The document discusses microbial photosynthesis and the process of photosynthesis in plants. It begins by explaining that the sun is the main source of energy for life on Earth and provides details about its composition and layers. It then describes how photosynthesis uses light energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen through two stages - the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. The light reactions generate ATP and NADPH using energy from sunlight, while the Calvin cycle uses these products to incorporate carbon from carbon dioxide into organic molecules to form glucose.
WHAT IS PHOTOSYNTHESIS?, IMPORTANCE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS, STRUCTURAL FEATURE OF LEAF ADVANTAGE FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS,LEAVES AND LEAF STRUCTURE,CHLOROPHYLL, TYPES OF REACTIONS, LIGHT REACTION AND DARK REACTION, CYCLIC AND NON-CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPORYLATION, MECAHANISM OF ATP SYNTHESIS, SCHEMATIC PRESENTATION OF LIGHT REACTION, CRASSULACEAN ACID METABOLISM (CAM), C3 AND C4 PLANTS, FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS, INTERNAL FACTORS AND EXTERNAL FACTORS,
By the end of this lecture you will be able to:
Understand that ENERGY can be transformed from one form to another.
Know that energy exist in two forms; free energy - available for doing work or as heat - a form unavailable for doing work.
Appreciate that the Sun provides most of the energy needed for life on Earth.
Explain why photosynthesis is so important to energy and material flow for life on earth.
Know why plants tend to be green in appearance.
Equate the organelle of photosynthesis in eukaryotes with the chloroplast.
Describe the organization of the chloroplast.
Understand that photosynthesis is a two fold process composed of the light-dependent reactions (i.e., light reactions) and the light independent reactions (i.e. Calvin Cycle or Dark Reactions).
Tell where the light reactions and the CO2 fixation reactions occur in the chloroplast.
Define chlorophylls giving their basic composition and structure.
Draw the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll and compare it to the action spectrum of photosynthesis.
Define the Reaction Centers and Antennae and describe how it operates.
Describe cyclic photophosphorylation of photosynthesis.
Describe noncyclic photophosphorylation of photosynthesis.
Organisms can be classified by how they get their energy and carbon- A (1).pdflonkarhrishikesh
Organisms can be classified by how they get their energy and carbon. Autotrophs ( "selffeeders")
use energy and carbon from inorgaric sources to create biological bonds through the process of
primary production. Heterotrophs ("other-feeders') consume other organisms to get energy and
the nutrition they need to survive. Ultimately, all heterotrophs rely on the primary production of
autotrophs. Photo-autotrophs are autotrophs that use light as an energy source for primary
production through the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide, water,
and light energy to produce the simple sugar glucose, oxygen, and water. Light travels from the
sun in waves as photons. The distance a photon travels during one complete wave is its
wavelength. Energy values associated Figare 7-1. Fhotosynthesis cunverts light energy, with
photons increase as wavelengths decrease. Sunlight contains a wide range of wavelengths.
Photosynthesis is driven by a range of wavelengths that occur in the spectrum of visible light;
primarily within the range of red and blue. Energy from light is absorbed by pigments inside
cells. Chlorophyll a is the most common photosynthetic pigment although others do occur. Red,
orange, violet, and blue wavelengths ane absorbed by chlorophyll and green is reflected, thereby
causing the green appearance of plants. Solar energy is absorbed by pigments and is used to
excite electrons away from their atomic nucleus. Remember from lab 2 that electrons further
from the nucleus of an atom have more energy associated with them than those close to the
nucleus. This increase in electron energy can be harvested by the cell and used to form biologic
bonds during photosynthesis. In plants, chlorophyll a is stored in chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are
double membrane-bound organelles that contain several flattened membranous sacs called
thylakoid membranes that enclose the thylakoid space. The space between the thylakoid
membranes and the outer chloroplast membranes is called the stroma. Hundreds of chlorophyll
molecules are embedded in the thylakoid membranes, Chlorophyll, proteins, and various
pigments in an "antenna complex" absorb light energy and pass it to chlorophyll molecules and
proteins that make up the "reaction center." One of two chlorophyll molecules located in the
reaction center gives up an electron that is excited by the solar energy and the electron is passed
to the first protein in one of many electron transport chains in the thylakoid membranes, Reaction
center chlorophyll receives a replacement electron when additional light energy splits water
molecules, releasing oxygen gas and hydrogen ions. As the excited electron is passed along
adjacent molecules of the electron transport chain the energy of the electron is used to pump
hydrogen ions from the stroma into the thylakoid space. Because hydrogen ions are protons,
which are positively charged, an electrochemical gradient is established across the thylakoid
membranes w.
