European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform (ESPP) www.phosphorusplatform.eu Sustainable management of nutrients is crucial for agriculture, food, industry, water and the environment. ESPP brings together companies and stakeholders to address the Phosphorus Challenge and its opportunities for the circular economy. Countries: Austria AT Belgium BE Bulgaria BG Cyprus CY Czech Republic CZ Germany DE Denmark DK Estonia EE Spain ES Finland FI France FR Greece EL Hungary HU Ireland IE Italy IT Lithuania LT Luxembourg LU Latvia LV Malta MT Netherlands NL Poland PL Portugal PT Romania RO Sweden SE Slovenia SI Slovakia SK United Kingdom UK Switzerland CH Phosphorus: Fosfor Fosfor Fòsfòr Фосфор Fosfor Фосфор Fosfor Fosfor Фосфор Фосфор Fosforas Fosfors Fuosfuors Fosfor Ffуsfforws Fosfar Fosfaras Fosfaar Fosforus Φωσφορος Ֆոսֆոր Fosfor Fosfor Фосфор Фосфор ফসফরাস فسفر ફૉસ્ફરસનો फास्फोरस Fosfor Fosfori Foszfor Фосфор Фосфор Паликандур Fosfor Fosfor Фосфор Фосфор Фосфор Фосфор Fosfor فوسفور Fosfor Fosforoa ფოსფორი [fūsfūr] זרחן Fosfru Lìn リン 인 ฟอสฟอรัส Photpho 磷 Posporo Fosfor Pūtūtae-whetū Fosforus ഫോസ്ഫറസ് பொஸ்பரசு Fosofo Fosforase Posfori Fósforo Phusphuru Fosforimi Fosforo Fosforon Pesticium

1. PhorWater Madrid 14th July 2016 - 1
Phosphorus recycling in Europe: innovation & regulation
Chris Thornton - European Sustainable Phosphorous Platform
info@phosphorusplatform.eu
www.phosphorusplatform.eu @phosphorusfacts

2. PhorWater Madrid 14th July 2016 - 2
ESPP: a coalition for action
• Bring together industry, R&D, public authorities, stakeholders
water & waste industries, mineral and organic fertilisers,
chemicals, P-recycling products and processes …
• Share vision for sustainable phosphorus in Europe
• Dialogue & network expertise and experience
• Build awareness
• Assess and propose policy & regulatory developments
• Disseminate innovation, business cases, value chains
www.phosphorusplatform.eu

3. IWA-WEF Nutrient Recovery and Recycling, June 2016 – 3
Phosphorus recycling
A long history

4. IWA-WEF Nutrient Recovery and Recycling, June 2016 – 4
P-recycling inputs
 Livestock manures
 Wastewater treatment
 Food wastes
 Meat & Bone Meal Ash
 Agro-industry, industrial
 Biofuels,biomaterials

5. IWA-WEF Nutrient Recovery and Recycling, June 2016 – 5
P-recycling routes
 Sewage & manure biosolids to land
- after hygienisation,digestion,composting
- recycles P,N,organic C
- issues with contaminants (real or perceived),
water content,logistics …
- certification systems (e.g.REVAQ)
 Use of wastewater or biosolids to feed
- energy or bio-materials crops
- algae aquaculture

6. IWA-WEF Nutrient Recovery and Recycling, June 2016 – 6
Success story:
Cooperl farmers’ cooperative,Brittany
• 400 000 t/y manure processed to organic fertiliser product
- 150 000 t composted poultry litter
- 150 000 t dried poultry manure
- 100 000 t pig manure (1 100 farms)
• Nutrients adapted for specific crops
• Export to other
regions of France

7. IWA-WEF Nutrient Recovery and Recycling, June 2016 – 7
Success story:
REVAQ sewage treatment Certification
• > 50% Sweden’s sewage goes to REVAQ Certified sewage works
• Sludge digestate quality, monitoring,
information transparency criteria
• 3000 t/year phosphorus recycled to agriculture

8. IWA-WEF Nutrient Recovery and Recycling, June 2016 – 8
Success story:
KOTO AlgaeBioGas,Llubljana
• 13 000 t/y household and industry food waste
converted to biogas
• 30 m2 pilot algae pond fed with digestate
• Algae used for energy production,
fertilisers or bioplastics

9. IWA-WEF Nutrient Recovery and Recycling, June 2016 – 9
P-recycling routes
 Adsorption to produce a fertiliser
- Organic by-products: posidonia,straw, …
- (Calcinated) shells,minerals …
- Biochar (porous)
Still at R&D stage
 Ion-Exchange
 Membranes
- e.g.mineral concentrates from manures
 Electro-chemical cells
 ….

