Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
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Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
"Protectable subject matters, Protection in biotechnology, Protection of othe...
Phonetics libro
1. Lesson 1
[i] and [ɪ]
[i] represents the vowel sound in “eat.”
[ɪ] represents the vowel sound in “it.”
1. [it] represents the word “eat.” 2. [ɪt] represents the word “it.”
Other examples: Other examples:
[si] --- “see” [sɪt ] --- “sit”
[liv] --- “leave” [lɪv] --- “live”
Practice
A. Transcribe these words into the conventional alphabet.
1. [lɪv] ________________________ 6. [fil] ________________________
2. [liv] ________________________ 7. [bɪn] ________________________
3. [fɪl] ________________________ 8. [kip] ________________________
4. [sɪt] ________________________ 9. [sit] ________________________
5. [mi] ________________________ 10. [wɪl] ________________________
B. Transcribe these words into the phonetic alphabet.
1. he ________________________ 6. if _______________________
2. in ________________________ 7. be _______________________
3. still ________________________ 8. him _______________________
4. seem ________________________ 9. give _______________________
5. week ________________________ 10. least _______________________
2. Lesson 2
[ e ] and [ ɛ ]
[ e ] represents the vowel sound in “late.”
[ ɛ ] represents the vowel sound in “let.”
1. [ let ] represents the word “late.” 2. [ lɛt ] represents the word “let.”
Other examples: Other examples:
[ de ] --- “day” [ mɛt ] --- “met”
[ stet ] --- “state” [ lɛs ] --- “less”
Practice
A. Transcribe these words into the conventional alphabet.
1. [ mɛn ] ___________________________ 6. [ wɛl ] __________________________
2. [ men ] ___________________________ 7. [ let ] __________________________
3. [ wet ] ___________________________ 8. [ wɛnt ] __________________________
4. [ lɛt ] ___________________________ 9. [ de ] __________________________
5. [ mek ] ___________________________ 10. [ tɛl ] __________________________
B. Transcribe these words into the phonetic alphabet.
1. said __________________________ 6. left __________________________
2. best __________________________ 7. way __________________________
3. may __________________________ 8. take __________________________
4. get __________________________ 9. came ___________________________
5. same __________________________ 10. end ___________________________
Review
A. Transcribe these words into the conventional alphabet.
1. [ lɪv ] __________________________ 5. [ fil ] ___________________________
2. [ fes ] __________________________ 6. [ wɪl ] __________________________
3. [ sɪt ] __________________________ 7. [ gret ] __________________________
4. [ hɛd ] __________________________ 8. [ liv ] ___________________________
B. Transcribe these words into the phonetic alphabet.
1. see __________________________ 5. end __________________________
2. in __________________________ 6. seem __________________________
3. name __________________________ 7. met __________________________
4. he __________________________ 8. him __________________________
3. Lesson 3
[ æ ] and [ a ]
[ æ ] represents the vowel sound in “man.”
[ a ] represents the vowel sound in “far.”
1. [ mæn ] represents the word “man.” 2. [ far ] represents the word
“far.”
Other examples: Other examples:
[æsk ] --- “ask” [ hat ] --- “hot”
[ hæt ] --- “hat” [ ar ] --- “are”
