The document outlines various fallacies, which are errors in reasoning or argumentation that can mislead or confuse individuals. It describes types of fallacies such as equivocation, composition, and ad hominem, providing examples for each to illustrate their misuse in arguments. Understanding these fallacies is vital for critical thinking and effective communication, enabling individuals to identify faulty reasoning in themselves and others.

1. 01
02
03
04
01
02
03
04
Methods of
Philosophizing

2. 02
03
04
01
FALLACIE
S

3. 02
03
04
01
Fallacies
●Are errors or mistakes in
reasoning or argumentation in a
logic of an argument. They often
involve faulty logic, misleading or
irrelevant information or
improper connections between
ideas.

4. 02
03
04
01
DIFFERENT FALLACIES
1. Fallacy of
Equivocation – is
committed when several
meanings of word or phrase
become confused in the
context of one argument.
Example: All laws should be
respected and obeyed. The law of
gravity is a law. Therefore the law

5. 02
03
04
01
TYPES OF FALLACIES
1. Fallacy of
Equivocation Example:
Humans walk by their legs. The
table has legs. Therefore the
table walk by its legs.
A ruler measures 12 inches,
Mayor Isko Moreno is a ruler;
therefore Mayor Isko is 12 inches.

6. 02
03
04
01
2. Fallacy of Composition – is
committed when one reasons
from the qualities of the parts
of a whole to the qualities of
the whole itself.
Individual to All
Example: You are a doctor,
therefore you came from a
family of doctors.

7. 02
03
04
01
2. Fallacy of Composition
Example: These cases of
robbery in this district have
convinces me that the city has
become a den of thieves and
criminals.

8. 02
03
04
01
3. Fallacy of Division – the reverse
of composition, is committed when
one reasons from the qualities of a
whole to the qualities of the parts of
the whole.
All to Individual
Example: Your family is smart,
therefore you are smart.

9. 02
03
04
01
4. Fallacy of Argument from
Ignorance – is committed when it
is argued that whatever has been
proven false must be true and vice
versa.
Example: Mental telepathy must
be accepted as a fact; for nobody
has proven that it is impossible.
I’ve never fallen off my bike before, so
there’s no reason for me to start wearing
a helmet when I ride.

10. 02
03
04
01
5. Fallacy of Appeal to
inappropriate authority – is
committed when one appeals to
an authority whose field of
expertise does not include the
nature of the conclusion being
established.
Example: We should vote for this
candidate for he is endorsed by
our favorite basketball.

11. 02
03
04
01
5. Fallacy of Appeal to
inappropriate authority
Example: My assignment in
Chemistry is not wrong. Ms.
Sanchez, my English teacher
who is known internationally as
a novelist, confirmed my answer.

12. 02
03
04
01
6. Fallacy of Appeal to the Person –
is committed when one evaluates an
argument by means of citing
something about the person who
asserts the said argument. In this
case, an argument is often claimed
to be wrong because of some
negative qualities of the person who
asserted the argument.
Example: She cannot be a good
president, for she comes from a
broken family.

13. 02
03
04
01
7.Fallacy of appeal to pity – is
committed when one
appeals to pity to cause the
acceptance of a conclusion.
Example: This employee
certainly deserves a
promotion, for he can hardly
feed his starving family.

14. 02
03
04
01
7.Fallacy of appeal to pity – is
committed when one
appeals to pity to cause the
acceptance of a conclusion.
Example: All these charges are
baseless, this is just plain
harassment, can’t you see how
this is affecting my family?

15. 02
03
04
01
8. Fallacy of Popular Will – is
committed when one appeals to
general, common, popular, or
stereotypical prejudices or beliefs
to cause the acceptance of some
conclusion.
Example: We should drink this
brand of beer, for it is the regular
drink of successful men after a
hard day’s work.

16. 02
03
04
01
9. Fallacy of Appeal to Force – is
committed when one appeals to
force, often with subtlety, to
cause the acceptance of a
conclusion.
Example: It is your duty to pledge
allegiance to the new
constitution, for otherwise
rebellion charges will be filled
against you.

17. 02
03
04
01
9. Fallacy of Appeal to Force – is
committed when one appeals to
force, often with subtlety, to
cause the acceptance of a
conclusion.
Example: If this peace agreement
will not be signed by the
government, then we will have no
recourse but to go to war.

18. 02
03
04
01
10. Fallacy of Begging
the question – assuming
the thing or idea to be
proven is true; also
known as circular
argument.
Example: I have the right to
free speech, therefore you

19. 02
03
04
01
10. Fallacy of Begging
the question
Example: What is a
declarative sentence? It is a
sentence that declares.

20. 02
03
04
01

21. 02
03
04
01
11. Ad Hominem Fallacy
– attacking the person
presenting the argument
instead of the argument
itself.
Example: You can’t go to
law school because your
dad is criminal.

22. 02
03
04
01
11. Ad Hominem Fallacy
– attacking the person
presenting the argument
instead of the argument
itself.
Example: Of course he
believes that the government
is flawed, he is a rebel and
communist

23. 02
03
04
01
12. Fallacy of accident – is
committed when one applies a
general rule to individual cases,
which, because of their special or
accidental nature, the general rule
does not properly apply.
Example: Running is good for the
heart. Therefore, running will be
good for Pedro who is suffering
from a heart disease.

24. 02
03
04
01
12. Fallacy of accident – is
committed when one applies a
general rule to individual cases,
which, because of their special or
accidental nature, the general rule
does not properly apply.
Example: Cutting people with knives
is a crime. Surgeons cut people with
knives. Surgeons are criminals.

25. 02
03
04
01
13. Fallacy of Hasty
Generalization – is
committed when one makes a
generalization from a special
or accidental case or simply
from insufficient number of
cases.
Example: While running,
Mario had a heart attack.
Therefore, running is bad for

26. 02
03
04
01
14. Fallacy of Complex Question –
is committed when one asks a
questions that contains unproved
assumptions. A fallacy is committed
when one argues that these
assumptions are true just because
an answer is given to the complex
question.
Example: A lawyer who wants to
establish that person that person A
is beating his child asks this
question: ‘Have you stopped

27. 02
03
04
01
15. Fallacy of False Cause – is
committed when one attributes a
wrong cause to something, which
is often due to a mere temporal
succession of two events.
Example: Edgar Allan Poe’s literary
genius must have been caused by
drinking liquor, for it is said that
before he would write he would
first drink some liquor.

28. 02
03
04
01
IMPORTANCE OF
FALLACIES
Understanding fallacies is
important for critical
thinking and effective
communication, as it will
help you avoid faulty
reasoning and recognize
when others are using

29. 02
03
04
01
DYAD ACTIVITY
1. In what ways can
fallacies be used
intentionally to
manipulate others?
2. What is the role of
critical thinking in
detecting and countering
fallacies in everyday