10. IWA-WEF Nutrient Recovery and Recycling, June 2016 – 10
Success story:
Polonite filter beds
Natural calcium silicate
Binds P and reduces pathogens
P-enriched = fertiliser
Use in farm drainage ditches, manure,
septic tank discharge, sewage treatment
 EcoFiltration AB http://ecofiltration.se/
 PhosphoReduc LLC http://phosphoreduc.org/

11. IWA-WEF Nutrient Recovery and Recycling, June 2016 – 11
P-recycling routes
Phosphate precipitation
- struvite,K-struvite,brushite
- from sewage,food industry waste streams,
manures,bioenergy
- synergy with biological P removal
and anaerobic digestion in sewage works
- upstream or downstream
of sludge dewatering
- can combine with sludge hydrolysis
e.g.Cambi,Eliquo Stulz,Exelys,Pondus …

12. IWA-WEF Nutrient Recovery and Recycling, June 2016 – 12
Success story:
Timac: struvite as maize starter fertiliser
• NuReSys Recovered struvite
• Non-burning, enabling “ultra localisation” by roots
• Micro-granulation
• Ammonium addition for nutrient balance

13. IWA-WEF Nutrient Recovery and Recycling, June 2016 – 13
P-recycling routes
Phosphate leaching from sludge
- acid leaching: Gifhorn (Seaborne), Stuttgart
 high chemical consumption (pH 3-5 then pH 8.5-10)
- Budenheim process: compressed & cycled CO2 see SCOPE Newsletter 103
 1 m3 industrial pilot will be operational Mainz end 2016
Electro-thermal production of White Phosphorus (P4)
- RecoPhos process purchased by ICL 2015
see SCOPE Newsletter 120

14. IWA-WEF Nutrient Recovery and Recycling, June 2016 – 14
P-recycling routes
Use of P-rich ashes in fertiliser production processes
- Chicken manure ashes,slaughterhouse rendering ashes (MBM)
 sold directly as fertiliser,useful in fertiliser production
(Saria UK, Fibrophos UK, Honkajoki Finland, BMC Moerdijk Netherlands, EkoVäx Sweden ….)
- Sewage sludge incineration ash
 work ongoing to use in fertiliser production
(ICL Amsterdam, Ludwigshaven)
 issues with Mg,Fe,Al
See SCOPE Newsletter 115 & 113

15. IWA-WEF Nutrient Recovery and Recycling, June 2016 – 15
Success story:
Ecophos P-recycling from sewage sludge
• Pilot plant operational Varna, Bulgaria
• Produce DCP (Di Calcium Phosphate) for fertilisers, animal feed
• Full-scale plant under construction Dunkerque, France
capacity: 200 000 t/y DCP from low grade P-rock and ash
• Contract to treat 60 000 t/y ash from Netherlands (SNB – HVC Groep)
= 4 000 t/y P
See SCOPE Newsletter 111 and www.ecophos.com

16. IWA-WEF Nutrient Recovery and Recycling, June 2016 – 16
Success story:
Kanton Zürich Switzerland
• 72 wwtps now deliver
100 000 t/y dewatered sludge
to central mono-incinerator
- 94% vote “Yes” in local referendum
- commissioned 2015
- delivers 15 000 t/y ash for P-recycling
- 40% operating cost savings by energy efficient dryer
• 3,3 M CHF pilot P-recovery installation under construction
- acid P leaching P, solvent extraction  phosphoric acid
See SCOPE Newsletter 119

17. PhorWater Madrid 14th July 2016 - 17
Regulatory developments
EU Circular Economy Package
• Public consultation (closed 20/8/2015)
Of 1281 respondents to the consultation:
• 30% identified bio-nutrients as “secondary materials the EU should target first”
• In total, 54% cited bio-nutrients or phosphorus in their response (all questions)
• Revised Package published 2/12/2015
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/circular-economy/index_en.htm
“Recycled nutrients are a distinct and important category of secondary raw materials”
 confirms revision of EU Fertiliser Regulation to include recycled nutrients
 underlines need for data on raw material flows
 nutrient recovery included in Bio-Based Industries Joint Undertaking roadmap
 absence of food waste recycling targets or collection obligation

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Ellen MacArthur Foundation / McKinsey, Growth Within, 2015 www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org

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EU Fertiliser Regulation
• Proposed text published 17/3/16 http://ec.europa.eu/DocsRoom/documents/15949
and see SCOPE Newsletter 120 on www.phosphorusplatform.eu
• Adoption after Council, EP Parliament … 2017 ? 2018?
• Defines acceptable input materials (CMC = Component Material Categories)
and product specification (PFC = Product Function Categories)
• Covers fertilisers, soil improvers, growing media, liming additives, plant biostimulants
• Defines product safety (e.g. contaminants) and characteristics
(e.g. <15% organic C = “inorganic” fertiliser, minimum nutrient contents per category)
 plant nutrient availability is not specified
• A product achieving EU Fertiliser Regulation criteria (CE mark)
will be able to be sold anywhere in Europe
• Member States will continue to be able to authorise other products
as National Fertilisers (e.g. compost produced from sewage sludge in France)
or to allow spreading of materials under waste-type authorisations