Practice
A. Transcribe these words into the conventional alphabet.
1. [ hæt ] ___________________________ 6. [ nat ] __________________________
2. [ hat ] ___________________________ 7. [ æt ] __________________________
3. [an ] ___________________________ 8. [bæk] __________________________
4. [ bæd ] ___________________________ 9. [ stap ] __________________________
5. [ hæv ] ___________________________ 10. [ part ] __________________________
B. Transcribe these words into the phonetic alphabet.
1. had __________________________ 6. ask __________________________
2. got __________________________ 7. clock __________________________
3. man __________________________ 8. past __________________________
4. last __________________________ 9. are ___________________________
5. car __________________________ 10. top ___________________________
Review
A. Transcribe these words into the conventional alphabet.
1. [ slip ] __________________________ 5. [ gad ] ___________________________
2. [ blæk ] __________________________ 6. [ ɪf ] ___________________________
3. [ wet] __________________________ 7. [ tɛl ] ___________________________
4.[lézɪ]* __________________________ 8. [ baks ] ___________________________
B. Transcribe these words into the phonetic alphabet.
1. me __________________________ 5. ran __________________________
2. fast __________________________ 6. came __________________________
3. get __________________________ 7. on __________________________
4. give __________________________ 8. still __________________________
*In words of more than one syllable, the syllable receiving the strongest stress or accent is marked with [´] over the vowel.
As an alternative, some books use [´] preceding the syllable.
4. Lesson 4
[ ɔ ] and [ o ]
[ ɔ ] represents the vowel sound in “law.”
[ o ] represents the vowel sound in “low.”
1. [ lɔ ] represents the word “law.” 2. [ lo ] represents the word “low.”
Other examples: Other examples:
[ fɔl ] --- “fall” [ sno ] --- “snow”
[ wɔk ] --- “walk” [ hom ] --- “home”
Practice
A. Transcribe these words into the conventional alphabet.
1. [ sɔ ] ___________________________ 6. [ kɔt ] __________________________
2. [ so ] ___________________________ 7. [ lo ] __________________________
3. [ lɔ ] ___________________________ 8. [ hop ] __________________________
4. [ bɔt ] ___________________________ 9. [ tɔl ] __________________________
5. [ kot ] ___________________________ 10. [ kold ] __________________________
B. Transcribe these words into the phonetic alphabet.
1. all __________________________ 6. small __________________________
2. no __________________________ 7. own __________________________
3. old __________________________ 8. home __________________________
4. off __________________________ 9. talk ___________________________
5. go __________________________ 10. most ___________________________
Review
A. Transcribe these words into the conventional alphabet.
1. [ told ] __________________________ 5. [ nid ] ___________________________
2.[ sɛl ] __________________________ 6. [ kɔl ] ___________________________
3. [bæk] __________________________ 7. [ stet ] ___________________________
4.[ɔ́lso] __________________________ 8. [ klak ] ___________________________
B. Transcribe these words into the phonetic alphabet.
1. ate __________________________ 5. law __________________________
2. know __________________________ 6. week __________________________
3. been __________________________ 7. had __________________________
4. not __________________________ 8. fall __________________________
5. Lesson 5
[ ʊ ] and [ u ]
[ ʊ ] represents the vowel sound in “full.”
[ u ] represents the vowel sound in “fool.”
1. [ fʊl ] represents the word “full.” 2. [ ful ] represents the word “fool.”
Other examples: Other examples:
[ pʊt ] --- “put” [ tru ] --- “true”
[ lʊk] --- “look” [ nun ] --- “noon”
