carrying conductors.
Lorentz Force Magnetic Force on a moving charge in uniform Electric and Mag...Priyanka Jakhar
1) The document discusses the magnetic force on a moving charge and current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. It defines magnetic force and derives the formulae for force on a charge and conductor.
2) Magnetic force on a moving charge is directly proportional to the charge, velocity perpendicular to the magnetic field, and magnetic field strength. The formula derived is F = qvBsinθ.
3) Magnetic force on a current-carrying conductor is directly proportional to the current, length of conductor perpendicular to the magnetic field, and magnetic field strength. The formula is F = ILBsinθ.
1. Michael Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction in 1831 when he found that a changing magnetic field can generate an electric current.
2. According to Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction, a changing magnetic flux induces an electromotive force (emf) in a circuit. The magnitude of the induced emf is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux through the circuit.
3. Lenz's law states that the direction of the induced current is such that it creates its own magnetic field to oppose the original change in magnetic flux that created it.
1) The Earth behaves like a giant bar magnet with magnetic north and south poles. Its magnetic field is generated by electrical currents in the liquid outer core due to convection of iron and nickel.
2) The magnetic poles do not align with the geographic poles, as the magnetic axis is tilted about 11 degrees from the Earth's rotational axis.
3) The dynamo effect in the outer core sustains the Earth's magnetic field through convection-driven electrical currents that act like a self-exciting dynamo.
1. The document discusses various topics related to magnetic fields including the magnetic field produced by electric currents, magnetic field lines, the magnetic field of the Earth, and the forces experienced by moving charges and current-carrying conductors in magnetic fields.
2. Key concepts covered include the Biot-Savart law for calculating magnetic fields, the right hand rule for determining magnetic field direction, the motion of charged particles in uniform magnetic fields, and applications such as mass spectrometers and the aurora borealis.
3. Measurement techniques for magnetic fields including using a current balance, search coil, and Hall probe are also summarized.
The document discusses various topics related to magnetism including:
- The ancient discovery of magnetism in lodestone by the Chinese in 2000 BC who used it for navigation.
- The properties of magnets including having magnetic fields with poles that attract or repel other magnets and magnetic materials.
- Induced magnetism caused by an external magnetic influence.
- Differences between magnetic, non-magnetic, and magnetized materials and how to test for magnetism.
- Electrical and physical methods of magnetization and demagnetization.
- Plotting magnetic field lines using a compass to map field patterns.
This document provides an overview of the topic "Electromagnetism" presented by Biniwale Suraj for the 1st year B.E. (C) class at GEC Dahod Mechanical Dept. It covers the following key points in electromagnetism:
1. It introduces electromagnetism and discusses its importance in electrical devices.
2. It reviews the history of discoveries in electromagnetism and Maxwell's unification of electricity and magnetism.
3. It explains electromagnetic concepts such as the magnetic field produced by electric current, Faraday's laws of induction, and induced electromotive force.
4. It also discusses magnetic effects such as the direction
This document provides information about Earth's magnetism and magnetic fields. It explains that Earth's magnetic field is generated by a dynamo effect in the planet's liquid iron core, similar to how a bicycle dynamo works. It also defines key terms related to magnetism, including uniform and non-uniform magnetic fields, magnetic field lines, magnetic poles, dipoles, permeability, and susceptibility. The document discusses how Earth's magnetic field behaves similarly to a bar magnet and protects the planet, while hot temperatures cause metals to lose their magnetic properties.
Magnetic Effects Of Current Class 12 Part-2Self-employed
The document discusses various topics related to the magnetic effects of electric current:
1. It defines Lorentz force and Fleming's left hand rule for determining the direction of force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field.
2. It describes the forces experienced by moving charges and current-carrying conductors in both uniform electric and magnetic fields.
3. It provides the definition of the ampere based on the forces experienced between two parallel current-carrying conductors.
Lorentz Force Magnetic Force on a moving charge in uniform Electric and Mag...Priyanka Jakhar
1) The document discusses the magnetic force on a moving charge and current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. It defines magnetic force and derives the formulae for force on a charge and conductor.
2) Magnetic force on a moving charge is directly proportional to the charge, velocity perpendicular to the magnetic field, and magnetic field strength. The formula derived is F = qvBsinθ.
3) Magnetic force on a current-carrying conductor is directly proportional to the current, length of conductor perpendicular to the magnetic field, and magnetic field strength. The formula is F = ILBsinθ.
This document provides an overview of the topic "Magnetic Field" which will be covered over 7 hours. It includes sections on the magnetic field produced by current-carrying conductors, the force on a moving charged particle in a uniform magnetic field, and the force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. The first section defines magnetic fields and identifies common sources of magnetic fields such as bar magnets, coils, and the Earth. Subsequent sections provide formulas for calculating magnetic fields from different current-carrying structures and the forces experienced by moving charges and conductors in magnetic fields. Examples of problems are given throughout.