20. PhorWater Madrid 14th July 2016 - 20
EU Fertiliser Regulation
• Materials already included for authorisation
- compost and digestate, based on JRC proposed EU End-of-Waste criteria 2013
sewage sludge excluded as input material for composts & digestates
- certain food industry b-products: food lime, sugar molasses, vinasse
- certain animal by-products – manures ? – list not yet included in published draft
• Proposed cadmium limit for inorganic macronutrient fertilisers
- 60 mgCd/kg P2O5 reducing to 40 then to 20 mg after 12 years
• Other contaminant limits:
- e.g. for organic fertilisers: cadmium, chromium, mercury, nickel, lead, salmonella …

21. PhorWater Madrid 14th July 2016 - 21
EU Fertiliser Regulation
Struvite,ashes,biochars
• EU Commission has commissioned JRC to prepare draft criteria
- mandate validated in EU Fertilisers Working Group 2015
- call for Experts to advise this work 2/5/2016
• Objective is that EU criteria be finalised parallel to adoption of Regulation
then immediately added into Annexes
• ESPP has published proposed outline criteria for struvite,
ash-based products, biochars - see www.phosphorusplatform.eu/regulatory
• First meeting expert group STRUBIAS 6-7 July
Issues:
- need to show “likely significant trade”
- impact assessment: impurities, particularly for struvite pharmaceuticals
- need different criteria for ash-as-fertiliser and ash-as-raw-material

22. PhorWater Madrid 14th July 2016 - 22
EU Fertiliser Regulation
Questions and comments
• ESPP member EU Fertiliser Working Group
• Traceability ?
- ESPP proposal: obligatory traceability and labelling for any product including sewage
sludge or manure derived organics (= not if incinerated)
• Clarify criteria for adding new categories of material
- likely significant trade, evidence of no risk,“sufficiently effective”
• Other new categories for which criteria should be prepared
- mineral nutrient products extracted from organic waste treatment gases
(e.g. ammonium sulfate from digester gas)
- other precipitated phosphates (K-struvite, brushite …)
- dried / granulated / nutrient balanced processes manure

23. PhorWater Madrid 14th July 2016 - 23
North Sea Resources Roundabout
• Flanders, France, Netherlands, UK
• Signed 3/3/16
• See SCOPE Newsletter 120 on www.phosphorusplatform.eu
• Identify and address barriers to export/input of recycled material / recycling
• First three materials signed:
- compost
- rigid PVC
- ferrous metals
• Proposal to include struvite
- annex underway (Véolia, Suez)

24. PhorWater Madrid 14th July 2016 - 24
EIP-AGRI: Focus Group on Nutrient Recycling
• How to improve the agronomic use of recycled nutrients:
- tools, market strategies
- define information gaps, R&D support needs
- input to future Horizon 2020 and other EU programme definition
• ESPP selected to Focus Group
• First meeting end May
• Need for feedback and input
Mini-paper on Quality Standards for recycled nutrient products – lead = ESPP

25. PhorWater Madrid 14th July 2016 - 25
• Standards
• CEN SABE (Strategic Advisory Board on the Environment) Dec. 2015
recommendations for European standards developments
to support phosphorus recycling
 pending adoption
CEN 308: Characterization and
management of sludge
CEN 13714: Sludge management
in relation to use or disposal
CEN 13097: Good practice for sludge utilisation in agriculture
CEN 165/WG 40 –Wastewater treatment plants > 50 PT
CEN 223: Soil improvers and growing Media
CEN 260 – Fertilizers and liming Materials
• ISO 275 Sludge recovery, recycling, treatment and disposal
WG7 Inorganic and Nutrients Recovery

26. PhorWater Madrid 14th July 2016 - 26
Other regulatory developments
• Nitrates Directive: “processed manure”
• Organic Farming Regulation: proposed validation of recycled P products
- struvite
- AshDec calcium phosphate recovered from ashes
• REACH (EU chemicals regulation):
- Art 2(7)d “recovered” substances/by-products
- digestates
• BAT BREFs (Industrial Emissions Directive): - pig & poultry production
- large combustion plants – waste incineration – food, drink & milk
- proposed “Resource Efficiency” BREF
• BEMPs: EMAS (EU Eco-Management and Audit Scheme Regulation) “agriculture”
• Horizon 2020: EU R&D funding, e.g. circular economy, nutrient cycles, nutrient
recycling pilot plants
• EU Ecolabel: e.g. soil improvers

27. PhorWater Madrid 14th July 2016 - 27
Phosphorus recycling in Europe: innovation & regulation
Chris Thornton - European Sustainable Phosphorous Platform
info@phosphorusplatform.eu
www.phosphorusplatform.eu @phosphorusfacts