Practice
A. Transcribe these words into the conventional alphabet.
1. [ fʊt ] ___________________________ 6. [ skul ] __________________________
2. [ fud ] ___________________________ 7. [ pʊl ] __________________________
3. [ rum ] ___________________________ 8. [ kʊd ] __________________________
4. [ gʊd ] ___________________________ 9. [ ful ] __________________________
5. [ fʊl ] ___________________________ 10. [ tʊk ] __________________________
B. Transcribe these words into the phonetic alphabet.
1. would __________________________ 6. group __________________________
2. two __________________________ 7. book __________________________
3. look __________________________ 8. cook __________________________
4. put __________________________ 9. blue __________________________
5. do __________________________ 10. grew __________________________
Review
A. Transcribe these words into the conventional alphabet.
1. [me ] __________________________ 5. [ min ] ___________________________
2.[mɛn] __________________________ 6. [ sun ] ___________________________
3.[hu] __________________________ 7. [ sɪns ] ___________________________
4. [mæn] __________________________ 8. [ bʊk ] ___________________________
B. Transcribe these words into the phonetic alphabet.
1. call __________________________ 5. moon __________________________
2. wood __________________________ 6. said __________________________
3. own __________________________ 7. full __________________________
4. are __________________________ 8. give __________________________
6. Lesson 6
Review of Ten Vowel Sounds
The IPA symbols for the following ten English vowel sounds have been presented:
[ i ] ---- “eat” [ a ] ---- “far”
[ ɪ ] ---- “it” [ ɔ ] ---- “law”
[ e ] ---- “late” [ o ] ---- “low”
[ ɛ ] ---- “let” [ ʊ ] ---- “full”
[ æ ] ---- “man” [ u ] ---- “fool”
Practice
A. Transcribe these words into the conventional alphabet.
1. [bæk] ___________________________ 6. [ gɛs ] __________________________
2. [kʊd] ___________________________ 7. [ slip ] __________________________
3. [et] ___________________________ 8. [ skul ] __________________________
4. [stap] ___________________________ 9. [ hom ] __________________________
5. [bɔt] ___________________________ 10. [ lɪv ] __________________________
B. Transcribe these words into the phonetic alphabet.
1. hot __________________________ 6. be __________________________
2. will _________________________ 7. sell __________________________
3. group _________________________ 8. call __________________________
4. own __________________________ 9. ask __________________________
5. name _________________________ 10. took __________________________
Review
A. Transcribe these words into the conventional alphabet.
1. [fɔrtín] __________________________ 6. [ kápɪ ] ___________________________
2. [ɪrés] __________________________ 7. [ ɔ́fɪs ] ___________________________
3.[nótbʊk] __________________________ 8. [ hæz ]* ___________________________
4. [gret] __________________________ 9. [ drɛs ] ___________________________
5.[sun] __________________________ 10. [ hæv ] ___________________________
B. Transcribe these words into the phonetic alphabet.
1. six __________________________ 6. half __________________________
2. talk __________________________ 7. whole __________________________
3.good __________________________ 8. least __________________________
4. do __________________________ 9. well __________________________
5. place __________________________ 10. box __________________________
*The [z] sound is often indicated by an “s” in conventional spelling: [ɪz] --- “is”; [dez] ---“days.”
7. Lesson 7
[ ə ] and [ ɚ ]
[ ə ] represents the vowel sound in “up.”
[ ɚ ] represents the vowel sound in “her.”
1. [ əp ] represents the word “up.” 2. [ hɚ ] represents the word “her.”
Other examples: Other examples:
[ bət ] --- “but” [ wɚ ] --- “were”
[ səm ] --- “some” [ bɚd ] --- “bird”
Practice
ATranscribe these words into the conventional alphabet.
1. [rən] ___________________________ 6. [ gɚl ] __________________________
2.[lɚn] ___________________________ 7. [ kət ] __________________________
3.[wɚk] ___________________________ 8. [ wɚld ] __________________________
4.[kəm] ___________________________ 9. [ ləv ] __________________________
5.[sən] ___________________________ 10. [ hɚd ] __________________________
B. Transcribe these words into the phonetic alphabet.
1. us __________________________ 6. won __________________________
2. turn __________________________ 7. must __________________________
3. from __________________________ 8. hurt __________________________
4. first __________________________ 9. done __________________________
5. world __________________________ 10. were __________________________
Review
A. Transcribe these words into the conventional alphabet.
1.[hat] __________________________ 5. [ wɚ ] ___________________________
2.[kət] __________________________ 6. [ wɛl ] ___________________________
3.[gud] __________________________ 7. [ skul ] ___________________________
4.[hæv] __________________________ 8. [ kɔ́fɪ ] ___________________________
B. Transcribe these words into the phonetic alphabet.
1. stay __________________________ 5. too __________________________
2.would __________________________ 6. bird __________________________
3.law __________________________ 7. hope __________________________
4.cup __________________________ 8. last __________________________
8. Lesson 8
The Diphthongs [ aɪ ], [ aʊ ], and [ ɔɪ ]
Examples: Examples:
[ maɪt ] --- “might” [ haʊs ] --- “house”
[ saɪd ] --- “side” [ əbáʊt ] --- “about”
3. [ bɔɪ ] represents the word “boy.”