Hans Christian Oersted discovered in 1819 that a compass needle is deflected by a current-carrying wire, demonstrating the relationship between electricity and magnetism. A current produces a circular magnetic field around it, and the direction of the magnetic field can be determined using the Right-Hand Grip rule. Maxwell's equations relate electric and magnetic fields and show that changing magnetic fields produce electric fields and vice versa. Magnetic fields exert forces on moving charges and electric currents. These forces allow applications like electromagnets, electric motors, and particle accelerators.
- The document discusses the topic of magnetism, including bar magnets, the Earth's magnetism, and magnetic properties of materials.
- It describes how William Gilbert established several postulates about magnetism in 1600, including that the Earth acts as a giant bar magnet and a bar magnet will point north-south when suspended.
- The document also discusses how the magnetic field lines of a bar magnet resemble those of a solenoid, suggesting bar magnets can be thought of as many circulating currents.
The document discusses magnetic fields produced by electric currents. It begins by introducing the Biot-Savart law, which describes the magnetic field generated by a straight wire carrying a current. It then examines the magnetic field of a circular current loop, noting that the field depends on the current I, distance R from the loop, and radius a. At large distances R compared to the radius a, the field approximates that of a magnetic dipole with a magnetic dipole moment m proportional to the current I and area A of the loop.
- Magnetic flux (ΦB) is a measure of magnetic field strength over an area, measured in webers (Wb). ΦB = BA, where B is magnetic field strength and A is area.
- According to Faraday's law of induction, any change in magnetic flux over time induces a voltage in a circuit. The faster the change, the greater the induced voltage.
- Lenz's law states that an induced current will flow in a direction that opposes the change causing it, in order to conserve energy. This explains the negative sign in Faraday's law.
The document discusses several topics related to magnetic effects of electric currents:
1. Lorentz force law describes the force experienced by a moving charge in a magnetic field. Fleming's left hand rule indicates the direction of this force.
2. Instruments like galvanometers, ammeters, and voltmeters make use of the magnetic force on a current-carrying coil. Galvanometers can be adapted into ammeters using a shunt resistor or voltmeters using a series resistor.
3. Other topics covered include the magnetic field due to parallel currents, torque on a current-carrying coil, cyclotron particle acceleration, and the maximum energy attainable by particles in a cyclotron.
Electromagnetism is a branch of physics involving the study of the electromagnetic force, a type of physical interaction that occurs between electrically charged particles. The electromagnetic force usually exhibits electromagnetic fields such as electric fields, magnetic fields, and light, and is one of the four fundamental interactions (commonly called forces) in nature. The other three fundamental interactions are the strong interaction, the weak interaction, and gravitation.[1] At high energy the weak force and electromagnetic force are unified as a single electroweak force.
1) Magnets have north and south poles that attract or repel each other depending on their orientation. They generate magnetic fields around them represented by field lines.
2) Charged particles experience a magnetic force when moving through a magnetic field that is perpendicular to both the field and velocity directions. The right hand rule determines the force direction.
3) Current-carrying wires also experience a magnetic force when placed in an external magnetic field due to their internal magnetic field generated by the current.
Electricity, magnetism and electromagnetismairwave12
Atoms contain protons, electrons, and neutrons. Protons are positively charged, electrons are negatively charged, and they are located on the outer edges of atoms. The movement and concentration of electrons creates static electricity and electric currents. Static electricity builds up a charge without flowing, while electric current flows from high voltage to low voltage, such as through wires in a circuit. Current can be direct (DC) or alternating (AC). Magnets have north and south poles and magnetic fields that interact with electric fields through electromagnetic induction, which is the basis for technologies like electric motors, generators, and transformers.
This document provides a summary of a lecture on magnetic fields and currents. Some key points include:
1) Magnetic fields are created by moving electric charges such as electric currents. The magnetic field exerts a force on moving charges that is perpendicular to both the magnetic field and the charge's velocity.
2) Currents in wires produce magnetic fields according to the Biot-Savart law. Solenoids and toroids can be used to produce nearly uniform magnetic fields within their centers.
3) Ampere's law can be used to relate the line integral of magnetic field around a closed loop to the electric current enclosed by the loop, similar to how Gauss' law relates electric field flux to enclosed charge.
This document provides an introduction to the magnetic effects of electric current. It discusses:
1. Oersted's experiment in 1820 which established that electric current produces a magnetic field. When a current-carrying wire is placed near a magnetic compass needle, the needle deflects perpendicular to both the current and the needle.
2. Several rules for determining the direction of magnetic fields produced by currents, including Ampere's swimming rule, Maxwell's corkscrew rule, and the right hand thumb rule.