WHAT IS PHOTOSYNTHESIS?, IMPORTANCE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS, STRUCTURAL FEATURE OF LEAF ADVANTAGE FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS,LEAVES AND LEAF STRUCTURE,CHLOROPHYLL, TYPES OF REACTIONS, LIGHT REACTION AND DARK REACTION, CYCLIC AND NON-CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPORYLATION, MECAHANISM OF ATP SYNTHESIS, SCHEMATIC PRESENTATION OF LIGHT REACTION, CRASSULACEAN ACID METABOLISM (CAM), C3 AND C4 PLANTS, FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS, INTERNAL FACTORS AND EXTERNAL FACTORS,
By the end of this lecture you will be able to:
Understand that ENERGY can be transformed from one form to another.
Know that energy exist in two forms; free energy - available for doing work or as heat - a form unavailable for doing work.
Appreciate that the Sun provides most of the energy needed for life on Earth.
Explain why photosynthesis is so important to energy and material flow for life on earth.
Know why plants tend to be green in appearance.
Equate the organelle of photosynthesis in eukaryotes with the chloroplast.
Describe the organization of the chloroplast.
Understand that photosynthesis is a two fold process composed of the light-dependent reactions (i.e., light reactions) and the light independent reactions (i.e. Calvin Cycle or Dark Reactions).
Tell where the light reactions and the CO2 fixation reactions occur in the chloroplast.
Define chlorophylls giving their basic composition and structure.
Draw the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll and compare it to the action spectrum of photosynthesis.
Define the Reaction Centers and Antennae and describe how it operates.
Describe cyclic photophosphorylation of photosynthesis.
Describe noncyclic photophosphorylation of photosynthesis.
Organisms can be classified by how they get their energy and carbon- A (1).pdflonkarhrishikesh
Organisms can be classified by how they get their energy and carbon. Autotrophs ( "selffeeders")
use energy and carbon from inorgaric sources to create biological bonds through the process of
primary production. Heterotrophs ("other-feeders') consume other organisms to get energy and
the nutrition they need to survive. Ultimately, all heterotrophs rely on the primary production of
autotrophs. Photo-autotrophs are autotrophs that use light as an energy source for primary
production through the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide, water,
and light energy to produce the simple sugar glucose, oxygen, and water. Light travels from the
sun in waves as photons. The distance a photon travels during one complete wave is its
wavelength. Energy values associated Figare 7-1. Fhotosynthesis cunverts light energy, with
photons increase as wavelengths decrease. Sunlight contains a wide range of wavelengths.