Other examples:
[ vɔɪs ] --- “voice”
[ɪmplɔ́ɪ ] --- “employ”
Practice
A. Transcribe these words into the conventional alphabet.
1.[maɪ] ___________________________ 6. [ pɔɪnt ] __________________________
2.[haʊ] ___________________________ 7. [ aʊr ] __________________________
3. [nɔɪz] ___________________________ 8. [ naɪt ] __________________________
4.[braʊn] ___________________________ 9. [ haʊs ] __________________________
5.[faɪv] ___________________________ 10. [ taɪm ] __________________________
B. Transcribe these words into the phonetic alphabet.
1. found __________________________ 6. like __________________________
2. boy __________________________ 7. now __________________________
3. by __________________________ 8. count __________________________
4.down __________________________ 9. toy __________________________
5.write __________________________ 10. might __________________________
Review
A. Transcribe these words into the conventional alphabet.
1.[bæk] __________________________ 5. [ laɪt ] ___________________________
2.[fil] __________________________ 6. [ ləv ] ___________________________
3.[skul] _________________________ 7. [ bɔɪ ] ___________________________
4.[taʊn] _________________________ 8. [ hɚd ] ___________________________
B. Transcribe these words into the phonetic alphabet.
1. small __________________________ 5. out __________________________
2. left __________________________ 6. first __________________________
3. oil __________________________ 7. still __________________________
4. done __________________________ 8. life __________________________
9. Lesson 9
Review of [ ə ], [ ɚ ], and the Diphthongs
with Other Vowel Sounds
Since the last review (lesson 6), the IPA symbols for the following English sounds
have been presented:
[ ə ] ---- “up” [ aʊ ] ---- “now”
[ ɚ ] ---- “her” [ ɔɪ ] ---- “boy”
[ aɪ ] ---- “time”
In the following review exercises these sounds are used whit other vowel sounds in
words of more than one syllable.
Review I
A. Transcribe these words into the conventional alphabet.
1.[kə́ntrɪ] ___________________________ 6. [ naɪntɪ́n ] __________________________
2. [ házɪs ] ___________________________ 7. [ vɔ́ɪsɪz ] __________________________
3. [ ɪmplɔ́ɪ ] ___________________________ 8. [ bɛ́tɚ ] __________________________
4.[fráɪdɪ] ___________________________ 9. [ mə́nɪ ] __________________________
5.[ ɚ́ lɪ ] ___________________________ 10. [ haʊɛ́vɚ ] __________________________
B. Transcribe these words into the phonetic alphabet.
1. myself __________________________ 6. number __________________________
2. noises __________________________ 7. flower __________________________
3. after __________________________ 8. employ __________________________
4. until __________________________ 9. sometimes __________________________
5. about _________________________ 10. later __________________________
Review II
A. Transcribe these words into the conventional alphabet.
1.[tənáɪt] __________________________ 6. [ sə́ndɪ ] ___________________________
2.[əláʊ] __________________________ 7. [ láɪbrɛrɪ ] ___________________________
3.[dɪ́nɚ] __________________________ 8. [ sɪ́stɚ ] ___________________________
4.[bɪháɪnd] _______________________ 9. [ kə́lɚ ] ___________________________
5.[aʊrsɛ́lvz] _________________________ 10. [ pépɚ ] ___________________________
B. Transcribe these words into the phonetic alphabet.
1. around __________________________ 6. outside __________________________
2. never __________________________ 7. summer __________________________
3. good-by __________________________ 8. housework __________________________
4. away __________________________ 9. upon __________________________
5. noisy __________________________ 10. over __________________________
10. Lesson 10
[ θ ] and [ ð ]
[ θ ] represents the first consonant sound in “three.”