3. Key properties of magnets such as their attraction/repulsion behavior and the representation of magnetic field lines. Magnetic fields are produced not just by magnets but also by any moving electric charge
This Presentation gives a basic idea about Electromagnetic induction,Faraday's Law ,Lenz's law and the application of Electromagnetic Induction. I included some real life examples of electromagnetic induction also. I hope everyone will like it
This document discusses electromagnetic principles and magnetic circuits. It begins by defining magnets and magnetic fields, including magnetic lines of force and flux. It then discusses electromagnetic relationships such as magnetic flux, reluctance, permeability and hysteresis. It describes different types of magnetic circuits including simple, composite and parallel circuits. It also covers electromagnetic induction, including Faraday's and Lenz's laws. Induced emf can be dynamically or statically induced. Core losses from hysteresis and eddy currents are also summarized.
1) Electromagnetic induction occurs when there is a change in magnetic flux through a conductor. This can be caused by moving a magnet or coil, changing the area inside the magnetic field, or altering the number of turns in the coil.
2) The size of the induced emf depends on the speed of movement and strength of the magnetic field. A greater number of coil turns or larger area swept out also increases the induced emf.
3) Lenz's law states that the direction of the induced current will oppose the change causing it, as represented by a negative sign in the equation relating emf to the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage.
This document discusses the history and key concepts of magnetism. Some of the main points covered include:
- The first known magnets were naturally occurring lodestones. Pierre de Maricourt mapped the magnetic field of a lodestone in 1263 and discovered that magnets have north and south poles.
- In the 19th century, scientists such as Faraday, Maxwell, and Henry discovered relationships between electricity and magnetism and that changing magnetic fields can induce currents in conductors.
- All magnets have magnetic dipoles with north and south poles. While electric charges can be isolated, magnetic monopoles have not been observed to exist independently.
The document discusses the magnetic effects of electric currents. It describes how Hans Christian Oersted discovered in 1820 that a compass needle is deflected near a current-carrying wire, showing that electric currents produce magnetic fields. It explains that a compass or magnet can detect the magnetic field surrounding another magnet or a current-carrying conductor.
Physics investigatory project for class 12 on the topic " to estimate charge induced on two styro foam / pith balls separated by a distance "
Just change the name and cover page.
Este documento presenta una guía educativa sobre ciudadanía y convivencia. Incluye capítulos sobre la amistad con animales, lugares maravillosos de la ciudad, y reglas para el cuidado de animales. El objetivo es enseñar a los estudiantes a respetar a los animales y ecosistemas, y convertirse en defensores de la vida silvestre y mascotas.
This document provides an overview of the topic "Magnetic Field" which will be covered over 7 hours. It includes sections on the magnetic field produced by current-carrying conductors, the force on a moving charged particle in a uniform magnetic field, and the force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. The first section defines magnetic fields and identifies common sources of magnetic fields such as bar magnets, coils, and the Earth. Subsequent sections provide formulas for calculating magnetic fields from different current-carrying structures and the forces experienced by moving charges and conductors in magnetic fields. Examples of problems are given throughout.
Hans Christian Oersted discovered in 1819 that a compass needle is deflected by a current-carrying wire, demonstrating the relationship between electricity and magnetism. A current produces a circular magnetic field around it, and the direction of the magnetic field can be determined using the Right-Hand Grip rule. Maxwell's equations relate electric and magnetic fields and show that changing magnetic fields produce electric fields and vice versa. Magnetic fields exert forces on moving charges and electric currents. These forces allow applications like electromagnets, electric motors, and particle accelerators.
- The document discusses the topic of magnetism, including bar magnets, the Earth's magnetism, and magnetic properties of materials.
- It describes how William Gilbert established several postulates about magnetism in 1600, including that the Earth acts as a giant bar magnet and a bar magnet will point north-south when suspended.
- The document also discusses how the magnetic field lines of a bar magnet resemble those of a solenoid, suggesting bar magnets can be thought of as many circulating currents.
The document discusses magnetic fields produced by electric currents. It begins by introducing the Biot-Savart law, which describes the magnetic field generated by a straight wire carrying a current. It then examines the magnetic field of a circular current loop, noting that the field depends on the current I, distance R from the loop, and radius a. At large distances R compared to the radius a, the field approximates that of a magnetic dipole with a magnetic dipole moment m proportional to the current I and area A of the loop.
- Magnetic flux (ΦB) is a measure of magnetic field strength over an area, measured in webers (Wb). ΦB = BA, where B is magnetic field strength and A is area.
- According to Faraday's law of induction, any change in magnetic flux over time induces a voltage in a circuit. The faster the change, the greater the induced voltage.
- Lenz's law states that an induced current will flow in a direction that opposes the change causing it, in order to conserve energy. This explains the negative sign in Faraday's law.
The document discusses several topics related to magnetic effects of electric currents:
1. Lorentz force law describes the force experienced by a moving charge in a magnetic field. Fleming's left hand rule indicates the direction of this force.
