PHI 208 Final Exam (New 2016) 1. According to Jeremy Bentham (as described by Singer) what should determine whether a being’s interests should be taken into account?  Whether they have the faculty of discourse Whether they can reason Whether they can suffer Whether they are capable of love 2. In the video “Drones Are Not Ethical and Effective,” Jeremy Waldron argues that drones are not ethical because their use involves total transparency and accountability the assurance that only combatants will be targeted the maintenance of a secret death list by government authorities all of the above 3. Rachels claims that:  there is no moral difference between active and passive euthanasia, considered in themselves. there is always a moral difference between the consequences of active and passive euthanasia. both a and b. neither a nor b 4. The conventional doctrine is endorsed by:  Rachels. the American Medical Association. both a and b. neither a nor b 5. Which answer best describes Noddings’s statements about how mothers frequently to feel about losing their children in war?  Mothers rest assured that the deaths of their children was fully justified by the good they did in the war Mothers often allow their desire to demonstrate patriotism to override their natural opposition to war and the death of their children Mothers universally oppose war and the death of children that it inevitably brings Mothers are generally more enthusiastic for war than anyone else because they know it will make the world safer for future generations 6. According to Rachels, the “conventional doctrine” maintains that:  active euthanasia is sometimes permissible, but passive euthanasia never is. passive euthanasia is sometimes permissible, but active euthanasia never is. both active and passive euthanasia are sometimes permissible. neither active nor passive euthanasia are ever permissible 7. In the article “War and Massacre,” Thomas Nagel argues that moral absolutism  is consistent with the principles of utilitarianism can be used to justify genocide is primarily concerned with what a person is doing is primarily concerned with the outcome of a person’s actions 8. According to Midgley, moral isolationism  Is a “perverse indulgence of the self-righteous.” Is based on skeptical diagnosis. Stems from concern about hypocrisy. Justifies immorality. 9. How do we determine the difference between higher and lower pleasures, according to Mill?  The relative duration and intensity. The preference of those who are acquainted with both. The amount of happiness they produce on average. We can’t, since there is no difference between pleasures. 10. Gilligan claims that females tend to see relationships as these  Hierarchies Webs Rules Duties 11. In the video “Sexism in the News Media 2012” some newscasters blame military women for this  being killed in combat being raped not being able to have children being war heroes 12. According to Kant, the moral worth of an action: 3 lies in its co.

1. PHI 208 Final Exam (New 2016)
1. According to Jeremy Bentham (as described by Singer) what
should determine whether a being’s interests should be taken
into account?
Whether they have the faculty of discourse
Whether they can reason
Whether they can suffer
Whether they are capable of love
2. In the video “Drones Are Not Ethical and Effective,” Jeremy
Waldron argues that drones are not ethical because their use
involves
total transparency and accountability
the assurance that only combatants will be targeted
the maintenance of a secret death list by government authorities
all of the above
3. Rachels claims that:
there is no moral difference between active and passive
euthanasia, considered in themselves.
there is always a moral difference between the consequences of
active and passive euthanasia.
both a and b.
neither a nor b
4. The conventional doctrine is endorsed by:
Rachels.
the American Medical Association.
both a and b.
neither a nor b
5. Which answer best describes Noddings’s statements about
how mothers frequently to feel about losing their children in
war?
Mothers rest assured that the deaths of their children was fully
justified by the good they did in the war
Mothers often allow their desire to demonstrate patriotism to

2. override their natural opposition to war and the death of their
children
Mothers universally oppose war and the death of children that it
inevitably brings
Mothers are generally more enthusiastic for war than anyone
else because they know it will make the world safer for future
generations
6. According to Rachels, the “conventional doctrine” maintains
that:
active euthanasia is sometimes permissible, but passive
euthanasia never is.
passive euthanasia is sometimes permissible, but active
euthanasia never is.
both active and passive euthanasia are sometimes permissible.
neither active nor passive euthanasia are ever permissible
7. In the article “War and Massacre,” Thomas Nagel argues that
moral absolutism
is consistent with the principles of utilitarianism
can be used to justify genocide
is primarily concerned with what a person is doing
is primarily concerned with the outcome of a person’s actions
8. According to Midgley, moral isolationism
Is a “perverse indulgence of the self-righteous.”
Is based on skeptical diagnosis.
Stems from concern about hypocrisy.
Justifies immorality.
9. How do we determine the difference between higher and
lower pleasures, according to Mill?
The relative duration and intensity.
The preference of those who are acquainted with both.
The amount of happiness they produce on average.
We can’t, since there is no difference between pleasures.
10. Gilligan claims that females tend to see relationships as
these
Hierarchies
Webs

3. Rules
Duties
11. In the video “Sexism in the News Media 2012” some
newscasters blame military women for this
being killed in combat
being raped
not being able to have children
being war heroes
12. According to Kant, the moral worth of an action: 3
lies in its conformity to the moral law.
lies in the value of the expected result.
lies in its conformity to God’s commands.
lies in its usefulness to society.
13. Which of the following are questions in the Bechdel test?
Is there more than one female character?
Do they speak to each other?
When they speak to each other, do they talk about something
other than a man?
all of the above
14. In Kant Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals, the
maxim of an act is:
the policy or principle that you would be following if you did it.
the expected overall utility resulting from the action.
the moral rule that an act either respects or violates .
all of the above
15. According to Rachels, the case of Smith and Jones shows
that:
killing is intrinsically worse than letting die.
there is no intrinsic moral difference between killing and letting
die.
letting die is morally worse than killing.
it is never permissible either to let someone die or to kill them
16. According to Aristotle, we should begin ethical inquiry by
specifying:
which things are intrinsically valuable.
the ultimate aim of all that we do.