[ ð ] represents the first consonant sound in “this.”
1. [ θri ] represents the word “three.” 2. [ ðɪs ] represents the word
“this.”
Other examples: Other examples:
[ boθ ] --- “both” [ ðæt ] --- “that”
[ θɪn ] --- “thin” [ ðɛn ] --- “then”
Practice
A. Transcribe these words into the conventional alphabet.
1.[ðɛr] ___________________________ 6. [θɚtín ] __________________________
2.[θɪn] ___________________________ 7. [ðæn ] __________________________
3.[mənθ] ___________________________ 8. [θru] __________________________
4. [ðe] ___________________________ 9. [ðoz ] __________________________
5.[ðɛm] ___________________________ 10. [θɚ́ zdɪ ] __________________________
B. Transcribe these words into the phonetic alphabet.
1. these __________________________ 6. rather __________________________
2. both __________________________ 7. thus __________________________
3. other __________________________ 8. thought __________________________
4. death __________________________ 9. father __________________________
5. though __________________________ 10. bath __________________________
Review
A. Transcribe these words into the conventional alphabet.
1. [pə́blɪk ] __________________________ 5. [mə́ndɪ ] ___________________________
2. [ɔlðó] __________________________ 6. [let ] ___________________________
3. [tɛ́ləfon] __________________________ 7. [yunəvɚ́ sətr ] ___________________________
4. [bɚ́ θde] __________________________ 8. [wɪðáʊt ___________________________
B. Transcribe these words into the phonetic alphabet.
1. summer______________________ 5. then __________________________
2. power _________________________ 6. letter __________________________
3. earth __________________________ 7. put __________________________
4. mother __________________________ 8. turn __________________________
11. Lesson 11
[ ʃ ] and [ ʒ ]
[ ʃ ] represents the first consonant sound in “shoe.”*
[ ʒ ] represents the first consonant sound in “pleasure.”*
1. [ ʃu ] represents the word “shoe.” 2. [ plɛʒɚ ] represents the word
“pleasure.”
Other examples: Other examples:
[ ʃi ] --- “she” [vɪ́ʒən] --- “vision”
[ wɪʃ ] --- “wish” [yúʒʊal ] --- “usual”
Practice
A. Transcribe these words into the conventional alphabet.
1. [ ʃo] ___________________________ 6. [ ʃɪp ] __________________________
2.[néʃən] ___________________________ 7. [ yúʒʊəlɪ ] __________________________
3.[vɪ́ʒən] ___________________________ 8. [ mɛ́ʒɚ ] __________________________
4.[dɪsɪ́ʒən] ___________________________ 9. [ ʃɔrt ] __________________________
5.[sóʃəl] ___________________________ 10. [ əkéʒən ] __________________________
B. Transcribe these words into the phonetic alphabet.
1. she __________________________ 6. dish __________________________
2. vision __________________________ 7. usual __________________________
3. should __________________________ 8. shoe __________________________
4. shall __________________________ 9. wish __________________________
5. garage __________________________ 10. division __________________________
Review
A. Transcribe these words into the conventional alphabet.
1.[plez] __________________________ 5. [ spɛ́ʃəl ] ___________________________
2.[ples] __________________________ 6. [ θru ] ___________________________
3.[ǽ kʃən]__________________________ 7. [ ðoz ] ___________________________
4.[mə́ðɚ ] _________________________ 8. [ plɛ́ʒɚ ] ___________________________
B. Transcribe these words into the phonetic alphabet.
1. third __________________________ 5. until __________________________
2. number _______________________ 6. Television __________________________
3. fish __________________________ 7. rather __________________________
4. these _______________________ 8. both __________________________
*In some books these sounds are represented by the symbols [s] and [z] respectively
12. Lesson 12
[ tʃ ] and [ dʒ ]
[ tʃ ] represents the first consonant sound in “child.”*
[ dʒ ] represents the first consonant sound in “John.”*
1. [ tʃaɪld ] represents the word “child.” 2. [ dʒan ] represents the word
“John.”