2. Instruments like galvanometers, ammeters, and voltmeters make use of the magnetic force on a current-carrying coil. Galvanometers can be adapted into ammeters using a shunt resistor or voltmeters using a series resistor.
3. Other topics covered include the magnetic field due to parallel currents, torque on a current-carrying coil, cyclotron particle acceleration, and the maximum energy attainable by particles in a cyclotron.
Electromagnetism is a branch of physics involving the study of the electromagnetic force, a type of physical interaction that occurs between electrically charged particles. The electromagnetic force usually exhibits electromagnetic fields such as electric fields, magnetic fields, and light, and is one of the four fundamental interactions (commonly called forces) in nature. The other three fundamental interactions are the strong interaction, the weak interaction, and gravitation.[1] At high energy the weak force and electromagnetic force are unified as a single electroweak force.
1) Magnets have north and south poles that attract or repel each other depending on their orientation. They generate magnetic fields around them represented by field lines.
2) Charged particles experience a magnetic force when moving through a magnetic field that is perpendicular to both the field and velocity directions. The right hand rule determines the force direction.
3) Current-carrying wires also experience a magnetic force when placed in an external magnetic field due to their internal magnetic field generated by the current.
Electricity, magnetism and electromagnetismairwave12
Atoms contain protons, electrons, and neutrons. Protons are positively charged, electrons are negatively charged, and they are located on the outer edges of atoms. The movement and concentration of electrons creates static electricity and electric currents. Static electricity builds up a charge without flowing, while electric current flows from high voltage to low voltage, such as through wires in a circuit. Current can be direct (DC) or alternating (AC). Magnets have north and south poles and magnetic fields that interact with electric fields through electromagnetic induction, which is the basis for technologies like electric motors, generators, and transformers.
This document provides a summary of a lecture on magnetic fields and currents. Some key points include:
1) Magnetic fields are created by moving electric charges such as electric currents. The magnetic field exerts a force on moving charges that is perpendicular to both the magnetic field and the charge's velocity.
2) Currents in wires produce magnetic fields according to the Biot-Savart law. Solenoids and toroids can be used to produce nearly uniform magnetic fields within their centers.
3) Ampere's law can be used to relate the line integral of magnetic field around a closed loop to the electric current enclosed by the loop, similar to how Gauss' law relates electric field flux to enclosed charge.
This document provides an introduction to the magnetic effects of electric current. It discusses:
1. Oersted's experiment in 1820 which established that electric current produces a magnetic field. When a current-carrying wire is placed near a magnetic compass needle, the needle deflects perpendicular to both the current and the needle.
2. Several rules for determining the direction of magnetic fields produced by currents, including Ampere's swimming rule, Maxwell's corkscrew rule, and the right hand thumb rule.
3. Key properties of magnets such as their attraction/repulsion behavior and the representation of magnetic field lines. Magnetic fields are produced not just by magnets but also by any moving electric charge
This Presentation gives a basic idea about Electromagnetic induction,Faraday's Law ,Lenz's law and the application of Electromagnetic Induction. I included some real life examples of electromagnetic induction also. I hope everyone will like it
This document discusses electromagnetic principles and magnetic circuits. It begins by defining magnets and magnetic fields, including magnetic lines of force and flux. It then discusses electromagnetic relationships such as magnetic flux, reluctance, permeability and hysteresis. It describes different types of magnetic circuits including simple, composite and parallel circuits. It also covers electromagnetic induction, including Faraday's and Lenz's laws. Induced emf can be dynamically or statically induced. Core losses from hysteresis and eddy currents are also summarized.
1) Electromagnetic induction occurs when there is a change in magnetic flux through a conductor. This can be caused by moving a magnet or coil, changing the area inside the magnetic field, or altering the number of turns in the coil.
2) The size of the induced emf depends on the speed of movement and strength of the magnetic field. A greater number of coil turns or larger area swept out also increases the induced emf.
3) Lenz's law states that the direction of the induced current will oppose the change causing it, as represented by a negative sign in the equation relating emf to the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage.
This document discusses the history and key concepts of magnetism. Some of the main points covered include:
- The first known magnets were naturally occurring lodestones. Pierre de Maricourt mapped the magnetic field of a lodestone in 1263 and discovered that magnets have north and south poles.
- In the 19th century, scientists such as Faraday, Maxwell, and Henry discovered relationships between electricity and magnetism and that changing magnetic fields can induce currents in conductors.
- All magnets have magnetic dipoles with north and south poles. While electric charges can be isolated, magnetic monopoles have not been observed to exist independently.
The document discusses the magnetic effects of electric currents. It describes how Hans Christian Oersted discovered in 1820 that a compass needle is deflected near a current-carrying wire, showing that electric currents produce magnetic fields. It explains that a compass or magnet can detect the magnetic field surrounding another magnet or a current-carrying conductor.