4. what our fundamental duties are.
what constraints on behavior it would be reasonable to agree to
17. According to Thomas Hill’s account of environmental
ethics, a person might show a lack of virtue when they:
fail to realize that human needs and interests are worthless and
unimportant.
fail find any aesthetic value in nature.
fail to recognize the rights of non sentient beings.
All of the above
18. Reason is a faculty that we have that:
is only good if it succeeds in satisfying our desires.
is the driving principle of a good will.
is the fundamental ground of human dignity.
both B and C
19. Aristotle states that if we ask what the highest good of
human action is:
there is no agreement about the answer.
most people agree that it is pleasure.
nearly everyone agrees that it is happiness.
there is no objective answer to this question
20. Kant explains that respect for a person is:
the recognition of the worth of the person’s potential
contribution tosociety.
dependent upon whether the person respects others.
both A and B
none of the above
21. According to Leon Kass, the drive to legalize euthanasia can
be largely attributed to
the rise in a largely technical approach to healing.
an increase in our sympathy.
an increased respect for human dignity.
the secularization of modern society
22. According to Rachels, active euthanasia is currently:
forbidden by law, and conventionally considered immoral.
forbidden by law, but conventionally considered permissible.
permitted by law, but conventionally considered immoral.

5. permitted by law, and conventionally considered permissible
23. Kant claims that a good will is:
the only thing that can be called good with qualification.
the only thing that can be called good without qualification.
the indispensable condition for happiness.
both B and C
24. Aristotle claims that the function of human life is:
survival and reproduction.
service to the gods.
rational activity.
to pursue pleasure
25. Aristotle conceives of a virtue as:
a rule that tells you what the right action is.
a state of character that enables practically wise choices.
a positive self-image.
a way to gain as much pleasure as possible
26. According to the scene from The Bridge on the River Kwai,
what is the ultimate reason Colonel Nicholson (Alec Guinness)
insists that the soldiers work hard to build the best bridge
possible:
Because even in captivity, they know that God is watching them
.
So that the British forces will be able to fight the Japanese more
effectively.
Because the better the bridge, the more benefit they will receive
and less punishment they will endure from their captors.
Because it is an expression of the strength and dignity of a soldi
er even in captivity
27. Why is it hard for physicians to understand palliative care?
They do not care about their patients enough.
They are well-educated in palliative care.
They did not pay attention in medical school.
They are focused on healing rather than helping die
28. According to Tom Regan, what is fundamentally wrong with
our current system?
It mistreats animals in captivity

6. It does not adequately reduce the number of experiments to only
what is medically necessary
It treats animals as resources; as though they exist for us
That it doesn’t utilize animals enough for beneficial purposes
29. Glaukon thinks that deep in our hearts we all believe that
Injustice is more profitable than justice.
We will have a clearer conscience if we always stick to the laws
of justice.
To be unjust is to be a fool.
Both B and C
30. According to Midgely, moral isolationism leads to
Is a “perverse indulgence of the self-righteous.”
Is based on skeptical diagnosis.
Stems from concern about hypocrisy.
Justifies immorality
31. Peter Singer’s “basic principles of equality” applied to
animals means:
Animals should be given all the same rights as human beings.
Animals are not entitled to not all the same rights but to an
equal consideration of interests.
Animals should not be given the same moral consideration
because they are do not have the same power to reason as
humans.
Animals do not have rights unless they can demonstrate the
same abilities as humans
32. The Ring of Gyges gave the shepherd who found it
Intelligence
Invincibility
Invisibility
Wisdom
33. What moral theory does Jeremy Bentham (with whom Singer
seems to agree) endorse?
Moral relativism
Anarchism
Utilitarianism
Social Contract Theory