Other examples: Other examples:
[ tʃip ] --- “cheap” [ dʒəst ] --- “just”
[ mətʃ ] --- “much” [ lardʒ ] --- “large”
Practice
A. Transcribe these words into the conventional alphabet.
1.[edʒ] ___________________________ 6. [ pɪ́ktʃɚ ] __________________________
2.[titʃ] __________________________ 7. [ ləntʃ ] __________________________
3.[ɔŕɪndʒ]________________________ 8. [ dʒɛ́nərəl ] __________________________
4.[lardʒ] ___________________________ 9. [ martʃ ] __________________________
5.[tʃɛk] ___________________________ 10. [ dʒan ] __________________________
B. Transcribe these words into the phonetic alphabet.
1. page __________________________ 6. child __________________________
2. major ________________________ 7. each __________________________
3. such __________________________ 8. judge __________________________
4. jump _________________________ 9. watch __________________________
5. change _______________________ 10. job __________________________
Review
A. Transcribe these words into the conventional alphabet.
1.[ʃo] __________________________ 5. [ mənθ ] ___________________________
2.[fáðɚ] __________________________ 6. [ néʃən ] ___________________________
3.[tʃip] __________________________ 7. [ kálɪdʒ ] ___________________________
4.[víʒən] ______________________ 8. [ θɚtɪ́n ] ___________________________
B. Transcribe these words into the phonetic alphabet.
1. show ______________________ 5. these __________________________
2. just __________________________ 6. church __________________________
3. bath _________________________ 7. thought __________________________
4. other __________________________ 8. garage __________________________
*In some books these sounds are represented by the symbols [c] and [j] respectively
13. Lesson 13
[ ŋ ], [ hw ], and [ j ]
[ ŋ ] represents the final consonant sound in “sing.”
[ hw ] represents the first consonant sound in “when.”
[ j ] represents the first consonant sound in “yes.”
1. [ sɪŋ ] represents the word “sing.” 2. [ hwɛn ] represents the word
“when.”
Other examples: Other examples:
[ θɪŋ ] --- “thing” [ hwaɪ] --- “why”
[ lɔŋ ] --- “long” [ hwɪtʃ ] --- “which”
3. [jɛs] represents the word “yes.” However, in some books the symbol [j] is replaced
by the symbol [y] since this sound is usually represented by the letter “y” in the
conventional alphabet. Other examples:
[ ju ] or [ yu ] --- “you”
[ jɪr ] or [ yɪr ] --- “year”
Practice
A. Transcribe these words into the conventional alphabet.
1.[lɔŋ] __________________________ 6. [ hwɛn ] __________________________
2.[jɛt] ___________________________ 7. [ hwaɪl ] __________________________
3.[hwɛr]__________________________ 8. [ θɪŋk ] __________________________
4.[góɪŋ] ___________________________ 9. [ mjúzɪk ] __________________________
5.[junáɪtɪd] ___________________________ 10. [ hwɛ́ðɚ ] __________________________