Physics investigatory project for class 12 on the topic " to estimate charge induced on two styro foam / pith balls separated by a distance "
Just change the name and cover page.
Este documento presenta una guía educativa sobre ciudadanía y convivencia. Incluye capítulos sobre la amistad con animales, lugares maravillosos de la ciudad, y reglas para el cuidado de animales. El objetivo es enseñar a los estudiantes a respetar a los animales y ecosistemas, y convertirse en defensores de la vida silvestre y mascotas.
El hueco del corazon (Gerardo P. Nieves)Ludivan IV
El hueco del corazón (Gerardo P. Nieves)
No todo puede ser dicho con palabras ni existe una palabra que pueda ser dicha sin conocimiento de significado anterior.
Una vida pasa en un instante, y su estela apenas sí deja una poesía de perlas que en el tiempo siempre serán un collar, una constalación cuyo sentido era una melodía de esferas celestes.
El sentido de nuestra meditacióny de todos nuestros actos es simplemente conocer el fondo de ese hueco que es el corazón humano .
El documento trata sobre la historia del tarot, la cual es difusa y misteriosa. Algunas teorías sugieren que los mercaderes o gitanos trajeron el tarot desde Oriente a Occidente. Otras teorías proponen que tiene un origen egipcio relacionado con el Libro de Thot o que está relacionado con la cábala. Finalmente, nunca se sabrá con certeza el origen del mazo de cartas de adivinación más popular, aunque surgieron de él las tiradas populares de hoy en día.
The job description outlines the responsibilities of a Community Manager position which includes:
- Managing the overall operations of an apartment community including rent collection, maintenance, and supervising staff.
- Duties involve administrative tasks like processing rental applications, handling deposits and payments, and submitting reports.
- Overseeing maintenance of the property such as landscaping, cleaning, and addressing resident issues and work orders.
- Qualifications include experience in property management and skills like organization, accounting, and ability to work with residents.
This document is a student project on electromagnetic induction submitted by Shubham Kourav to his teacher Mrs. Pratiksha Lawana. It includes an introduction to electromagnetic induction, a history of its discovery, experiments conducted by Faraday and Henry, applications of electromagnetic induction including generators and transformers, and concepts such as Lenz's law, eddy currents, and self and mutual induction. The project aims to study electromagnetic induction and contains sections on magnetic flux, Faraday's law, Maxwell's equations, and more.
Electromagnetic induction is the process of using magnetic fields to produce voltage and current in a conductor. Michael Faraday discovered that a changing magnetic flux induces a voltage in any nearby conductor. This effect is known as electromagnetic induction. Lenz's law describes how the direction of induced current is always such that it creates a magnetic field opposing the original change in magnetic flux that caused it. Motional emf is a type of electromagnetic induction that occurs when a conductor moves through a magnetic field, such as in electric generators, transformers, electric motors, and railguns.
1. Electromagnetic radiation consists of synchronized oscillations of electric and magnetic fields that travel through space as waves. It includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays.
2. The history of electromagnetic theory began with studies of lightning and progressed through the work of scientists like Coulomb, Ampère, Faraday and Maxwell. Maxwell unified electric and magnetic field theories and predicted electromagnetic waves.
3. Maxwell postulated displacement current to account for changing electric fields in capacitors. This led to the generalized Ampere's law and understanding that changing electric fields produce magnetic fields, and vice versa, resulting in electromagnetic waves.
1. Electromagnetic induction is the phenomenon by which a changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (emf) in a conductor. Experiments by Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry in the 1830s demonstrated this effect and established its laws.
2. Faraday's experiments showed that a changing magnetic flux induces a current in a coil. He placed coils inside changing magnetic fields from moving magnets and observed induced currents.
3. Lenz's law defines the direction of induced current: the current flows such that its magnetic field opposes the change that caused it. This ensures the conservation of energy.
1. The document discusses various topics related to electromagnetic induction including Faraday's law of induction, Lenz's law, motional electromotive force, induced electric fields, displacement current, Maxwell's equations, and superconductivity.
2. Key points include that an induced emf is generated by a changing magnetic flux according to Faraday's law of induction, and that the direction of induced current is such that it opposes the change in flux according to Lenz's law.
3. It also discusses how a motional emf is generated by the motion of a conductor through a magnetic field, and how a changing electric field can induce a magnetic field, known as a displacement current.
1. The document discusses various topics related to electromagnetic induction including Faraday's law of induction, Lenz's law, motional electromotive force, induced electric fields, displacement current, Maxwell's equations, and superconductivity.
2. Key points include that an induced emf is generated by a changing magnetic flux according to Faraday's law of induction, and that the direction of induced current is such that it opposes the change in flux according to Lenz's law.