Photosynthesis is driven by a range of wavelengths that occur in the spectrum of visible light;
primarily within the range of red and blue. Energy from light is absorbed by pigments inside
cells. Chlorophyll a is the most common photosynthetic pigment although others do occur. Red,
orange, violet, and blue wavelengths ane absorbed by chlorophyll and green is reflected, thereby
causing the green appearance of plants. Solar energy is absorbed by pigments and is used to
excite electrons away from their atomic nucleus. Remember from lab 2 that electrons further
from the nucleus of an atom have more energy associated with them than those close to the
nucleus. This increase in electron energy can be harvested by the cell and used to form biologic
bonds during photosynthesis. In plants, chlorophyll a is stored in chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are
double membrane-bound organelles that contain several flattened membranous sacs called
thylakoid membranes that enclose the thylakoid space. The space between the thylakoid
membranes and the outer chloroplast membranes is called the stroma. Hundreds of chlorophyll
molecules are embedded in the thylakoid membranes, Chlorophyll, proteins, and various
pigments in an "antenna complex" absorb light energy and pass it to chlorophyll molecules and
proteins that make up the "reaction center." One of two chlorophyll molecules located in the
reaction center gives up an electron that is excited by the solar energy and the electron is passed
to the first protein in one of many electron transport chains in the thylakoid membranes, Reaction
center chlorophyll receives a replacement electron when additional light energy splits water
molecules, releasing oxygen gas and hydrogen ions. As the excited electron is passed along
adjacent molecules of the electron transport chain the energy of the electron is used to pump
hydrogen ions from the stroma into the thylakoid space. Because hydrogen ions are protons,
which are positively charged, an electrochemical gradient is established across the thylakoid
membranes w.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
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THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
4. The Sun is the Largest Object in
the Solar System
• The Sun contains more than 99.85%
of the total mass of the solar system
• If you put all the planets in the solar
system, they would not fill up the
volume of the Sun
• 110 Earths or 10 Jupiter's fit across
the diameter of the Sun
5. The Sun goes through periods of
relative activity and inactivity
6. The Sun’s
interior has
three layers:
(1) Core
(2) Radiative zone
(3) Convective zone
Energy generated in the core of the sun
propagates outward through these different layers,
and finally, through the atmosphere of the Sun. This
process takes tens of thousands of years or more.
7. • Like most stars, the sun is made up mostly of hydrogen and
helium atoms in a plasma state.
• The sun generates energy from a process called nuclear fusion.
• During nuclear fusion, the high pressure and temperature in
the sun's core cause nuclei to separate from their electrons.
• Solar energy is any type of energy generated by the sun.
• Solar energy is created by nuclear fusion that takes place in
the sun.
• Fusion occurs when protons of hydrogen atoms violently
collide in the sun's core and fuse to create a helium atom.
• Like the Earth, the sun has layers. But unlike the Earth, the
sun is entirely gaseous; there is no solid surface.
• Sun provides two types of energy: Heat and Light.
8. • Also known as light energy or electromagnetic
energy, radiant energy is a type of kinetic energy that travels
in waves.
• Examples include the energy from the sun, x-rays, and radio
waves.
• The energy from the sun that reaches the earth arrives
as solar radiation, part of a large collection of energy called
the electromagnetic radiation spectrum.
• Solar radiation includes visible light, ultraviolet light,
infrared, radio waves, X-rays, and gamma rays.
• 4 types of sun's radiation include:
• Infrared rays,
• Visible rays.
• Ultraviolet light.
• Radio waves.
9. • The Sun's diameter is about 1.39 million kilometers
(864,000 miles), or 110 times that of Earth.
• Its mass is about 3,30,000 times that of Earth, comprising
about 99.86% of the total mass of the Solar System.
• Roughly three-quarters of the Sun's mass consists
of hydrogen (~73%); the rest is mostly helium (~25%), with
much smaller quantities of heavier elements,
including oxygen, carbon, neon, and iron.
• The sun has extremely important influences on our
planet.
• It drives weather, ocean currents, seasons, and climate,
and makes plant life possible through photosynthesis.
• Without the sun's heat and light, life on Earth would not
exist.
10. Sunlight or Energy of Sun:
• Improves your sleep. Your body creates a
hormone called melatonin that is critical
to helping you sleep.
• Reduces stress.
• Maintains strong bones.
• Helps keep the weight off.
• Strengthens your immune system.
• Fights off depression.
• Can give you a longer life.
• Deficiencies could increase the risk for
osteoporosis, heart disease, some cancers,
infectious diseases and even the flu.
11. • Sunlight also helps our skin make vitamin D,
which is needed for normal bone function and
health. Yet sunlight can also cause damage.