B. Transcribe these words into the phonetic alphabet.
1. why __________________________ 6. yes __________________________
2. thing _________________________ 7. bring __________________________
3. white __________________________ 8. where __________________________
4. you __________________________ 9. doing __________________________
5. having __________________________ 10. young __________________________
Review
A. Transcribe these words into the conventional alphabet.
1.[dʒəst] ________________________ 5. [ʃɔrt] ___________________________
2.[bíɪŋ] __________________________ 6. [juz ] ___________________________
3.[júʒʊəl] __________________________ 7. [sətʃ ] ___________________________
4.[hwɪtʃ] __________________________ 8. [ɪ́ŋglɪʃ ] ___________________________
B. Transcribe these words into the phonetic alphabet.
1. lunch _________________________ 5. yellow __________________________
2. when _________________________ 6. making __________________________
3. those ________________________ 7. shall __________________________
4. teach __________________________ 8. judge __________________________
14. Lesson 14
Review of consonant sound
The IPA symbols for the following English consonant sounds have been presented:
[ θ ] ---- “three” [ tʃ ] ---- “child”
[ ð ] ---- “this” [ dʒ ] ---- “John”
[ ʃ ] ---- “shoe” [ ŋ ] ---- “sing”
[ ʒ ] ---- “pleasure” [hw] ---- “when”
[ j ] or [ y ] ---- “yes”
Practice
A. Transcribe these words into the conventional alphabet.
1.[néʃən]__________________________ 6. [ θɪŋk ] __________________________
2.[mjúzɪk] ___________________________ 7. [ dɪsɪ́ʒən ] __________________________
3.[dʒɛ́nərəl]_________________________ 8. [ junáɪtɪd ] __________________________
4.[pɪ́ktʃɚ] __________________________ 9. [ lɔŋ ] __________________________
5.[hwɪtʃ] __________________________ 10. [ kálɪdʒ ] __________________________
B. Transcribe these words into the phonetic alphabet.
1. this __________________________ 6. jump __________________________
2. child __________________________ 7. when __________________________
3. pleasure __________________________ 8. both __________________________
4. yes __________________________ 9. should __________________________
5. meaning __________________________ 10. church __________________________
Review
A. Transcribe these words into the conventional alphabet.
1.[hwɛr] __________________________ 5. [ médʒɚ ] ___________________________
2.[jəŋ] __________________________ 6. [ tʃip ] ___________________________
3.[júʒʊəlɪ] __________________________ 7. [ wáʃɪŋtən ]___________________________
4.[ ənə́ðɚ ] __________________________ 8. [ hwɛ́ðɚ ] ___________________________
B. Transcribe these words into the phonetic alphabet.
1. why __________________________ 5. yellow __________________________
2. judge __________________________ 6. watch __________________________
3. rather __________________________ 7. wish __________________________
4. thing __________________________ 8. earth __________________________
15. Lesson 15
Syllabic [ ǃ ] and [ n̥ ]
[ ǃ ] represents the final consonant sound in “little.”*
[ n̥ ] represents the final consonant sound in “lesson.”*
1. [ lɪ́tǃ ] represents the word “little.” 2. [lɛ́sn̥] represents the word “lesson.”
Other examples: Other examples:
[trǽ vǃ] --- “travel” [lɪ́sn̥] --- “listen”
[prǽ ktɪkǃ ] --- “practical” [kɚ́ tn̥ ] --- “curtain”
Practice
A. Transcribe these words into the conventional alphabet.
1.[ǽ pǃ] ___________________________ 6. [ lɪ́sn̥ ] __________________________
2.[kə́zn̥] ___________________________ 7. [ ǽ nəmǃ ] __________________________
3.[nǽ ʃənǃ] _________________________ 8. [ rí́sn̥t ] __________________________
4.[fáɪnǃ] ___________________________ 9. [ lɛ́sn̥ ] __________________________
5.[prɛ́zn̥t] ___________________________ 10. [ ɪgzǽ mpǃ ] __________________________
B. Transcribe these words into the phonetic alphabet.
1. garden _______________________ 6. reason __________________________
2. people__________________________ 7. certain __________________________
3. curtain ______________________ 8. local __________________________
4. little _________________________ 9. table __________________________
5. possible __________________________ 10. recent __________________________
*Each of these two sounds is pronounced quickly following another consonant. Some books, however, use the
symbol [ə] between the two consonants. For example, “lesson” is sometimes transcribed as [lɛ́sən] instead of
[lɛ́sn̥ ]; “travel” as [trǽ vəl] instead of [trǽ vǃ].