3. It also discusses how a motional emf is generated by the motion of a conductor through a magnetic field, and how a changing electric field can induce a magnetic field, known as a displacement current.
Ap physics b_-_electromagnetic_inductionJeremy Walls
Electromagnetic induction is the process of using magnetic fields to produce voltage and current in a conductor. Michael Faraday discovered that a voltage is induced in a conductor when it moves through a magnetic field. This is known as electromagnetic induction. Faraday's law states that the induced voltage is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux through a region. Lenz's law determines the direction of induced current based on whether it opposes the change producing it, in accordance with the law of conservation of energy. Many applications are based on electromagnetic induction, including generators, transformers, electric motors, and devices like rail guns.
Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction describes how a changing magnetic field can induce an electric current in a conductor. It has many important applications, including electrical generators, transformers, induction motors, and more. The principles of electromagnetic induction are applied in devices that power our homes and enable modern technologies like mobile devices. However, when doing experiments or working with high voltages, safety precautions must be followed to avoid harm.
this is my investigatory file I made for class XII on the topic electromagnetic induction (EMI).there 2 document with same name 1 is in pdf and another one is in docx.
1. Electromagnetic induction is the process of using a changing magnetic field to induce a voltage in a conductor. This occurs when the magnetic flux through a loop of wire changes due to the relative motion of a magnet or changes in the strength of the magnetic field.
2. Michael Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction in 1831 through experiments showing that a changing magnetic field can generate an electric current in a nearby wire. This principle is applied in devices like generators, transformers, and inductive chargers.
3. Some key requirements for induction to occur are that the conductor be perpendicular to magnetic field lines and that the magnetic flux through the loop of wire must be changing for a voltage to be induced.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 29 on electromagnetic induction:
1) Faraday's law of induction states that an induced electromotive force (emf) is generated in a closed loop when there is a change in the magnetic flux through the loop. The direction of the induced emf opposes the change that created it, according to Lenz's law.
2) Motional emf is generated when a conductor moves through a magnetic field, creating an electric field and induced current. Eddy currents are induced currents that circulate within conductors exposed to changing magnetic fields.
3) Maxwell's equations were updated to include a displacement current term to account for changing electric fields, satisfying Ampere's
1. The document discusses Michael Faraday's discovery of electromagnetic induction and the principles of inductance. It summarizes Faraday's experiments showing that a changing magnetic field can induce an electromotive force (EMF) in a nearby conductor.
2. It then explains Faraday's Law of Induction, which states that the induced EMF in a conductor is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux through the conductor. It also discusses Lenz's Law regarding the direction of induced current.
3. Finally, it provides examples of applications that utilize electromagnetic induction, including electric generators, induction stoves, and transformers.
- Michael Faraday demonstrated electromagnetic induction by showing that a changing magnetic flux induces an electromotive force (emf) in a circuit. This discovery revolutionized power generation.
- Lenz's law states that the direction of induced current is such that it creates a magnetic field opposing the change in magnetic flux that created it, in accordance with the law of conservation of energy.
- Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction relate the induced emf to the rate of change of magnetic flux through a circuit. The magnitude of induced emf is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux.
1. Michael Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction in 1831 through experiments showing that a changing magnetic field can induce an electric current in a nearby conductor.
2. Faraday's law of induction states that the induced electromotive force (emf) in a conductor is equal to the rate of change of magnetic flux through the conductor.
3. This discovery established the basis for technologies such as electric generators, transformers, electric motors, and inductors which are crucial components of modern electric power systems and electronics.
1. Michael Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction in 1831 through experiments showing that a changing magnetic field can induce an electric current in a nearby conductor.
2. Faraday's law of induction states that the induced electromotive force (emf) in a conductor is equal to the rate of change of magnetic flux through the conductor.
3. This discovery established the basis for technologies such as electric generators, transformers, electric motors, and inductors which are crucial components of modern electric power systems and electronics.
This document contains information about electricity and magnetism concepts including:
1. It defines key equations for electric potential, current, resistance, and force due to magnetic fields.
2. It discusses how moving charges experience forces in magnetic fields, and how this relates to phenomena like the aurora borealis and the operation of motors and generators.
3. It introduces concepts like induced currents and how changing magnetic fields can generate electric currents and voltages in conductors according to Lenz's law, which has applications in technologies like electric generators.
Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction describe how a changing magnetic field can induce an electromotive force (EMF) in a conductor. This is the operating principle behind electric generators and transformers. The document discusses Faraday's experiments demonstrating electromagnetic induction, his laws, self and mutual inductance, generation of sinusoidal voltages, phasor representation, and introduction to three-phase systems and electric grids. Key points covered include Faraday's law of induction, the relationship between induced EMF and rate of change of magnetic flux, how inductance opposes changes in current, and generation of sinusoidal AC voltages through rotating coils in magnetic fields.