Sunlight travels to Earth as a mixture of both
visible and invisible rays, or waves. Long
waves, like radio waves, are harmless to
people.
• Regular sun exposure is the most natural way
to get enough vitamin D. To maintain healthy
blood levels, aim to get 10–30 minutes of
midday sunlight, several times per week.
People with darker skin may need a little
more than this. Your exposure time should
depend on how sensitive your skin is to
sunlight.
12. • Deficient of sunlight, all plants would die and,
eventually, all animals that rely on plants for
food — including humans — would die, too.
• While some inventive humans might be able to
survive on a Sun-less Earth for several days,
months, or even years, life without the Sun
would eventually prove to be impossible to
maintain on Earth.
• About 5 billion years, the sun will run out of
hydrogen. Our star is currently in the most
stable phase of its life cycle and has been
since the formation of our solar system, about
4.5 billion years ago. Once all the hydrogen
gets used up, the sun will grow out of this
stable phase.
13. • Almost all plants are photosynthetic autotrophs,
as are some bacteria and protists
– Autotrophs generate their own organic matter through
photosynthesis
– Sunlight energy is transformed to energy stored in the
form of chemical bonds
(a) Mosses, ferns,
(b) and flowering plants
(b) Kelp
(c) Euglena (d) Cyanobacteria
THE BASICS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
14. Light Energy Harvested by Plants &
Other Photosynthetic Autotrophs
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
15. • Photosynthesis is the process by which
autotrophic organisms use light energy to
make sugar and oxygen gas from carbon
dioxide and water
AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Carbon
dioxide
Water Glucose Oxygen
gas
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
16. • The Calvin cycle makes
sugar from carbon
dioxide
– ATP generated by the light
reactions provides the
energy for sugar synthesis
– The NADPH produced by the
light reactions provides the
electrons for the reduction
of carbon dioxide to glucose
Light Chloroplast
Light
reactions
Calvin
cycle
NADP
ADP
+ P
• The light reactions
convert solar
energy to chemical
energy
– Produce ATP & NADPH
AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
17. Chloroplasts: Sites of Photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis
– Occurs in chloroplasts, organelles in
certain plants
– All green plant parts have chloroplasts
and carry out photosynthesis
• The leaves have the most chloroplasts
• The green color comes from chlorophyll in
the chloroplasts
• The pigments absorb light energy
18. • In most plants, photosynthesis
occurs primarily in the leaves,
in the chloroplasts
• A chloroplast contains:
– Stroma, a fluid
– Grana, stacks of thylakoids
• The thylakoids contain
chlorophyll
– Chlorophyll is the green pigment
that captures light for
photosynthesis
Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts
19. General Mechanism of Bacterial
Photosynthesis
• Light-harvesting pigments (LHPs) embedded in
membranes capture light energy and transfer it to
a protein-complex called a reaction center
• The energy is converted into excited, low
potential electrons
• Electrons are fed into an electron transport chain,
where they "fall" through a series of electron
carriers, generating a proton motive force (PMF)
• Membrane-bound ATPases then use the proton
motive force to make ATP.
20. Classification of Photosynthetic
Bacteria
• Five photosynthetic groups within domain
Bacteria (based on 16S rRNA)
• Oxygenic Photosynthesis
– Cyanobacteria and Prochlorophytes
• Anoxygenic Photosynthesis
– Purple bacteria
– Green sulfur bacteria
– Heliobacteria
– Green gliding bacteria
21. Oxygenic Photosynthesis
• Occurs in Cyanobacteria and Prochlorophytes
• Synthesis of carbohydrates results in release of
molecular O2 and removal of CO2 from atmoshphere
• Occurs in lamallae which house thylakoids
containing chlorophyll a/b and phycobilisomes
pigments which gather light energy
• Uses two photosystems (PS):
- PS II- generates a proton-motive force for making ATP
- PS I- generates low potential electrons for reducing power.