16. Lesson 16
Variants [ ʌ ], [ ɝ ], and [ ɑ ]
We have already noted that some books use [y] instead of [j], [ən] instead of [n̥], and
[əl instead of [!]. In a similar way, some books use these variants:
[ ʌ ] represents [ ə ] when stressed or accented.
[ ɝ ] represents [ ɚ ] when stressed or accented.
[ ɑ ] represents [ a ] in all cases.
Note the following examples of these variants:
Standard IPA --- As We Have IPA --- With
_Spelling ______Learned It_____ _Variant Symbols_
above [ əbə́v ] [ əbʌ́v ]
worker [ wɚ́ kɚ ] [ wɝkɚ ]
arm [ arm ] [ ɑrm ]
Practice
A. Transcribe these words into the conventional alphabet.
1.[mʌ́nɪ] ___________________________ 6. [stɑp ] __________________________
2.[gɝl] ___________________________ 7. [lɝ́ nɪŋ] __________________________
3.[klɑk] __________________________ 8. [dʌz ] __________________________
4.[pʌ́blɪk] _________________________ 9. [ fɝst ] __________________________
5.[nɑt] ___________________________ 10. [ənʌ́f ] __________________________
B. Transcribe these words into the phonetic alphabet. Use the variants.
1. work __________________________ 6. word __________________________
2. come _________________________ 7. got __________________________
3. not __________________________ 8. one __________________________
4. brother __________________________ 9. heard __________________________
5. on __________________________ 10. bird __________________________
Review
A. Transcribe these words into the conventional alphabet.
1. [kʌ́zn̥]__________________________ 5. [nǽ ʃənǃ ] ___________________________
2.[ɝ́ lɪ] __________________________ 6. [sʌ́mɚ ] ___________________________
3.[rɪ́zn̥] __________________________ 7. [kɝ́ tn̥ ] ___________________________
4.[fɑ́ðɚ] __________________________ 8. [prɛ́zn̥t ] ___________________________
B. Transcribe these words into the phonetic alphabet. Use the variants where appropriate.
1. curtain _______________________ 5. car __________________________
2. possible ______________________ 6. recent __________________________
3. final _________________________ 7. were __________________________
4. nothing _______________________ 8. certain __________________________
17. Lesson 17
Pronouncing Unfamiliar Words
This isthe final lesson onthe symbols of the International Phonetic Alphabet. From this time
on, the student will be able to consult a dictionary employing IPA transcriptions to find the
pronunciation of unfamiliar words which he encounters in his reading.
In future classes students may be requested to bring their dictionaries in order to do some
practice workfindingthe transcriptionsof standardpronunciationsof unfamiliar words which the
instructor will write on the blackboard.
Reading practice
Let us suppose that you are in doubt concerning the pronunciation of the following words.
Practice pronouncingeachone aloudcorrectly according to the IPA transcription (given here as it
appears in Kenyon and Knott´s A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English).
1. amylolysis --- [ æmɪlɑ́ləsɪs ]
2. butyric --- [ bjutɪ́rɪk ]
3. cachexia --- [ kəkɛ́ksɪə ]
4. chimaera --- [ kaɪmɪ́rə ]
5. congener --- [ kɑ́ndʒɪnɚ ]
6. duodenum --- [ djuədínəm ]
7. formidable --- [ fɔ́rmɪdəbǃ ]
8. gynecologist --- [ dʒaɪnɪkɑ́lədʒɪst ]
9. lacteal --- [ lǽ ktɪəl ]
10. pedagogy --- [ pɛ́dəgɑdʒɪ ]
11. pharyngeal --- [ fərɪ́ndʒɪəl ]
12. prosody --- [ prɑ́sədɪ ]
http://www.wordreference.com/es/translation.asp?tranword=will
http://www.photransedit.com/Online/TypeIPA.aspx