The document discusses magnetostatics and provides definitions and explanations of key concepts including magnetic field, magnetic flux, Biot-Savart law, Ampere's law, solenoids, ballistic galvanometers, and damping conditions. Specific topics covered include the magnetic field produced by steady currents, magnetic field lines, curl and divergence of magnetic fields, theory and operation of ballistic galvanometers, and current and charge sensitivity of galvanometers. Examples and derivations of equations for magnetic fields and forces on conductors in fields are also provided.
- Faraday's experiment demonstrated that a changing magnetic field can induce an electric current in a nearby conductor. He showed this by inducing currents in a secondary coil wrapped around a ring using the changing magnetic field from a primary coil with a switch-controlled current.
- Faraday's law of induction states that the induced emf in a circuit is directly proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux through the circuit. A changing magnetic field induces currents that oppose the change according to Lenz's law.
- Examples are given demonstrating how Lenz's law predicts the direction of induced currents based on producing a magnetic field that opposes the change causing it.
1. Supplemental study guide PHYS II
4 basic ideas to remember when dealing with Electricity and Magnetism.
1. All charges (moving or stationary doesn’t matter) create Electric Fields*.
2. All moving charges create Magnetic Fields**. (spinning counts too!)
*Electric field lines always point away from Positive and towards Negative charge.
**Magnetic field lines always point away from North and towards South pole
2. Supplemental study guide PHYS II
3. Electric Fields exert Force on charges.(moving or stationary doesn’t matter!)
4. Magnetic Fields exert Force on moving charges. (again spinning counts as well!)
3. Supplemental study guide PHYS II
The intention of this supplement guide is to hit topics which are important but
sometimes difficult to really have a good grasp or a good picture of.
All in all the purpose is to make the student more comfortable with the topics.
This supplement guide would try to help visualize and understand concepts using
self-explanatory images. In simple words, this document could play the role of a
secondary booster to help students to catch up with topics in Electricity and
Magnetism.
Coulomb`s Law:
Like any two objects with ‘mass’ experience a Gravitational force between them, any two objects with ‘charge’
on them would experience an Electric force between them. Coulomb`s Law gives the formula to calculate this
force.
4. Supplemental study guide PHYS II
What is Voltage ?
From the analogy below, voltage can be thought of, as a quantity that is just like (g*h) in Gravitation Fields.
Assuming a uniform electric field throughout space (like in case of charged infinite parallel plates), both a
stronger field or greater distance between two points in space makes the Voltage across those two points
stronger.. and so can do more work.
Like we have Gravitation P.E. we also have Electric P.E. defined at every point in space. Voltage is thus the
Electric P.E. per (of a) unit charge
5. Supplemental study guide PHYS II
What is a Capacitor ?
Any two conducting surfaces (usually flat plates) separated by a distance can make a Capacitor.
Capacitors have opposite charges on these two surfaces, which are very close to each other but the charges
cannot make the jump across the surface, as the resistance in between is kept very high. Hence these charges
get accumulated at the surfaces out of temptation, attracted towards the opposite charges, but are stranded
there. Capacitors are hence devices that can store charge. We only have to apply a Voltage across the surfaces
and an electric current would flow for a fraction of time, till the charges get accumulated to their full capacity
on the surface.
Capacitance C gives the measure of how much charge Q the capacitor can store, given a voltage V across the
plates.
Hence C is Q per unit V.
6. Supplemental study guide PHYS II
What is current?
Electric Current is rate of flow of electric charge with respect to time.
Therefore , I = Δq / Δt
Whats DC and AC ?
DC (Direct Current): we apply a steady voltage Vo to the circuit and as a result there is a steady current Io
flowing in one direction.
AC(Alternate Current): we apply a periodically changing voltage V = Vo sin ωt and as a result observe a current
I = Io sin ωt which changes directions all the time. If you observe the graph the direction of current changes
every time it crosses the zero horizontal line.
Magnetic Field due to current carrying wire.
In general, Electric Current flowing through any wire produces a magnetic field around it (Biot-Savart Law).
And since Magnetic Fields exert Forces on moving charges, it can in turn interact with other current carrying
wires in vicinity.
7. Supplemental study guide PHYS II
Force on moving positive charge and on a straight current carrying wire due a
uniform Magnetic Field.
Note that the Force F is a cross product of qv with B for the charged particle and Il with B for the current carrying wire.
So, the direction of the force can always be determined by following the right hand cork rule.
Also, both the formulae actually have the same physics involved. In other words at a differential scale we can roughly
say
qv = q(l/t) = (q/t)l = Il.
8. Supplemental study guide PHYS II
Torque on current carrying Loop due to a uniform Magnetic Field.
A current loop in a uniform magnetic field experiences a force couple, separated by distance b as shown above.
The torque due this force couple, separated by distance b, is given as shown above.