7. 34. According to Kant, suicide is:
Moral if and only if one’s life becomes too burdensome.
Moral if and only if it relieves other people’s burdens.
Immoral because it involves treating one’s autonomous will
merely as a means to the relief of suffering.
Immoral because it condemns one to eternal damnation.
35. If the Ring of Gyges really existed,
Just people would use it for justice.
Just people would not use it at all.
Unjust people would use it differently than just people.
Everyone would use it the same.
36. Kenneth Anderson argues that the fact that drones make the
resort to force easier
means that enemies will always be too afraid to attack us
does not mean that drones make the resort to force too easy
means that we should instead favor cruise missiles
all of the above
37. Which of the following does not describe how egg-laying
hens are treated in factory farms?
They tend to have it much better than meat hens
They are kept in such tight confinement that they cannot lift the
ir wings
They are starved into a period of ‘forced molting’
They have their beaks painfully seared off
38. What is Tom Regan’s position about the use of animals in
research and agriculture?
Animals should be used whenever it can be proven that the
human benefits outweigh the harms caused to the animals
Animals should never be used for medical research or
commercial agriculture
Animals should only be used for medical research shown to be
beneficial to humanity, never for agriculture
Animals should be used in both medical research and
agriculture but should be treated as humanely as possible
39. In Hill’s example, what did the wealthy eccentric man do to
his yard after he bought a new house?

8. cut down an avocado tree
covered the yard with asphalt
remodeled the kitchen
1 and 2
40. Which of the following makes it difficult to calculate the
utility of an act
the time frame of the consequences
disagreements about the meaning of pleasure or happiness
determining what constitutes the greatest good
all of the above
41. Rachels concludes that:
active euthanasia is always worse than passive euthanasia.
passive euthanasia is always worse than active euthanasia.
active euthanasia is always morally permissible.
none of the above
42. According to the video “Religion, War, and Violence,” Just
War Theory asserts that military intervention
can be seen as an act of altruism
must always have an altruistic component
must be primarily an act of altruism
must never have an altruistic component
43. Hill would claim that a lack of aesthetic perception
might indicate an inability to appreciate the true value of things
in general.
might indicate that the person simply has a different set of subje
ctive tastes.
might indicate that one lacks a precise philosophical account of
the beautiful.
might indicate an inability to express proper self-deception
44. Midgley analyzes the position that each society is a separate
culture with its own values. This position is known as
Moral relativism
Moral isolationism
Moral structuralism
Moral voluntarism
45. Robinson argues that honor

9. Encourages restraint in warfare`
Encourages heroism in warfare
Encourages the waging of war
Encourages abuse in warfare
All of the above
46. Robinson describes magnanimity and integrity as both
primarily concerned with what?
Honor
Wealth
Courage
Generosity
47. Thomas Nagel argues that all rules of engagement should be
governed by the utilitarian principle that
any means can be justified if it leads to a worthy end
the greatest good can justify targeting noncombatants
we are always justified in attacking the tyranny of the majority
none of the above
48. According to Held, the following have been aligned with
femininity in the history of Western thought
emotion
weakness
passion
all of the above
49. Feminist ethics is based around which of the following
ideas
That abstract universal principles can be applied to most
situations to find the best action.
That maximizing something like happiness or pleasure is the
best way to guide action.
That emotions can be cultivated and ought to be taken into
account in ethical theory.
That all humans are autonomous individuals who battle for
resources
50. According to Colin Stokes, in this film all the heroic, wise,
and villainous characters are female.
The Little Mermaid

10. Star Wars
The Wizard of Oz
Les Miserables
ANSWER
1. Whether they can suffer
2. the maintenance of a secret death list by government
authorities
3. there is no moral difference between active and passive
euthanasia, considered in themselves.
4. the American Medical Association.
5. Mothers often allow their desire to demonstrate patriotism to
override their natural opposition to war and the death of their
children
6. passive euthanasia is sometimes permissible, but active
euthanasia never is.
7. is primarily concerned with what a person is doing
8. Stems from concern about hypocrisy.
9. The preference of those who are acquainted with both.
10. Webs
11. being raped
12. lies in its conformity to the moral law.
13. all of the above
14. the policy or principle that you would be following if you
did it.
15.
there is no intrinsic moral difference between killing and letting
die.
16. the ultimate aim of all that we do.
17. fail find any aesthetic value in nature.
18. both B and C
19. nearly everyone agrees that it is happiness.
20. none of the above
21. the rise in a largely technical approach to healing.
22. forbidden by law, and conventionally considered immoral.

11. 23. both B and C
24. rational activity.
25. a state of character that enables practically wise choices.
26.
Because it is an expression of the strength and dignity of a soldi
er even in captivity
27. They are focused on healing rather than helping die
28. It treats animals as resources; as though they exist for us
29. Injustice is more profitable than justice.
30. Stems from concern about hypocrisy.
31. Animals are not entitled to not all the same rights but to an
equal consideration of interests.
32. Invisibility
33. Utilitarianism
34. Immoral because it involves treating one’s autonomous will
merely as a means to the relief of suffering.
35. Everyone would use it the same.
36. does not mean that drones make the resort to force too easy
37. They tend to have it much better than meat hens
38. Animals should never be used for medical research or
commercial agriculture
39. 1 and 2
40. all of the above
41. none of the above
42. can be seen as an act of altruism
43.
might indicate an inability to appreciate the true value of things
in general.
44. Moral isolationism
45. All of the above
46. Honor
47. none of the above
48. all of the above
49. That emotions can be cultivated and ought to be taken into
account in ethical theory.
50. The Wizard of Oz