23. Anoxygenic Photosynthesis
• Uses light energy to create organic compounds,
and sulfur or fumarate compounds instead of O2
• Occurs in purple bacteria, green sulfur bacteria,
green gliding bacteria and heliobacteria
• Uses bacteriochlorophyll pigments instead of
chlorophyll
• Uses one photosystem (PS I) to generate ATP in
“cyclic” manner
25. • Chloroplasts contain several pigments
Chloroplast Pigments
– Chlorophyll a
– Chlorophyll b
– Carotenoids
Figure 7.7
26. Chlorophyll a & b
•Chl a has a methyl
group
•Chl b has a carbonyl
group
Porphyrin ring
delocalized e-
Phytol tail
Phytol tail of chlorophyll is a long hydrocarbon
chain that is hydrophobic in nature. It anchors
the pigment to membranes of thylakoids. The
hydrophobicity of the tail allows it to anchor
the pigment to the membranes of thylakoids.
Mg ion is present in the Porphyrin head.
28. Excited
state
e
Heat
Light
Photon
Light
(fluorescence)
Chlorophyll
molecule
Ground
state
2
(a) Absorption of a photon
Excitation of chlorophyll in a
chloroplast
e Photolysis of water:
When the electrons leave
the chlorophyll molecules,
it leaves behind a 'hole.'
This electron hole is filled
in by a water molecule that
is oxidized, or loses
electrons, as it essentially
splits into two hydrogen
atoms, or protons, and an
oxygen atom.
32. • The O2 liberated by photosynthesis is made from
the oxygen in water (H+ and e-)
Plants produce O2 gas by splitting H2O
33. 2 H + 1/2
Water-splitting
photosystem
Reaction-
center
chlorophyll
Light
Primary
electron
acceptor
Energy
to make
Primary
electron
acceptor
Primary
electron
acceptor
NADPH-producing
photosystem
Light
NADP
1
2
3
How the Light Reactions Generate ATP and NADPH
34. • Two connected photosystems collect
photons of light and transfer the
energy to chlorophyll electrons
• The excited electrons are passed from
the primary electron acceptor to
electron transport chains
– Their energy ends up in ATP and NADPH
In the light reactions, electron
transport chains generate ATP,
NADPH, & O2
35. • The electron transport chains are
arranged with the photosystems in the
thylakoid membranes and pump H+
through that membrane
– The flow of H+ back through the membrane
is controlled by ATP synthase to make ATP
– In the stroma, the H+ ions combine with
NADP+ to form NADPH
Chemiosmosis powers ATP
synthesis in the light reactions
36. The production of ATP by
chemiosmosis in photosynthesis
Thylakoid
compartmen
t
(high H+)
Thylakoid
membrane
Stroma
(low H+)
Light
Antenna
molecules
Light
ELECTRON TRANSPORT
CHAIN
PHOTOSYSTEM II PHOTOSYSTEM I ATP SYNTHASE
37. Review: Photosynthesis uses light
energy to make food molecules
Light
Chloroplast
Photosystem
II
Electron
transport
chains
Photosystem I
CALVIN
CYCLE Stroma
LIGHT REACTIONS CALVIN CYCLE
Cellular
respiration
Cellulose
Starch
Other
organic
compounds
• A summary
of the
chemical
processes of
photosynthe
sis
38. “Dark” reaction (Light-independent Reaction)
6CO2 + 12H2O + light energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
• “Dark” reaction:
Calvin cycle
• regenerative
• anabolic
• CO2 in, sugar out
• during daylight
CO2
NADP+
ADP
Pi
+
RuBP 3-Phosphoglycerate
Calvin
Cycle
G3P
ATP
NADPH
Starch
(storage)
Sucrose
(export)
Chloroplast
Light
H2O
O2
39. Carbon fixation
• 3 stages of Calvin-
cycle:
• #1 – carbon fixation
• CO2 link to 5-C
• 5-C: ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) - enzyme: Rubisco
abundant
• 6-C unstable – split 2(3-C)