This formula is valid for any shape of a flat loop.
The quantity NIA is called the magnetic dipole moment (M) of the coil.
9. Supplemental study guide PHYS II
What are Magnets?
In materials like Iron, Nickel and Cobalt there are unpaired electrons spinning around the nucleus which create
a small magnetic dipole. If majority of such charges create magnetic dipole in the same direction the whole
block has a considerable amount of net magnetic dipole and we would call it a magnet.
Observing the nature of birth of magnetism, we know that a magnetic monopole cannot exist, since whenever
a magnetic field is formed due to spinning charges a north and a south pole (dipole) is formed at the very same
time.
10. Supplemental study guide PHYS II
How to make an Electromagnet?
Charges going in a loop generate strong Magnetic Field inside the loop
We can make charges go in a loop by making loops of conducting wire and running a constant current through
it. The direction of the conventional current that we indicate is the direction of the assumed positive charges.
(Negative charge running left is same as saying positive charge running right). Hence constant current running
through coils can generate a constant Magnetic dipole. These coils are called solenoids and the concentrated
Magnetic Field inside the coil can be given by the following.
FARADAY`s discovery .. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Electromagnetic induction is a fancy way of referring to Faraday`s revolutionary discovery, which was the
simple yet mystical phenomenon that Electricity and Magnetism talk to each other. In other words, changing
one affects the other. For example a change in Magnetic flux across the area of a loop of wire creates and
electric current in the wire. So, if say, you had a closed circuit with a bulb on it you could light that bulb just by
moving a magnet through the area of the loop of the wire rapidly enough. Amazing isn’t it.
In fancier words a changing Magnetic flux induces an emf. This emf (electromotive force which is like a
voltage and not a force really) induces a current in a loop of wire called induced current.
Lets check the physics now, in our light bulb example, what is changing really is the Magnetic flux
through the loop. As a result en emf is induced such that, it would oppose that change in Magnetic flux..
11. Supplemental study guide PHYS II
What is Flux ?
Flux is the measure of amount of something passing perpendicular through some known Area.
So, Electric flux is the measure of Electric Field lined passing perpendicular through some Area.
Also similarly, Magnetic flux would be the measure of Magnetic field lines passing through some known Area
of concern. The formulae are as below.
The rate of change of this Magnetic Flux determines how much (opposing) emf would be produces in the
loop(s) of wire. The formula can be given as follows
This induced emf will make a current flow though the loop(s) such that the magnetic field produced by that
current carrying loop will be opposing the original change in magnetic flux.
12. Supplemental study guide PHYS II
In the cartoon below we have a coil and some constant Magnetic flux already passing through the coil.
The constant magnetic flux is only assumed due the fact that we cannot make it zero so easily since earth has
its own magnetic field which is always there. The cartoon also shows, a very rough after math of Faradays
Induction Law.
What is an Inductor ? (something that resists change in current)
Inductance gives you an idea of the strength of the opposing induced emf produced, when the magnetic flux is
changed by changing the rate of current flow in the same circuit . Every circuit loop has some inductance.
When the circuit contains coils with many turns there could a significant inductance and the coil could be
called an inductor.
Inductors gives high frequency currents a hard time to pass through. Lower frequency AC pass through with
more ease. Steady currents (DC) have no problem passing through inductors. In technical terms we say,
Inductors show reactance(XL) to high frequency currents, since they react against higher frequency current the
most.
Capacitors behave exactly opposite to Inductors. Capacitors dont react against higher frequencies much,
while low frequency currents have hard time passing through the capacitor due to its high reactance (XC).
13. Supplemental study guide PHYS II
In an RLC circuit we have both Inductor (L) and Capacitor(C). The C can deny frequencies below a certain value
while the L can deny frequencies above a certain value of frequency. Hence, RLC circuit are said to exhibit
resonance. Resonance here refers to the fact that the RLC circuit will only allow certain frequencies. All
frequencies below them are denied by C and all the other frequencies above them are denied by the L.
14. Supplemental study guide PHYS II
The first equation says that the electric flux out through a closed surface will be proportional to the
charge Q that surface encloses.
The second equation says that the magnetic flux out through a closed surface will always be zero, since
the surface can never enclose a magnetic charge as there doesn’t exist such a thing as magnetic charge
or a magnetic monopole.
The third equation says if there is change in magnetic flux through any open surface, there would an
induced emf calculated by summing up all E.dS (remember Ed = V) along the total perimeter of that
open surface.
The fourth equation says if there is current penetrating through any open surface or change in electric
flux through that open surface it would result in a magnetic field along the boundary of the open
surface, which would be a closed curve (loop), such that the above equation is satisfied.
The last 2 laws suggest the existence of a self-sustaining Electromagnetic wave which can exist only if it travels
at a speed c. Visible light is part of the frequency spectrum of Electromagnetic waves.